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Black Feminism[edit]

Black Lives Matter, an activist movement that was formed to campaign against racism police brutality against African Americans, has contributed to a revitalization and re-examining of the Black Feminist movement. [1] The movement itself was started by three black women, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, and has been viewed as a Black Feminist Movement first rather than as a part of the larger feminist movement. [2] Black Lives Matter largely accepts the intersectionality of women of color, and how interlocking systems of oppression work against African American women in particular. [3] The movement has also been critical of White Feminism as only focusing on the oppression of women in general and not looking at how intersectionalities of class, race, and culture have been harming marginalized groups. [4] According to academic scholar Angela Davis,  “Black women face a triple oppression” of racism, classism, and sexism and Black Lives Matter has been a largely grassroots movement focused on including intersectional voices. [5]  Activism of black feminists in Black Lives Matter include the protests of political candidates such as Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump, and Hillary Clinton. Hashtags such as "sayhername" for victims such as Sandra Bland have brought light to black female stories in the larger "male centric" narrative for the movement for Black Lives. [6]

All Lives Matter[edit]

All Lives Matter" (#AllLivesMatter) is a slogan that has come to be associated with criticism of the Black Lives Matter movement. Some supporters use the slogan as part of a claim that Black Lives Matter overlooks the importance of other kinds of people, including police officers, who also die due to violence.[7]

All Lives Matter became a larger talking point in the 2016 Presidential Election. During the October 2015 Democratic Presidential Debate candidates were asked the question “Do all lives matter or do black lives matter?”[8] All three candidates were careful to avoid using the phrase “All Lives Matter” in their responses and former Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley apologized for using the alternative “all lives matter” slogan in an earlier campaign stop. [9]The change in discourse away from “All Lives Matter” came after criticism from Black Lives Matter supporters and protests during campaign stops.[10]

Republicans have been stronger proponents in general of All Lives Matter and harsher critics of the Black Lives Matter movement in general. [11]Senator Rand Paul has argued that Black Lives matter has focused on the wrong targets and has stated, “I think they should change their name maybe—if they were All Lives Matter, or Innocent Lives Matter.” [12] President-elect Donald Trump has stated that "Black Lives Matter" is a divisive term and believes that the term is inherently racist. [13]

Some supporters have used the phrase as a way to bring communities together, feeling that the phrase “black lives matter” is too narrow. Max Muncy, a professional baseball infielder for the Oakland Athletics, tweeted the phrase in response to the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers. [14]  Rapper Fetty Wap apologized for using #AllLivesMatter, stating that he didn’t fully understand the hashtag. [15]

Social Media Activism[edit]

Black Lives Matter[edit]

Black Lives Matter, a campaign against violence and systemic racism towards African Americans, has been influenced strongly by Social Media Activism with leaders, hashtags, and policy proposals brought forward because of Social Media. The hashtag #blacklivesmatter was created in 2013 by Patrice Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi after the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the murder in Florida of seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin.[16] Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she said: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter.” Once the hashtag was formed, it has been a rallying cry for various organizing efforts across the country centered on Black lives. [17]

African Americans use Twitter at a higher rate than their white counterparts with 22 percent of online blacks using the service in 2014 compared to 16 percent of online whites. [18] Hashtags such as #OscarsSoWhite, #handsupdontshoot, and #icantbreathe have sprung up as offshoots in the social movement and have helped create a subculture on the website that some have called “Black Twitter”.  [19] Jelani Cobb, professor of Journalism at Columbia University, has argued that that “Black Twitter” has been as vital to Black Lives Matter as television was for the Civil Rights Movement.[20]

Social Media has also been important in highlighting individual stories of victims in the movement with hashtags #IfTheyGunnedMeDown, #HandsUpDontShoot, #MikeBrown, #BlackLivesMatter, and #Ferguson going viral.[21] Citizen reporting on platforms such as Twitter and Facebook help drive the coverage of traditional media on stories of violence, discrimination, and harassment. [22]

Mass Incarceration[edit]

Mass Incarceration is a term used by social activists to describe the substantial increase in the number of incarcerated people in United States’ prisons over the past forty years, the incarcerated predominately being Black, Latino, and/or living in poverty. [23]

According to activists, mass incarceration began in the 1960s and 1970s with a rise in “tough-on-crime” approaches to criminal justice and with deliberate policy choices that impose intentionally punitive sentences. [24] [25] This approach has increased both the numbers of people entering the the criminal justice system and how long they remain under correctional control. [26] Activism against mass incarceration have argued for ending the "War on Drugs", eliminating racial disparities in criminal justice, ending the privatization of prisons, and advocating for alternatives to incarceration." [27]

Commentary against Mass Incarceration have come from many different groups including the Hip-Hop Community. Artists like Tupac Shakur, NWA, and LL Cool J, and more recently Kendrick Lamar have written songs and poems condemning the targeting of African Americans by police officers. [28] The fight against Mass Incarceration has also been a part of the larger discourse in the 21st century movement for Black Lives. This movement has focused on specific racial issues faced by African Americans in the justice system including police brutality, ending capital punishment, and eliminating “the criminalization and dehumanization of Black youth across all areas of society.” [29][30]

  1. ^ Jackson, Sarah J. (2016-10-01). "(Re)Imagining Intersectional Democracy from Black Feminism to Hashtag Activism". Women's Studies in Communication. 39 (4): 375–379. doi:10.1080/07491409.2016.1226654. ISSN 0749-1409.
  2. ^ Lindsey, Treva B. "A Love Letter to Black Feminism". The Black Scholar. 45 (4): 1–6. doi:10.1080/00064246.2015.1080911.
  3. ^ Duran, Jane; Africana, Philosophia (2015-10-01). "Women of the Civil Rights Movement". Philosophia Africana. 17 (2): 65–73. doi:10.5840/philafricana2015/20161727.
  4. ^ Hill, Marcus A. (2016-08-07). "Do black women still come first? Examining Essence magazine post Time Warner". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 33 (4): 366–380. doi:10.1080/15295036.2016.1225968. ISSN 1529-5036.
  5. ^ T., Bridewell, AnaLexicis (2016-01-01). "Black Lives Matter: Why Black Feminism?". First-Gen Voices: Creative and Critical Narratives on the First-Generation College Experience. 5 (1).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Langford, Catherine (2016). "Blacklivesmatter: Epistemic Positioning, Challenges, And Possibilities". Journal Of Contemporary Rhetoric. 5.3/4: 78.
  7. ^ Editor, Jesse Damiani Series; Writing, Best American Experimental (2016-07-15). "Every Time You Say "All Lives Matter" You Are Being an Accidental Racist". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-11-20. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ "Democratic debate: Do black lives matter?". Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  9. ^ Moorhead, Chris Moody, CNN Senior Digital Correspondent; Video by Jeremy. "O'Malley apologizes for saying 'all lives matter'". CNN. Retrieved 2016-11-20. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Democrats acknowledge Black Lives Matter during debate". archive.vcstar.com. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  11. ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Ben Carson: 'Of course all lives matter — and all lives includes black lives'". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2016-11-20. {{cite news}}: External link in |last= (help)
  12. ^ Marino, Gordon (2016). "All Lives Matter' Vs. Black Lives Matter". Commonweal. 15.
  13. ^ "Three words that Republicans wrestle with: 'Black Lives Matter'". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  14. ^ Opinion, D. P. "Why saying "All lives matter" minimizes the Black Lives Matter movement". Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  15. ^ Victor, Daniel (2016-07-15). "Why 'All Lives Matter' Is Such a Perilous Phrase". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  16. ^ Monica; erson; Hitlin, Paul (2016-08-15). "3. The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter emerges: Social activism on Twitter". Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  17. ^ "Black Lives Matter". New Labor Forum. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  18. ^ Smith, Aaron (2014-01-06). "African Americans and Technology Use". Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  19. ^ Williams, Stereo (2015-07-06). "The Power of Black Twitter". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  20. ^ WORTHAM, Jenna (2016). "Black Tweets Matter". Smithsonian. 47.5: 21.
  21. ^ "Twitter Adds Black Power Fists To Black Lives Matter Hashtag". The Daily Caller. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  22. ^ Stephen, Bijan. "How Black Lives Matter Uses Social Media to Fight the Power". WIRED. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  23. ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi. "The Black Family in the Age of Mass Incarceration". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  24. ^ Fortner, Michael Javen (2014-03-01). "The "Silent Majority" in Black and White Invisibility and Imprecision in the Historiography of Mass Incarceration". Journal of Urban History. 40 (2): 252–282. doi:10.1177/0096144213508615. ISSN 0096-1442.
  25. ^ Lobuglio, Stefan (2015). "Unwinding Mass Incarceration". Issues In Science & Technology. 32.1: 56.
  26. ^ "Mass Incarceration in the USA". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  27. ^ "Mass Incarceration". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  28. ^ F, Tibbs, Donald (2015-01-01). "Hip Hop and the New Jim Crow: Rap Music's Insight on Mass Incarceration". University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class. 15 (2).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Porter, Nicole (2016). "Unfinished Project Of Civil Rights In The Era Of Mass Incarceration And The Movement For Black Lives". Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy.
  30. ^ Alessandro, De Giorgi, (2016-06-22). "Five Theses on Mass Incarceration". Social Justice. 42 (2). ISSN 1043-1578.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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