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After World War II, large parts of Europe came under the direct or indirect influence of the Soviet Union, with countries establishing socialist states and generally aligning themselves with the Union, becoming the Eastern Bloc. The political and economic division of the continent caused by the Iron Curtain and the CoCom embargoes caused these countries to develop their electronic and computer industries separately from those of the Western Bloc. For clarity, this article's scope is limited to the computer systems of countries who are or were members of the United Nations' Eastern European Group (EEG), irrespective of their attitude towards the Soviet Union or their Comecon membership, and to the time period between the end of World War II in Europe (May 8, 1945) and the dissolution of Czechoslovakia (December 31, 1992). Included are items where development, manufacturing or life cycle expanded outside of these limits.

The current or former countries involved are the following:

[1][2] [a][b]

List

[edit]
  • 5Exx series (5E51, 5E53, 5E76, 5E92, 5E92b)
  • A series
  • Agat (Apple II clone)
  • Araks
  • Aragats
  • Argon-11S
  • AS-6
  • ASVT
  • ATE-80
  • ATM Turbo
  • BESM series (BESM-1, BESM-2, BESM-2M, BESM-3, BESM-3M, BESM-4, BESM-6)
  • Besta
  • Dnepr (aka UMShN)
  • Dnepr-1
  • Dnepr-2
  • Dubna 48K
  • DVK series
  • Elbrus series
  • Elektronika 60
  • Elektronika 85 (Elektronika 85.1)
  • Elektronika 100
  • Elektronika BK-0010 (Elektronika BK-0011)
  • Elektronika D3-28
  • Elektronika SS BIS
  • ERA
  • EV-80-3
  • GVS-100
  • Hobbit
  • Irisha
  • Iskra-1030
  • Juku
  • Kiev
  • Kiev-67
  • Korvet
  • Krista
  • Kronos
  • KVM-1
  • LEM-1 (LEM-1, LEM-1-16, LEM-1-24)
  • M series / M-1 subseries (M-1, M-2, M-3)
  • M series / M-20 subseries (M-20, M-22, M-50, M-180, M-220, M-222)
  • M series / M-1000 subseries (M-1000, M-2000, M-3000)
  • MESM
  • Mikro-80
  • Mikrosha
  • Minsk series (Minsk-1, Minsk-2, Minsk-22, Minsk-23, Minsk-32) | MPOVT
  • Mir
  • Mir-1
  • Mir-2
  • Myamlin
  • Nairi (Nairi-1, Nairi-2, Nairi-3)
  • Orion-128
  • Pentagon
  • PKSO series
  • Poisk
  • Prizma
  • Promin (Promin (Promin-1), Promin-M (Promin-2))
  • PS-2000
  • PS-3000
  • Radio-86RK
  • Radon (Radon Z)
  • Razdan series (Razdan-1, Razdan-2, Razdan-3)
  • Ruta (Ruta-110, Ruta-110D)
  • Saratov (PDP-8 clone)
  • SESM
  • Setun
  • Skorpion
  • Sneg
  • Spetsialist
  • Strela (Strela, Strela-3)
  • SVS
  • TIA-MTs-1 (aka TIA-MC-1)
  • TsUM-1 (aka CUM-1)
  • UKNTs (aka UKNC)
  • UM-1-NKh
  • Ural series (Ural-1, Ural-2, Ural-3, Ural-4, Ural-10, Ural-11, Ural-14, Ural-14D, Ural-16)
  • UT-88
  • Vektor-06C
  • Vesna
  • VNIIEM (VNIIEM-1, VNIIEM-3)
  • Yerevan
  • East Germany | Carl Zeiss | OPREMA | 1954
  • East Germany | Carl Zeiss | ZRA 1 | 1956
  • East Germany | Robotron | R 100 | 1963
  • East Germany | Robotron | R 32 | ???
  • Poland | ??? | PRL | 1960
  • Poland | ??? | ODRA 1001 | 1960
  • Poland | ??? | ODRA 1203 | 1963
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | CER-10 | 1960
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | CER-20 | ???
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | CER-22 | 1967
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | HRS-100 | 1971
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | TIM-100 | 1985
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | TIM-600 | 1988
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | TIM-011 | ???
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | TIM-40M | 1992
  • Yugoslavia | Mihajlo Pupin Institute | ATLAS-TIM AT 32 | 1992
  • Yugoslavia | Iskra Delta | 800 | ???
  • Yugoslavia | Iskra Delta | Partner | ???
  • Yugoslavia | EI | Pecom 32 | ???
  • Yugoslavia | EI | Pecom 64 | ???
  • Yugoslavia | Ivo Lola Ribar Institute | Lola 8
  • Yugoslavia | ??? | Galaksija | ???
  • Yugoslavia | ??? | Galeb 101 | ???
  • Yugoslavia | ??? | Orao | ???
  • Yugoslavia | ??? | Lira XT | ???
  • Bulgaria | IZOT [ИЗОТ] | ZIT-151 [ЗИТ-151] (Facom-230–30 license, 1967)
  • Bulgaria | IZOT | ES-1035B
  • Bulgaria | IZOT | ES-2138

Designers and manufacturers

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Supervising ministries

[edit]

Tables

[edit]
Name in English
and aliases
Domestic name
and abbreviation
City Country,
region
Supervising
ministry
Calculating and Analytical Machine Factory of Moscow
Named After V. D. Kalmykov
/
SAM, Kalmykov Plant, Moscow Plant
Московский завод счётно-аналитических машин имени В. Д. Калмыкова (САМ) /
Moskovskiy zavod schotno-analiticheskikh mashin imeni V. D. Kalmykova (SAM)
Moscow Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Moscow Oblast
Minradioprom
Calculating Machine Factory of Kishinev /
Kishinev Plant
/
Kishinev
(Chișinău)
Soviet Union,
Moldavian SSR
Minpribor
Calculating Machine Factory of Kursk /
Kursk Plant
/
Kursk Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Kursk Oblast
Minpribor
Calculating Machine Factory of Smolensk /
Smolensk Plant
/
Smolensk Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Smolensk Oblast
Minpribor
Calculating Machine Parts Factory of Tauragė /
Tauragė Plant
Tauragės skaičiavimo mašinų elementų gamykla Tauragė Soviet Union,
Lithuanian SSR
Minpribor
Computer Graphics Factory of Livny /
Livny Plant
Ливенский завод средств машинной графики /
Livenskiy zavod sredstv mashinnoy grafiki
Livny Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Oryol Oblast
Minpribor
Computing Machine Factory of Oryol /
Oryol Plant
/
Oryol Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Oryol Oblast
Minpribor
Computing Machinery Production Association of Minsk /
MPOVT, Minsk Plant
Минское производственное объединение вычислительной техники (МПОВТ) /
Minskoye proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye vychislitelnoy tekhniki (MPOVT)
Minsk Soviet Union,
Byelorussian SSR
Minradioprom
Control Computer Factory of Tbilisi /
Tbilisi Plant
/
Tbilisi Soviet Union,
Georgian SSR
Minpribor
Eksiton Factory /
Eksiton, Exciton, Pavlovsky Posad Plant
Завод «Экситон» /
Zavod "Eksiton"
Pavlovsky Posad Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Moscow Oblast
Minelektronprom
Electrical Machine Factory of Leningrad /
Leningrad Plant
Ленинградский электромашиностроительный завод /
Leningradskiy elektromashinostroitelnyy zavod
Leningrad
(Saint Petersburg)
Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Leningrad Oblast
Minpribor
Electronic Computing Machine Factory of Kazan /
KZEVM, Kazan Plant
Казанский завод электронно-вычислительных машин (КЗЭВМ) /
Kazanskiy zavod elektronno-vychislitelnykh mashin (KZEVM)
Kazan Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Tatar ASSR
Minradioprom
Electronic Computing Machine Factory of Penza /
VEM, Penza Plant
Завод вычислительных электронных машин (ВЭМ) /
Zavod vychislitelnykh elektronnykh mashin (VEM)
Penza Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Penza Oblast
Minradioprom
Elektromekhanika Production Association /
Elektromekhanika, Electromechanica, Penza Plant
Производственное объединение «Электромеханика» (ПО «Электромеханика») /
Proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye "Elektromekhanika" (PO "Elektromekhanika")
Penza Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Penza Oblast
na.
Elektron Production Association /
Elektron, Electron, Yerevan Plant
Производственное объединение «Электрон» (ПО «Электрон») /
Proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye "Elektron" (PO "Elektron")
Yerevan Soviet Union,
Armenian SSR
Minradioprom
Elektronika Research and Production Association /
Elektronika, Electronica, Voronezh Plant
Научно-производственное объединение «Электроника» (НПО «Электроника») /
Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye "Elektronika" (NPO "Elektronika")
Voronezh Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Voronezh Oblast
Minelektronprom
Elektronmash Research and Production Association of Kiev
(Computing and Control Machine Factory of Kiev) /
Elektronmash, Electronmash, VUM, Kiev Plant, Lenin Plant
Научно-производственное объединение «Электронмаш» имени В. И. Ленина (НПО «Электронмаш») /
Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye "Elektronmash" imeni V. I. Lenina (NPO "Elektronmash")
Киевский завод вычислительных и управляющих машин (ВУМ) /
Kiyevskiy zavod vychislitelnykh i upravlyayushchikh mashin (VUM)
Kiev Soviet Union,
Ukrainian SSR
Minpribor
Elektronmash Research and Production Association of Moscow /
Elektronmash, Electronmash
Научно-производственное объединение «Электронмаш» (НПО «Электронмаш») /
Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye "Elektronmash" (NPO "Elektronmash")
Moscow Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Moscow Oblast
Minpribor
Impuls Research and Production Association /
Impuls, Severodonetsk Plant
Северодонецкое научно-производственное объединение «Импульс» (НПО «Импульс») /
Severodonetskoye nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye «Impuls» (NPO "Impuls")
Severodonetsk Soviet Union,
Ukrainian SSR
Minpribor
Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology /
/
Kiev Soviet Union,
Ukrainian SSR
na.
Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering /
/
Moscow Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Moscow Oblast
na.
Lenin Computing Machine Factory of Vilnius /
Lenin Plant, Vilnius Plant
/
Vilnius Soviet Union,
Lithuanian SSR
Minpribor
Order of Lenin Calculating and Analytical Machine Factory of Ryazan /
Order of Lenin Plant, Ryazan Plant
/
Ryazan Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Ryazan Oblast
Minpribor
Radiopribor Factory /
Radiopribor
Завод «Радиоприбор» /
Zavod "Radiopribor"
Kiev Soviet Union,
Ukrainian SSR
na.
Scientific Center Research and Production Association /
Scientific Center, NTs, Zelenograd Complex
Научно-производственное объединение «Научный центр» (НПО «Научный центр») /
Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye "Nauchnyy tsentr" (NPO "Nauchnyy tsentr")
Zelenograd Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Moscow Oblast
Minelektronprom
Sigma Computing Machine Factory of Vilnius /
Sigma, Vilnius Plant
/
Vilnius Soviet Union,
Lithuanian SSR
Minpribor
Svetlana Electronic Instrumentation Association of Leningrad /
Svetlana, LOEP, Leningrad Plant
Ленинградское объединение электронного приборостроения «Светлана» (ЛОЭП) /
Leningradskoye obyedineniye elektronnogo priborostroyeniya "Svetlana" (LOEP)
Leningrad
(Saint Petersburg)
Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Leningrad Oblast
Minelektronprom
Temp Radio Factory of Moscow /
Temp, Radiozavod
Московский радиозавод «Темп» /
Moskovskiy radiozavod "Temp"
Moscow Soviet Union,
Russian SFSR, Moscow Oblast
Minradioprom
Terminal Factory of Vinnytsia /
Terminal, Vinnytsia Plant
Завод «Терминал» /
Zavod "Terminal"
Vinnytsia Soviet Union,
Ukrainian SSR
Minpribor
Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute /
/
Yerevan Soviet Union,
Armenian SSR
na.

The Soviet Union's central coordination efforts

[edit]

ES EVM scheme

[edit]

The Comecon's Unified System of Computers (ES EVM) project divided mainframe computers (and later, array and supercomputers), parts and peripherals into the following ranges:

Comecon ES EVM (Unified System of Computers) – 1xxx entries
Series
("Ryad")
ES EVM
designation
Domestic
designation
Production
years
Production
numbers
Designer Manufacturer Country of origin Compatible with Notes
Ryad 1[2] ES 1010[2] na. 1973–?[2] na. na. Videoton (VT) Hungary[2] CII Mitra 15 based on a CII Mitra 15 license
Ryad 1 ES 1010M na. na. na. na. na. na. na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1011[2] na. 1981–?[2] na. na. na. Hungary[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1012[2] na. na. na. na. na. Hungary[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1020[2] na. 1973–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union/Bulgaria[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1021[2] na. 1973–?[2] na. na. na. Czechoslovakia[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1022[2] na. 1975–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union/Bulgaria[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1030[2] na. 1973–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union/Poland[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1032[2] na. 1975–?[2] na. na. na. Poland[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1033[2] na. 1977–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1040[2] na. 1973–?[2] na. na. Robotron East Germany[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1050[2] na. 1975–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 1[2] ES 1052[2] na. 1980–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1015[2] na. 1983–?[2] na. na. na. Hungary[2] na.
? ES 1016 na. na. na. na. na. na. na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1025[2] na. 1981–?[2] na. na. na. Czechoslovakia[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1026[2] na. 1983–?[2] na. na. na. Czechoslovakia[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1035[2] na. 1981–?[2] na. na. IZOT Soviet Union/Bulgaria[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1036[2] na. 1984–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1045[2] na. 1981–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union/Poland[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1046[2] na. 1985–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1055[2] na. 1979–?[2] na. na. na. East Germany[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1055M[2] na. 1981–?[2] na. na. na. East Germany[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1056[2] na. 1986–?[2] na. na. na. East Germany[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1060[2] na. 1979–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1061[2] na. 1984–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 2[2] ES 1065[2] na. 1983–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 3 ES 1007 na. na. na. na. na. na. na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1017[2] na. na. na. na. na. Hungary[2] na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1027[2] na. 1985–?[2] na. na. na. Czechoslovakia[2] na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1037[2] na. na. na. na. na. Soviet Union/Bulgaria[2] na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1057[2] na. 1988–?[2] na. na. na. East Germany[2] na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1066[2] na. 1986–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1067[2] na. na. na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1068[2] na. 1988–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1077[2] na. na. na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 3[2] ES 1087[2] na. na. na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.
Ryad 4 ES 1130 na. na. na. na. na. na. na.
Ryad 4 ES 1181 na. na. na. na. na. na. na.
Ryad 4 ES 1220 na. 1995–? 20 units na. na. na. na.
? ES 1766[2] na. 1987?–?[2] na. na. na. Soviet Union[2] na.

SM EVM scheme

[edit]

ES PEVM scheme

[edit]

Mainframe computers

[edit]

Minicomputers

[edit]

Microcomputers

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Some note.
  2. ^ Another note.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davis, N. C.; Goodman, Seymour E. (June 1978). "The Soviet Bloc's Unified System of Computers". ACM Computing Surveys. 10 (2). Association for Computing Machinery: 93–122. doi:10.1145/356725.356728. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed Office of Scientific and Weapons Research (June 1989). Soviet Bloc Computers: Direct Descendants of Western Technology (SW 89-10023X) (Report). CIA Directorate of Intelligence. Retrieved 2022-08-01.