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User:SebastianHelm/Giraffe

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The following table, which compares the different hypotheses for giraffe species, has been copied from Giraffe#Species and subspecies, with some columns, above all the Description column, reduced so as to fit on a page.

Abbreviations: G: Giraffa or giraffe, c: camelopardalis, N: Northern, S: Southern, SA: South African, WA: West African. ♂︎ml: median lump in males – ♂︎ml+ well developed, ♂︎ml- absent ♂︎ml(-) usually less developed or ♂︎ml(+) usually present. Abbreviations only in headlines: simple numbers: different taxonomies such as 1 = One species taxonomy, wild: number in the wild, zoo: number in zoos. In the Latin name, an asterisk for the epitheton indicates that it can be either “camelopardalis” or “giraffa” or left out, depending on the taxonomy used.

Background coloring of the taxonomy columns has been taken from the color of the distribution map, as far as possible.

Species and subspecies of giraffe
1 3[1] 4[2][3] 8[4] 9 wild zoo Image Description Fur
G.
(G. c.) [5][6] 		N. g.
(G. c.) 		Kordofan g.
(G. c. antiquorum)
[7] 		2000
[5] 		65[t 1] Smaller and more irregular spots than Nubian g. ♂︎ml+.[10]: 51–52  [t 2]
Nubian g.
(G. c. c.)
[t 3] 		2,150
[5] 		14[t 4] Sharply defined chestnut-coloured spots surrounded by mostly white lines, none on underside.[13] ♂︎ml+.[10]: 51 
Rothschild's g.
(G. c. rothschildi) 		1,500
[5][t 5] 		450 Large dark patches with complete margins, sharp edges, paler radiating lines or streaks within them; rarely below the hocks. Some have 5 "horns".[10]: 53 
WA g.
(G. c. peralta)
[14] [t 6] 		400
[5] 		? Lighter fur,[15]: 322  with red lobe-shaped blotches that reach below the hocks. The ossicones more erect. ♂︎ml+.[10]: 52–53  Most endangered. [t 7]
Reticulated g.
(G. c. reticulata)
[16][t 8] 		8,660
[5] 		450 [9] Sharp-edged, reddish-brown polygonal patches divided by a network of thin white lines. Spots may or may not extend below the hocks. ♂︎ml+.[10]: 53 
S. g.
(G. *) 		Angolan g.
(G. * angolensis)
[17][t 9][t 10] 		13,000
[5] 		20[9] Large brown blotches with notched edges or angular extensions. Pattern on legs but not the upper part of the face. Neck and rump patches small. White ear patch.[10]: 51 
SA g.
(G. * g.)
[19] [t 11] 		31,500 max.
[5] 		45[9] Dark, somewhat rounded patches "with some fine projections" on a tawny background colour. Spots on legs (smaller). ♂︎ml(-).[10]: 52 
Masai g.
(G. * tippelskirchi)
[17][t 12] 		32,550 max.
[5] 		100[9] Varying from nearly round and smooth edged to oval shaped and incised or loped edged.[20] ♂︎ml(+).[10]: 54 [21]
Thornicroft's g.
(G. * thornicrofti)
[17] [t 13] 		550 max.
[5] 		0[9] Patches are notched and somewhat star-shaped, and may or may not extend across the legs. ♂︎ml(-).[10]: 54 

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Considerable confusion has existed over the status of this subspecies and G. c. peralta in zoos. In 2007, all alleged G. c. peralta in European zoos were shown to be, in fact, G. c. antiquorum.[8] With this correction, about 65 are kept in zoos.[9]
  2. ^ The formerly recognised subspecies G. c. congoesis is now considered part of the Kordofan giraffe.
  3. ^ Nubian giraffe also known as Baringo giraffe or Ugandan giraffe
  4. ^ The original phenotype is rare- a group is kept at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates.[11] In 2003, this group numbered 14.[12]
  5. ^ According to genetic analysis circa September 2016, it is conspecific with the Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis).[2]
  6. ^ West African giraffe also known as Niger giraffe or Nigerian giraffe
  7. ^ Giraffes in Cameroon were formerly believed to belong to this species, but are actually G. c. antiquorum. This error resulted in some confusion over its status in zoos, but in 2007, it was established that all "G. c. peralta" kept in European zoos are actually G. c. antiquorum. The same 2007 study found that the West African giraffe was more closely related to Rothschild's giraffe than the Kordofan, and its ancestor may have migrated from eastern to northern Africa and then to its current range with the development of the Sahara Desert. At its largest, Lake Chad may have acted as a barrier between the West African and Kordofan giraffes during the Holocene (before 5000 BC).[8]
  8. ^ Reticulated giraffe also known as Somali giraffe
  9. ^ Angolan giraffe also known as Namibian giraffe
  10. ^ A 2009 genetic study on this subspecies suggested the northern Namib Desert and Etosha National Park populations form a separate subspecies.[18]
  11. ^ South African giraffe also known as Cape giraffe
  12. ^ Masai giraffe also known as Kilimanjaro giraffe
  13. ^ Thornicroft's giraffe also known as Luangwa giraffe, or Rhodesian giraffe

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Petzold, Alice; Hassanin, Alexandre (2020-02-13). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS ONE. 15 (2): e0217956. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589.
  2. ^ a b Fennessy, Julian; Bidon, Tobias; Reuss, Friederike; Kumar, Vikas; Elkan, Paul; Nilsson, Maria A.; Vamberger, Melita; Fritz, Uwe; Janke, Axel (2016). "Multi-locus Analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261. S2CID 3991170.
  3. ^ Coimbra, Raphael T.F.; Winter, Sven; Kumar, Vikas; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Gooley, Rebecca M.; Dobrynin, Pavel; Fennessy, Julian; Janke, Axel (2021). "Whole-genome analysis of giraffe supports four distinct species". Current Biology. 31 (13): 2929–2938.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.033. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 33957077.
  4. ^ Groves, Colin; Grubb, Peter (2011-11-01). Ungulate Taxonomy. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421400938.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Muller, Z.; Bercovitch, F.; Brand, R.; Brown, D.; Brown, M.; Bolger, D.; Carter, K.; Deacon, F.; Doherty, J.B.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Hussein, A.A.; Lee, D.; Marais, A.; Strauss, M.; Tutchings, A.; Wube, T. (2018). "Giraffa camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9194A136266699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9194A136266699.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  6. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ.
  7. ^ Swainson 1835. Camelopardalis antiquorum. Bagger el Homer, Kordofan, about 10° N, 28° E (as fixed by Harper, 1940)
  8. ^ a b Hassanin, A.; Ropiquet, A.; Gourmand, B.-L.; Chardonnet, B.; Rigoulet, J. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and central Africa". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330 (3): 173–83. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.02.008. PMID 17434121.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Giraffa". ISIS. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Seymour, R. (2002) The taxonomic status of the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis (L. 1758), PH.D Thesis
  11. ^ "Exhibits". Al Ain Zoo. 25 February 2003. Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  12. ^ "Nubian giraffe born in Al Ain zoo". UAE Interact. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  13. ^ "Giraffe – The Facts: Current giraffe status?". Giraffe Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  14. ^ Fennessy, J.; Marais, A.; Tutchings, A. (2018). "Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. peralta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T136913A51140803.
  15. ^ Kingdon, J. (1988). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part B: Large Mammals. University of Chicago Press. pp. 313–37. ISBN 978-0-226-43722-4.
  16. ^ Winton, W. E. de (1899-11-01). "XXXVIII.—On mammals collected by Lieut.-Colonel W. Giffard in the northern territory of the Gold Coast". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4 (23): 353–359. doi:10.1080/00222939908678212. ISSN 0374-5481.
  17. ^ a b c Pellow, R. A. (2001). "Giraffe and Okapi". In MacDonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 520–27. ISBN 978-0-7607-1969-5.
  18. ^ Brenneman, R. A.; Louis, E. E. Jr; Fennessy, J. (2009). "Genetic structure of two populations of the Namibian giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (4): 720–28. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01078.x.
  19. ^ Rookmaaker, L. C. (1989-06-01). The Zoological Exploration of Southern Africa 1650–1790. CRC Press. ISBN 9789061918677.
  20. ^ Lee, Derek E.; Cavener, Douglas R.; Bond, Monica L. (2018-10-02). "Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". PeerJ. 6: e5690. doi:10.7717/peerj.5690. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6173159. PMID 30310743.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ^ Estes, R. (1992). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of California Press. pp. 202–07. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
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