User:Redddbaron/sandbox

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Evidence of this: [QUOTE=Dinwar;9406031] ETA: If Nowak (and you and !Kaggen) had restricted yourself to discussions of psychology, [COLOR="Red"]which is what the papers in this thread have been about[/COLOR], you'd be correct--the issues I raised wouldn't be applicable...... And yes, I've read the articles.[/QUOTE] Really?

[QUOTE]Abstract Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. The emergence of genomes, cells, multi-cellular organisms, social insects and human society are all based on cooperation....(whole paper supporting the claim).... Thus, we might add ‘natural cooperation’ as a third fundamental principle of evolution beside mutation and natural selection. -Nowak[/QUOTE]

History[edit]

Main article: History of organic farming

Organic farming (of many particular kinds) was the original type of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of years. Forest gardening, a fully organic food production system which dates from prehistoric times, is thought to be the world's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem.[1] Artificial fertilizers had been created during the 18th century, initially with superphosphates and then ammonia-based fertilizers mass-produced using the Haber-Bosch process developed during World War I. These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, leading to the decade being referred to as the 'pesticide era'.[2]

The modern organic movement is a revival movement in the sense that it seeks to restore balance that was lost when technology grew rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries. The organic movement began in the mid-1920s in Central Europe through the work of Rudolf Steiner, whose Lectures on Agriculture were published in 1925.[3][4][5][6] who created biodynamic agriculture, an early version of organic agriculture.[7][8][9] The system was based on Steiner's philosophy of anthroposophy rather than on a solid grasp of science.[5]: 17–19  Organic agriculture was independently developed in the 1940s England through the work of Albert Howard who was inspired by his experiences with traditional farming methods in India.[3] Howard is widely considered in the English-speaking world to be the "father of organic farming".[10]: 45  Further work was done by J.I. Rodale in the United States, Lady Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom, and many others across the world.

Modern organic farming has made up only a fraction of total agricultural output from its beginning until today. Increasing environmental awareness in the general population has transformed the originally supply-driven movement to a demand-driven one. Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing world, many producers farm according to traditional methods which are comparable to organic farming but are not certified. In other cases, farmers in the developing world have converted for economic reasons.[11]

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Proposed revision for history of organic farming[edit]

History[edit]

Main article: History of organic farming

Traditional farming (of many kinds) was the original type of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of years. Forest gardening, a traditional food production system which dates from prehistoric times, is thought to be the world's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem.[12]

Artificial fertilizers had been created during the 18th century, initially with superphosphates and then ammonia-based fertilizers mass-produced using the Haber-Bosch process developed during World War I. These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, leading to the decade being referred to as the 'pesticide era'.[2] But these new agricultural techniques, while beneficial in the short term, had serious longer term side effects such as soil compaction, erosion, and declines in overall soil fertility, along with health concerns about toxic chemicals entering the food supply.[10]: 10 

Soil biology scientists began in the late 1800's and early 1900's to develop theories on how new advancements in biological science could be used in agriculture as a way to remedy these side effects, while still maintaining higher production. In Central Europe Rudolf Steiner, whose Lectures on Agriculture were published in 1925.[3][13][5][14] created biodynamic agriculture, an early version of what we now call organic agriculture.[15][16][17] The system was based on Steiner's philosophy of anthroposophy rather than on a solid grasp of science.[5]: 17–19 

In the late 1930s and early 1940s Sir Albert Howard and his wife Gabrielle Howard, both accomplished botanists, developed organic agriculture. The Howards were influenced by their experiences with traditional farming methods in India, biodynamic, and their formal scientific education.[3] Sir Albert Howard is widely considered to be the "father of organic farming", because he was the first to apply scientific knowledge and principles to these various traditional and more natural methods.[10]: 45  In the United States another founder of organic agriculture was J.I. Rodale. In the 1940's he founded both a working organic farm for trials and experimentation, The Rodale Institute, and founded the Rodale Press to teach and advocate organic to the wider public. Further work was done by Lady Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom, and many others across the world.

Increasing environmental awareness in the general population in modern times has transformed the originally supply-driven organic movement to a demand-driven one. Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing world, many producers farm according to traditional methods which are comparable to organic farming but are not certified and may or may not include the latest scientific advancements in organic agriculture. In other cases, farmers in the developing world have converted to modern organic methods for economic reasons.[18]

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Deleted section:Research and teaching organizations[edit]

Holistic Management International Exiled as a result of his opposition to the ruling Rhodesian party, Allan Savory immigrated to the United States where he co-founded the Center for Holistic Management, and Holistic Management International, with his wife, Jody Butterfield, in 1984. In 1999, the institution published At Home with Holistic Management by Ann Adams, in which Adams explains the holistic management process and how it can be used to create a more meaningful life. In 2009, Holistic Management International celebrated its 25th anniversary. [edit]Savory Institute Savory left that organization in 2009 to form the Savory Institute, headquartered in Boulder, Colorado. The Institute's aim is to work globally with individuals, government agencies, NGOs and corporations to restore the vast grasslands of the world through the teaching and practice of holistic management and holistic decision making.

Deleted criticism due to not being necessarily applicable and poorly written.[edit]

I did a complete rewrite of the criticism section and even used some of the same references.

Studies have suggested that while rotational grazing can have a positive ecological effect on land, leading to increased soil quality and system diversity[19], experiments conducted on grazed land have not found rotational grazing to lead to superior ecological and economical benefits when compared to continuous grazing[20]. This paper states: "Continued advocacy for rotational grazing as a superior strategy of grazing on rangelands is founded on perception and anecdotal interpretations, rather than an objective assessment of the vast experimental evidence."

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Holistic management describes a systems thinking approach to managing resources. Holistic management was originally developed by Allan Savory for grazing management,[21] but is now being adapted for use in managing other systems with complex social, ecological and economic factors. In 2010 the Africa Centre for Holistic Management in Zimbabwe, Operation Hope (a "proof of concept" project using holistic management) was named the winner of the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge as a comprehensive, anticipatory, design approach to radically advance human well being and the health of our planet's ecosystems.[22][23][24]

Beginnings[edit]

The idea of holistic managed planned grazing began in the 1960s when Allan Savory, then a young wildlife biologist in his native Southern Rhodesia, set out to solve the riddle of desertification. This can be seen in the context of the larger environmental movement. Heavily influenced by the work of André Voisin[25][26] and the ineffectiveness of mainstream science of the time, Savory concluded that the spread of deserts, the loss of wildlife, and the human impoverishment that always resulted were related to the reduction of the natural herds of large grazers and even more, the change in behavior of those few remaining herds.[27] Livestock could be substituted to provide important ecosystem services like nutrient cycling when mimicking[28] those lost natural herds.[29][30] But managers had found that while rotational grazing systems can work for diverse management purposes, scientific experiments had demonstrated that they do not necessarily work for specific ecological purposes. An adaptive management plan was needed for the integration of the experiential with the experimental, as well as the social with the biophysical, to provide a more comprehensive framework for the management of rangeland systems.[31] None of these sources of knowledge could be understood except in the context of the whole. Holistic management was developed to meet that need.

Development and uses[edit]

In many regions, pastoralism and communal land use are blamed for environmental degradation caused by overgrazing. Savory discovered through years of research and experience that this common belief was often wrong, sometimes removing animals actually made it worse.

"I have been particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man called Allan Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas, who has argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert. On the contrary, as he has since shown so graphically, the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be complete, so that soils and grassland areas stay productive. Such that, if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots, the land dies."- His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales (Prince Charles)[32]

This is why Savory developed a flexible management system to ensure the proper use of grazing systems. Holistic managed planned grazing is one of a number of newer grazing management systems that more closely simulate the behavior of natural herds of wildlife and have been shown to improve riparian habitats and water quality over systems that often led to land degradation and can also be an effective tool to improve range condition for both livestock and wildlife.[33][34][35] Holistic managed planned grazing is similar to rotational grazing but differs in that it recognizes and provides a framework for adapting to the nature and importance of four basic ecosystem processes: the water cycle[36], the mineral cycle including the carbon cycle[37][38], energy flow, and community dynamics (the relationship between organisms in an ecosystem)[39] as equal in importance to livestock production and social welfare. Holistic management has been likened to "a permaculture approach to rangeland management".[40]

While originally developed as a tool for range land use[41] and restoring desertified land,[42] the holistic management system can be applied to other areas with multiple complex socioeconomic and environmental factors. One such example is Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which promotes sector integration in development and management of water resources to ensure that water is allocated between different users in a fair way, maximizing economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. In essence, coordinated, holistic water management that takes in consideration all water users in nature and society. [43] Another example is mine reclamation.[44][45] A forth successful use of Holistic management is in no till crop production.[46][47] Holistic management has been adopted by The United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) to meet various agricultural, conservation and social goals.[48]

At its core, the holistic decision making framework uses four principles to set goals to guide decision making. These goals tie people's desired way of life, based on what they value most deeply, to the ecosystems and resources that support their vision.[49]

The holistic management framework[edit]

The holistic management decision-making framework uses six key steps to guide the management of resources:[50]

  • Define in its entirety what you are managing. No area should be treated as a single-product system. By defining the whole, people are better able to manage. This includes identifying the available resources, including money, that the manager has at his disposal.
  • Define what you want now and for the future. Set the objectives, goals and actions needed to produce the quality of life sought, and what the life-nurturing environment must be like to sustain that quality of life far into the future.
  • Watch for the earliest indicators of ecosystem health. Identify the ecosystem services that have deep impacts for people in both urban and rural environments, and find a way to easily monitor them. One of the best examples of an early indicator of a poorly functioning environment is patches of bare ground. An indicator of a better functioning environment is newly sprouting diversity of plants and a return or increase of wildlife.
  • Don't limit the management tools you use. The eight tools for managing natural resources are money/labor, human creativity, grazing, animal impact, fire, rest, living organisms and science/technology. To be successful you need to use all these tools to the best of your ability.
  • Test your decisions with questions that are designed to help ensure all your decisions are socially, environmentally and financially sound for both the short and long term.
  • Monitor proactively, before your managed system becomes more imbalanced. This way the manager can take adaptive corrective action quickly, before the ecosystem services are lost. Always assume your plan is less than perfect and use a feedback loop that includes monitoring for the earliest signs of failure, adjusting and re-planning as needed. In other words use a "canary in a coal mine" approach.

The four principles[edit]

Holistic managed planned grazing has four key principles that take advantage of the symbiotic relationship between large herds of grazing animals, their predators and the grasslands that support them:[51]

  • Nature functions as a holistic community with a mutualistic relationship between people, animals and the land. If you remove or change the behavior of any keystone species like the large grazing herds, you have an unexpected and wide ranging negative impact on other areas of the environment.
  • It is absolutely crucial that any agricultural planning system must be flexible enough to adapt to nature’s complexity, since all environments are different and have constantly changing local conditions.
  • Animal husbandry using domestic species can be used as a substitute for lost keystone species. Thus when managed properly in a way that mimics nature, agriculture can heal the land and even benefit wildlife, while at the same time benefiting people.
  • Time and timing is the most important factor when planning land use. Not only is it crucial to understand how long to use the land for agriculture and how long to rest, it is equally important to understand exactly when and where the land is ready for that use and rest.

Criticism[edit]

One limitation of any land management system is that economically and politically powerful users can easily quantify and argue their needs. It is harder to define the economic value of ecosystem services and, therefore, the ecosystems and people most dependent on them for their subsistence become voiceless and often neglected users. In theory Holistic Management framework addresses this issue, but it is not always seen in the field.[52] Another common criticism of holistic management is that while farmers and ranchers around the world have proven it consistently works for them and they have even received awards,[53][54][55][56][57] the majority of scientists have consistently stated that rotational grazing systems do not show any evidence of benefit, and those managers' successful examples are anecdotal.[58][59] Some groups value the role of animals in agriculture as part of the ecosystem, though in the form of free-living wildlife, not in the form of domesticated animals.[60]

"Most of the public lands in the West, and

especially in the Southwest, are what you might call "cowburnt." Almost anywhere and everywhere you go in the American West you find hordes of these ugly, clumsy, stupid, bawling, stinking, fly-covered, shit-smeared, disease-spreading brutes. They are a pest and a plague. They pollute our springs and streams and rivers. They infest our canyons, valleys, meadows and forests. They graze off the native bluestem and grama and bunch grasses, leaving behind jungles of prickly pear. They trample down the native forbs and shrubs and cacti. They spread the exotic cheatgrass, the Russian thistle and the crested wheat grass. Weeds. Even when the cattle are not physically present, you'll see the dung and the flies and the mud and the dust and the general destruction. If you don't see it, you'll smell it. The whole American West stinks of cattle. Along every flowing stream, around every seep and spring and water hole and well, you'll find acres and acres of what range-management specialists call "sacrifice areas"—another understatement. These are places denuded of forage, except for some cactus or a little tumbleweed or maybe a few mutilated trees like mesquite, juniper or

hackberry."-Edward Abbey[61]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Douglas John McConnell (2003). The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design. Ashgate. p. 1. ISBN 9780754609582.
  2. ^ a b Horne, Paul Anthony (2008). Integrated pest management for crops and pastures. CSIRO Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-643-09257-0.
  3. ^ a b c d Paull, John (2006) The Farm as Organism: The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture Elementals ~ Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania 83:14–18
  4. ^ Paull, John (2011). "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924". European Journal of Social Sciences. 21 (1): 64–70.
  5. ^ a b c d Holger Kirchmann and Lars Bergström, editors. Organic Crop Production – Ambitions and Limitations Springer. Berlin 2008.
  6. ^ Paull John (2011). "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924" (PDF). European Journal of Social Sciences. 21 (1): 64–70.
  7. ^ Lotter, D.W. (2003) Organic agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21(4)
  8. ^ Biodynamics is listed as a "modern organic agriculture" system in: Minou Yussefi and Helga Willer (Eds.), The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Future Prospects, 2003, p. 57
  9. ^ Biodynamic agriculture is "a type of organic system". Charles Francis and J. van Wart (2009), "History of Organic Farming and Certification", in Organic farming: the ecological system. American Society of Agronomy. pp. 3-18
  10. ^ a b c Stinner, D.H (2007), "The Science of Organic Farming", in William Lockeretz (ed.), Organic Farming: An International History, Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI), pp. 40–72, ISBN 978-0-85199-833-6, retrieved 10 August 2010 ebook ISBN 978-1-84593-289-3 Cite error: The named reference "Stinner2007" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ Paull, John "China's Organic Revolution", Journal of Organic Systems (2007) 2 (1): 1-11.
  12. ^ Douglas John McConnell (2003). The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design. Ashgate. p. 1. ISBN 9780754609582.
  13. ^ Paull, John (2011). "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924". European Journal of Social Sciences. 21 (1): 64–70.
  14. ^ Paull John (2011). "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924" (PDF). European Journal of Social Sciences. 21 (1): 64–70.
  15. ^ Lotter, D.W. (2003) Organic agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21(4)
  16. ^ Biodynamics is listed as a "modern organic agriculture" system in: Minou Yussefi and Helga Willer (Eds.), The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Future Prospects, 2003, p. 57
  17. ^ Biodynamic agriculture is "a type of organic system". Charles Francis and J. van Wart (2009), "History of Organic Farming and Certification", in Organic farming: the ecological system. American Society of Agronomy. pp. 3-18
  18. ^ Paull, John "China's Organic Revolution", Journal of Organic Systems (2007) 2 (1): 1-11.
  19. ^ Faccio Carvalho, Paulo1; Anghinoni, Ibanor2; Moraes, Anibal3; Souza, Edicarlos4; Sulc, Reuben5; Lang, Claudete3; Flores, João6; Terra Lopes, Marília2; Silva, Jamir7; Conte, Osmar2; Lima Wesp, Cristiane2; Levien, Renato2; Fontaneli, Renato8; Bayer, Cimelio2, "Managing grazing animals to achieve nutrient cycling and soil improvement in no-till integrated systems", Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Volume 88, Number 2, November 2010 , pp. 259-273(15).
  20. ^ D.D. Briske, J.D. Derner, J.R. Brown, S.D. Fuhlendorf, W.R. Teague, K.M. Havstad, R.L. Gillen, A.J. Ash, and W.D. Willms, "Rotational Grazing on Rangelands: Reconciliation of Perception and Experimental Evidence," Rangeland Ecology and Management, vol. 61, pp. 3-17, 2008.
  21. ^ Coughlin, Chrissy. "Allan Savory: How livestock can protect the land". GreenBiz. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  22. ^ "2010 Challenge Winner: Operation Hope: Permanent water and food security for Africa's impoverished millions". bfi.org. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  23. ^ Thackara, John. "Greener Pastures". Seed Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  24. ^ Rothstein, Joe. "Hang On, Planet Earth, Help Is On The Way". EIN News. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  25. ^ Voisin, André (1 December, 1988) [1959]. Grass Productivity. Island Press. ISBN 978-0933280649. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ Voisin, André, Antoine Lecomte (1962). Rational grazing, the meeting of cow and grass: a manual of grass productivity. C. Lockwood LTD, London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Coughlin, Chrissy. "Allan Savory: How livestock can protect the land". GreenBiz. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  28. ^ Benyus, Janine (1997). Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York, NY, USA: William Morrow & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-688-16099-9.
  29. ^ Voisin, André (1 December, 1988) [1959]. Grass Productivity. Island Press. ISBN 978-0933280649. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help).
  30. ^ Undersander, Dan; et al. "Pastures for profit: A guide to rotational grazing" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Extension. Retrieved 5 April 2013. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  31. ^ D. D. Briske,Nathan F. Sayre, L. Huntsinger, M. Fernandez-Gimenez, B. Budd, and J. D. Derner, Origin, Persistence, and Resolution of the Rotational Grazing Debate: Integrating Human Dimensions Into Rangeland Research, Rangeland Ecology & Management 2011 64:4, 325-334
  32. ^ "Prince Charles sends a message to IUCN's World Conservation Congress". International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  33. ^ A.M. Strauch et al. Impact of livestock management on water quality and streambank structure in a semi-arid, African ecosystem, Journal of Arid Environments 73 (2009) 795–803
  34. ^ Teague, W.R.; Dowhower, S.L.; Baker, S.A.; Haile, N.; Delaune, P.B.; Conover, D.M. (2011). "Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Volume 141, Issues 3–4, May 2011, Pages 310–322 (3–4): 310–322. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.009. Retrieved 8 April 2013. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  35. ^ Undersander, Dan; et al. "Grassland birds: Fostering habitat using rotational grazing" (PDF). University of Wisconsin-Extension. Retrieved 5 April 2013. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  36. ^ Teague, W.R.; Dowhower, S.L.; Baker, S.A.; Haile, N.; Delaune, P.B.; Conover, D.M. (2011). "Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Volume 141, Issues 3–4, May 2011, Pages 310–322 (3–4): 310–322. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.009. Retrieved 8 April 2013. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  37. ^ Sanjari G, Ghadiri H, Ciesiolka CAA, Yu B (2008). "Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland" (PDF). Soil Research 46 (CSIRO Publishing), 348–358. Retrieved 7 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Fairlie, Simon. "Maximizing Soil Carbon Sequestration: Carbon Farming and Rotational Grazing". Mother Earth News August 21, 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  39. ^ Archer, Steve, Fred E. Smeins. Grazing Management an ecological perspective edited by Rodney K Heitschmidt and Jerry W Stuth. p. Chapter 5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Fairlie, Simon (2010). Meat: A Benign Extravagance. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 191–193. ISBN 9781603583251.
  41. ^ K.T. Weber, B.S. Gokhale, Effect of grazing on soil-water content in semiarid rangelands of southeast Idaho, Journal of Arid Environments 75 (2011) 464-470
  42. ^ J.N.Clatworthy, Results of the Botanical Analyses in the Charter Trial, Rhodesian Branch of the South African Society of Animal Production, Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal 1984
  43. ^ Nilsson, C., and B. Malm Renöfält. 2008. Linking flow regime and water quality in rivers: a challenge to adaptive catchment management. Ecology and Society 13(2): 18.
  44. ^ Dagget, Dan. "Convincing Evidence". Man in Nature. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  45. ^ Bush, Cole. "Holistic Managed Grazing at Soda Lake". Graniterock. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  46. ^ Tallman, Susan. "No-Till Case Study, Richter Farm: Cover Crop Cocktails in a Forage-Based System". National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. NCAT-ATTRA. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  47. ^ Fears, Robert. "NRCS Adopts Holistic Management" (PDF). Lands of Texas Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  48. ^ Terry, Quenna. "NRCS in Texas presents at Holistic Management Seminars". USDA-NRCS News room. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  49. ^ Holism and Evolution, by Jan Christian Smuts, Published 1926 by The Macmillan company
  50. ^ Savory, Allan. "Putting Holistic Management In Place". Savory Institute. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  51. ^ Savory, Allan. "Principles of Holistic Management, Empowering Caretakers of the Land". Savory Institute. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  52. ^ Nilsson, C., and B. Malm Renöfält. 2008. Linking flow regime and water quality in rivers: a challenge to adaptive catchment management. Ecology and Society 13(2): 18.
  53. ^ "Look who's NSW Farmer of the year 2011! Norm Smith" (PDF). Farming Secrets Digest vol 17. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  54. ^ The 15th Heinz Awards (with special focus on the environment), Joel Salatin profile
  55. ^ "2010 Challenge Winner: Operation Hope: Permanent water and food security for Africa's impoverished millions". bfi.org. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  56. ^ Glasgow, Trudy (Thursday, July 31, 2008). "Innovation, stewardship Top farmers for 2008 take a bow" (PDF). Agriculture Today. Retrieved 7 April 2013. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ Glasgow, Tracey. "Bourke farmers take out joint NSW Young Farmer award title for 2007" (PDF). Western Division Newsletter. Australia NSW Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  58. ^ Briske, D. D. "Origin, Persistence, and Resolution of the Rotational Grazing Debate: Integrating Human Dimensions Into Rangeland Research" (PDF). Rangeland Ecol Manage 64:325–334. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  59. ^ D. D. Briske, J. D. Derner, J. R. Brown, S. D. Fuhlendorf, W. R. Teague, K. M. Havstad, R. L. Gillen, A. J. Ash, W. D. Willms, (2008) Rotational Grazing on Rangelands: Reconciliation of Perception and Experimental Evidence. Rangeland Ecology & Management: January 2008, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 3-17.
  60. ^ Burnett, Graham. "Introduction to Permaculture COMPATIBILITY WITH VEGANIC AGRICULTURE". Veganic Agriculture Network. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  61. ^ Edward, Abbey. "Free Speech The Cowboy and His Cow" (PDF). UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA, APRIL 1985. Retrieved 8 April 2013.

Further reading[edit]

Savory, Allan (1998-12-01) [1988]. Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-487-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Adams, Ann (1998-12-01) [1999]. At Home with Holistic Management (2nd ed.). Albuquerque, NM: Holistic Management International. ISBN 978-0-9673941-0-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links[edit]

Category:Systems theory Category:Biodiversity Category:Sustainability

HMI[edit]

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