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Shin-byung, literally "Spirit illness", is a korean culture-bound syndrome most prevalently found in Korean women. The initial symptoms are complaints usually associated with body aches or anxiety; such as weakness, dizziness, fear, loss of appetite, insomnia, and gastrointestinal problems. These symptoms are then followed by spells in which the person is believed to be possessed by ancestors.[1]
Shin-byung is considered a culture-bound syndrome in the DSM IV because it is almost specifically recognized in one culture. The particular symptoms, course, and social response to the "illness" are very often influenced by factors associated with the culture it is specific to.[2]
Symptoms[edit]
Shin-byung is believed to have three phases. During the first phase, the individual experiences anxiety and body aches. These symptoms, that can last weeks to decades, and when the individual visits a physician, the cause of the problems can not be identified. The second phase, also known as the trance phase, is when dissociation begins to appear. The individual experiences dreams and hallucinations in which spirits try to enter the body. The experiences during this stage are often very disturbing and may cause the individual to seek help from a physician, Psychiatrist, or even a Shaman. During the final phase, Possession, the individual may exhibit multiple personalities as the spirit tries to take over their bodies. This phase last until the spirit's personality dominates the individual's consciousness and behaviors. Many Korean and Korean American Psychiatrists believe that the final phase is inevitable.[3]
Problems Diagnosing[edit]
Although Shin-byung is recognized in the DSM IV as well as Korean medical society, diagnosing the syndrome is difficult because of other issues associated with the culture.
- Koreans see mental illness as a social stigma and shame on the entire family. Because of this fear, many Korean families would rather hide a mental illness than treat it.
- Seeking help for a mental illness is not considered a personal matter but a family venture and seeking help for an issue outside of the family is not found in Korean culture.
- Koreans usually seek help first from family and friends, informal social networks, folk medicine and community organizations. They only seek professional help as a last resort and usually not until it is a state of crisis and often too late to treat.
- The lack of programs and appropriate referral for Koreans living in America is also a major problem.[4]
Cultural Perception and Treatment[edit]
Korea:[edit]
According to Korean Culture, Shin-byung is a Shaman Initiation process. Individuals who are suffering from Shin-byung will frequently report experiencing a Shin (Spirit) entering the body which is believed to be the cause of the anxiety and somatic symptoms. To Treat the symptoms, the individual must allow the Shin into their body and become a Shaman. There is no other known folk remedy for Shin-byung. However, Shamans are sometimes asked to block the Shin from entering the body which is believed to be very dangerous. Individuals diagnosed, who deny their shamanistic obligations, are believed to be at great risk of "going crazy". In addition, grave consequences are thought to be had if the victim fails to comfort the spirits.[5]
US:[edit]
The cause of shin-byung is unknown and many Western researchers have noted the illnesses similarities to schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder.Other researchers have debated if the condition is a mental illness at all or just an adaptive behavior. Individuals who develop Shin-byung come from stressful family situations and the disorder may be a technique used to shift the focus of family members to the needs of the victim. In addition, Korean women who do decide to answer their shamanistic calling often enjoy greater independence. The whole power structure of the Korean home often shifts because Shamans are believed to have greater authority over others. They also gain greater economic independence and professional identity through their role as a Shaman in the community. [6]
Example[edit]
In one study on the disorder, a woman known as Anna is thought to have Shin-byung. Anna moved from South Korea when at 20 yrs. old and has been living in a larger city in California for 7 years. She began living with an older sister who she felt was abusive and authoritarian. The older sister (who remains unnamed) was going through many financial and marital issues and took many of her problems out on Anna. Anna began working as a bank teller in hopes of speeding her english skills but soon after she began the job, she started feeling distressed. She would worry about counting money inaccurately and also began to feel as if her eyes were bulging from fatigued and her hands started to shake when handling money. Anna sought help with this problem and was diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Three weeks into her treatment she started feeling episodes of waist bending. Although no connection to her treatment or other physical problems were found, she had developed a lateral bend to the left in her spine close to her waist. As the arguments with her older sister worsened so did the back pains. Anna also began having recurring dreams about dead people, underworld guardians, and an old women asking Anna to be her disciple. Anna also began to have episodes in which she had difficulty breathing and could recall smelling strange unidentified flowers. Anna believes that these episodes were being caused by a spirit energy that was not her own trying to possess her. Anna sought out a Korean Shaman that assured her that what she believed was true, Korean ancestors were trying to enter her body. After she refused to become a Shaman herself, the Shaman performed a goot (Shamanic Ritual) to comfort the spirits. During the goot Anna was told by the Shaman that one her dead uncles was her protector and the ancestor would no longer bother her. Although Anna's disorder was identified as Shin-byung by the korean Shaman, other issues could have led to these causes. Anna's abusive father died of lung cancer when she was 6 yrs. old and her mother resorted to alcoholism. Being the youngest of six children, Anna was given the responsibility of taking care of her mom who had become abusive and neglectful. The years of parental neglect; emotional as well as physical, and socioeconomic hardship had taken a toll on Anna's Psyche. The aforementioned problems coupled with the cultural belief of ancestral possessions, led her to convince herself that spirits were the cause of her issues.[7]
See also[edit]
Korean Shamanism
Culture of Korea
Religion in Korea
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Schizophrenia
Hallucination
References[edit]
- ^ Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, Sage Publications, Inc; 1 edition, Pg. 144, 2006
- ^ American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
- ^ Learn Max (June 08, 2010). Culture-Bound Syndromes: Shin-Byung. [1]
- ^ National Alliance on Mental Illness (no date).Korean American Community Mental Health Fact Sheet [2]
- ^ Learn Max (June 08, 2010). Culture-Bound Syndromes: Shin-Byung. [3]
- ^ Learn Max (June 08, 2010). Culture-Bound Syndromes: Shin-Byung. [4]
- ^ Yi, Kris Yongmi, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, Vol 24(4), Dec, 2000. pp. 471-486.
6. Edward R. Canda, Leola Dyrud Furman (2009). Spiritual Diversity in Social Work Practice: The Heart of Helping. pp. 279-280. [5]
7. Alan Resendes (June 16,2010). "8 Mental Illness You Probably Won’t Find Outside of Asia Part 2: Korea".[6]
8. Somers, Sandra l. (2005) Examining Anger in Culture-Bound Syndromes. Accessed April 11, 2011. [7]