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Modern English vowels (~1900 AD)
| Short
|
Long
|
| Ingliding
|
Upgliding
|
| —————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
| /i/ if
|
/u/ wool
|
/ih/ ear
|
/uh/ your
|
/iy/ eel
|
/uw/ ooze
|
| /e/ ed
|
/ʌ/ up
|
/eh/ air
|
/ʌh/ earth
|
/ey/ age
|
/ʌw/ oak
|
| /æ/ ash
|
/o/ on
|
/ah/ alm
|
/oh/ awe
|
/ay/ ice
|
/aw/ out
|
Late Middle English vowels (~1500 AD)
| Short
|
Long
|
| Monophthong
|
Diphthong
|
| —————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
| /i/ if
|
/u/ up
|
/i:/ eel
|
/u:/ ooze
|
/iy/ ice
|
/uw/ out
|
| /e/ ed
|
/o/ on
|
/e:/ eat
|
/o:/ oak
|
|
/ow/ own
|
| /a/ ash
|
|
/a:/ age
|
|
/ay/ hail
|
/aw/ awe
|
Early Middle English vowels (~1100 AD)
| Short
|
Long
|
| Monophthong
|
Diphthong
|
| —————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
—————
|
| /i/ if
|
/u/ up
|
/i:/ ice
|
/u:/ out
|
|
|
| /e/ ed
|
/o/ on
|
/e:/ eel
|
/o:/ ooze
|
|
|
| /æ/ ash
|
/a/ and
|
/æ:/ eat
|
/a:/ oak
|
|
|
Cantonese finals (+ Taishanese for reference)
|
|
i
|
e
|
a
|
ae
|
o
|
u
|
oe
|
ue
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -
|
詩
|
|
沙
|
些
|
疏
|
夫
|
鋸
|
書
|
si
|
|
sa
|
lhia
|
so
|
fu
|
gui
|
si
|
| -t
|
結
|
突
|
達
|
|
渴
|
沒
|
出
|
血
|
get
|
ut
|
at
|
|
hot
|
mut?
|
cut
|
hut
|
| -n
|
見
|
新
|
山
|
|
看
|
歡
|
準
|
遠
|
gen
|
lhin
|
san
|
|
hon
|
fon
|
zun
|
yon
|
| -i
|
你
|
雞
|
街
|
|
愛
|
會
|
水
|
|
ni
|
gai
|
gai
|
|
oi
|
voi
|
sui
|
|
| -p
|
接
|
輯
|
插
|
夾
|
|
|
|
|
diap
|
tip
|
cap
|
gap
|
|
|
|
|
| -m
|
點
|
深
|
衫
|
舐
|
|
|
|
|
iam
|
sim
|
sam
|
liam
|
|
|
|
|
| -u
|
了
|
夠
|
教
|
掉
|
好
|
|
|
|
liau
|
geu
|
gau
|
iau
|
hau
|
|
|
|
| -k
|
亦
|
北
|
百
|
錫
|
國
|
六
|
著
|
|
yiak
|
bak
|
bak
|
lhiak
|
gok
|
luk
|
ziak
|
|
| -ŋ
|
敬
|
宏
|
橫
|
鏡
|
方
|
風
|
傷
|
|
gen
|
vang?
|
vang
|
giang
|
fong
|
fung
|
siaŋ
|
|
Taishanese finals (+ Cantonese for reference)
|
|
i
|
e
|
a
|
ia
|
o
|
u
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -
|
詩
|
嘅
|
揸
|
嘢
|
多
|
夫
|
si
|
gae
|
za
|
yae
|
do
|
fu
|
| -t
|
實
|
節
|
扎
|
|
渴
|
骨
|
set
|
zit
|
zat
|
|
hot
|
gwet
|
| -n
|
身
|
練
|
讚
|
|
汗
|
瞓
|
sen
|
lin
|
zan
|
|
hon
|
fen
|
| -i
|
|
糍
|
齋
|
|
開
|
脆
|
|
ci
|
zai
|
|
hoi
|
coei
|
| -p
|
十
|
磕
|
拾
|
碟
|
|
|
sep
|
hep
|
sep
|
dip
|
|
|
| -m
|
嬸
|
冚
|
站
|
撿
|
|
|
sem
|
kem
|
zam
|
gim
|
|
|
| -u
|
手
|
走
|
早
|
椒
|
|
|
seu
|
zeu
|
zou
|
ziu
|
|
|
| -k
|
|
|
窄
|
藥
|
學
|
福
|
|
|
zak
|
yoek
|
hok
|
fuk
|
| -ŋ
|
|
|
爭
|
病
|
康
|
風
|
|
|
zang
|
bing
|
hong
|
fung
|
Chinese initials correspondences
|
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
––
|
|
|
p
|
b
|
ph
|
m
|
|
p
|
b
|
ph
|
m
|
|
| 北京
|
b
|
p|b
|
p
|
m
|
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
w
|
|
| 廣州
|
b
|
p|b
|
p
|
m
|
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
m
|
|
| 上海
|
b
|
b
|
p
|
m
|
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
m
|
|
| 廈門
|
b
|
b|p
|
p
|
m
|
|
b
|
b|p
|
p
|
m
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
t
|
d
|
th
|
n
|
|
tr
|
dr
|
trh
|
nr
|
|
| 北京
|
d
|
t|d
|
t
|
n
|
|
j
|
q|j
|
q
|
l
|
|
| 廣州
|
d
|
t|d
|
t
|
n
|
|
z
|
c|z
|
c
|
l
|
|
| 上海
|
d
|
d
|
t
|
n
|
|
z
|
s
|
c
|
l
|
|
| 廈門
|
d
|
d|t
|
t
|
n
|
|
d
|
d|t
|
t
|
l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ts
|
dz
|
tsh
|
z
|
s
|
tsr
|
dzr
|
tsrh
|
zr
|
sr
|
| 北京
|
z
|
c|z
|
c
|
s
|
s
|
j
|
q|j
|
q
|
q
|
x
|
| 廣州
|
z
|
c|z
|
c
|
c|z
|
s
|
z
|
c|z
|
c
|
s
|
s
|
| 上海
|
z
|
s
|
c
|
s
|
s
|
z
|
s
|
c
|
s
|
s
|
| 廈門
|
z
|
z|c
|
c
|
s
|
s
|
z
|
z|c
|
c
|
s
|
s
|
|
|
|
|
|
k
|
g
|
kh
|
h
|
x
|
tsy
|
dzy
|
tsyh
|
zy
|
sy
|
| 北京
|
g
|
k|g
|
k
|
h
|
h
|
j
|
q|x
|
q
|
x
|
x
|
| 廣州
|
g
|
h|g
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
z
|
s
|
c
|
s
|
s
|
| 上海
|
g
|
g
|
k
|
h
|
h
|
z
|
s
|
c
|
s
|
s
|
| 廈門
|
g
|
g|k
|
k
|
h
|
h
|
z
|
s
|
c
|
z|c
|
s
|
