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William Osler Abbott (1902 – 1943) was a United States physician, son of Dr. Alexander C. Abbott and Georgina Osler. His most notable contribution to the field of medicine was his part in the development of the Miller-Abbott tube, used in decompression and stenting of the small intestine, alongside Thomas Grier Miller, and also for devising the Abbot-Rawson tube. Abbot received his MD in 1928 from the University of Pennsylvania. He died of myelogenous leukemia in Waquoit, Massachusetts on September 10, 1943.^[1]

Personal Life

William Osler Abbott was born July 26,1902 in New Bedford, MA. He was given the nickname "pete" growing up. (7) His father, Alexander Abbott, was a member of the resident staff at Johns Hopkins Hospital and his mother, Georgina Osler, was a niece of William Osler. His parents met while his mother was taking care of Osler's home in Baltimore. His family would vacation at Waquoit a lot in the summers, which is where he came to love everything about the sea. At just the young age of 10, Abbott would skin the fish he found in jars of water and put the bones and cartilage together with fine wire and when he was only 15, he could sail 30 miles at night from Waquoit to Nantucket. William Osler Abbott married a young lady from Kansas City named Lucy Waldo in 1928. (1) The newly married Abbotts spent their honeymoon in an open dory sailing among Cape Cod's Elizabeth Islands. (6) They had three children, Thomas William Osler, Ann Gatewood, and Lucy Featherstone. (1)

Career

William Osler Abbott received his A.B. in 1925 and M.D. in 1928 from the University of Pennsylvania. After graduating he worked as an intern in a Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. From 1931 to 1934 he had experience working part time with the Department of Pharmacology, and he also co-founded the Miller Abbott Tube in 1934, which is a double lumen drainage intestinal tube for relief of distention. His partner was T. Grier Miller who worked with him from 1930 to 1934 when they founded the Miller Abbott Tube. (6) In the midst of being part time with the Department of Pharmacology, Abbott was working his way up the ladder at Penn. He Joined the Gastro Intestinal clinic at Penn and was first recognized as a Medical fellow from 1930 to 1931. From 1931 to 1937 he was known as an instructor at Penn. In the year 1937, Abbott worked with a man named Arthur Joy Rawson creating the Abbott Rawson Tube, which is a double barreled Gastroenterostomy tube for use in postoperative care. (6) From an instructor he was now named associate from the year 1937 to 1941. Abbott was known as a professor of medicine at Penn, however the following year he brought his expertise to the U.S. Army. When Abbott joined the U.S. Army he was already the rank of a major. Shortly, being discharged due to his diagnosis of leukemia. After fabricating his double lumen tube, Abbott would initially swallow the tube in the morning at his home on the Main Line outside of Philadelphia, ride to work on the train with the proximal end exiting his nose and curled around his ear or leaving his mouth beside a pipe and residing in a coat pocket. Once in the hospital the intubation continued under fluoroscopic guidance. With the fundamentals of a practical technique of intubation established, he began his investigations of the absorptive capacity of the gut and the effect of drugs on the intestine in December 1932. On May 15, 1942 Abbott, a major in the Medical Corps, left Philadelphia with the 20th General Hospital for Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. Eight days later while undergoing a physical examination a large spleen was detected and blood studies led to a diagnosis of myelogenous leukemia. (6) Abbott's remaining months of life were spent researching his cancerous disease. (7)

Miller-Abbott Tube

Main article: Miller–Abbott tube

The Miller-Abbott tube was introduced in 1934 and was used to sample gastrointestinal fluid. It helps with diagnosing and treating by compressing the obstructive matter found in the small intestine. This roughly 3 meter (9.8 feet long) double-channel intestinal tube is with an inflatable balloon at its distal end, is used for diagnosing and treating obstructive lesions of the small intestine. The tube is inserted via a nostril and gently passed through the stomach and into the small intestine. (11) Still largely unchanged in 2011, once this instrument weaves down the esophagus and into the stomach, the tube is capable of a handful of jobs at this point, from suctioning gastric juices for testing and irrigation to ballooning open the entryway to the small intestine, called the duodenum, for clearer radiology testing and easier removal of many intestinal blockages. (11)The Miller-Abbott tube is named after American gastroenterologists William Osler Abbott and Thomas Grier Miller. These doctors also pioneered the surgical procedures that set the stage for easier diagnosis and removal of stomach and intestinal lesions, blockages and ulcers. (12) With the instrument having its double-barreled design, one of the pipes, called a lumen, is responsible for pumping up a thin balloon at the tip for easy exploration into the intestines at the duodenum. The other lumen tube can then suction fluids out or pump fluids in, depending on the procedure. For radiology, a barium solution can be pumped into the duodenum to isolate potential damage and produce clear images of it. Allowing the tube to proceed into the intestines also might help dislodge identified blockages causing pain or digestive disorders. In 2011, the Miller-Abbott tube might be accompanied by another, called a laparoscope. This latter tube combines a light and camera to give physicians a three-dimensional, colored view of whatever blockage is occurring. It can also help the doctor know exactly when the Miller-Abbott tube's balloon is at the perfect location in the duodenum — a process that depends on the slow and steady peristaltic contractions of the digestive tract. (12)

Thomas Grier Miller

William Osler Abbott did not create the Miller Abbott tube all alone, he had significant help from his coworker and good friend Thomas Grier Miller, who was an American internist. Miller was born on September 18, 1886 in Satesville, North Carolina. He received an A.B. from the University of North Carolina in 1906 and graduated in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania in 1911 and then commenced clinical investigation in the department of medicine, but this was interrupted by the 1st World War where he served in the army as a captain. Just like Abbott, Miller also accomplished many achievements throughout his career. In 1926, Miller founded the Gastro Intestinal Section of the Medical Clinic at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and was chief of the section from 1928 to until his retirement in 1952. From 1913 to 1952, he also held posts in the School of Medicine at the University, becoming professor of clinical medicine in 1934. Miller published on many areas of medicine, but concentrated mainly on gastroenterology and in 1934 commenced a series of papers with William Osler Abbott and W. G. Carr on intubation and studies of the small intestine which became classics and were made possible by the invention of the double lumen tube. This arose when Abbott was unable to keep a tube with one distended balloon at a fixed point of the duodenum and Miller suggested that a second open tube be tied to the bag to see if this would make sampling easier. Miller later went on to die on November 15, 1981, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. (15)

Abbott Rawson Tube

In 1934, Abbott was accredited with co-founding the Miller Abbot Tube, but three years later in 1937 he helped create a new instrument called the Abbott-Rawson tube. (6) The Abbott-Rawson tube is used in gastrointestinal surgery. The tube may be used for Jejunal feedings and for administrating potassium, antibiotics or vitamins. (13) Although many uses beyond that for which it was first employed have been developed for the Abbott Rawson tube, it remains a much neglected surgical adjunct. For a time after it was described in 1937, the device was widely used for the emptying of the gastrointestinal tract at times of surgical stress. Now it is described in only one textbook on surgery. (14) Yet there are a number of collateral advantages-in nutrition and in administration of drugs, fluids and electrolytes-to having the tube in place. Among them is the prompt jejunal feeding of debilitated patients after operation. Nutrition with carbohydrates, proteins and fats impossible to administer intravenously, can be carried out. Potassium deficiencies are easier to deal with. The danger of overloading the circulatory system with fluids, which is a hazard to be reckoned with particularly in older patients when fluids are infused by vein, can be avoided. A further use of the tube is for introduction of antibiotics and vitamins into the gastrointestinal tract rather than intramuscularly. (13)

Death

In September of May 1942, Abbott was honorably discharged from the army because of a physical disability and died of myelogenous leukemia (1). Abbott spent the remaining months before he died doing leukemia research (3). It is believed this happened following the excess X-ray exposure he received in screening the position of the tube in volunteers and patients he was investigating. (1)

Years after death

A small 5 series collection about William Osler Abbott was assembled by Catharine G. Leeke, his secretary at the Gastro Intestinal Clinic at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. It contains personal information, a summary of his professional work, and information on his final years. On June 7, 1972, the collection was donated by Thomas A. Urbine, Jr. on behalf of Catharine Leeke to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and then transferred to the College of Physicians.

Articles for reference

• Frederick Banting
• Cicely Saunders
• Harvey Cushing

10 Sources

1.Citation: William Osler Abbott. Who named it, 2016. Web. March 16, 2016.

Credibility: This website is a reliable source because it’s a biographical dictionary of medical eponyms.

Usefulness: This information will be used in the Achievements and Career sections because the website talks about the medical aspects of his life. It also gives some background information on his parents, birth place, and his children so we will also include the information under Personal life.

Summary: He graduated from the university of Pennsylvania school of medicine and then worked as an intern at the hospital there. He was a medical fellow, an instructor, associate professor, and an assistant professor of medicine there. He joined the army but then was medically discharged shortly later because of health problems. He was married and had 3 children.

2. Citation: A doctor’s life: not for the faint of heart, Innovation Canada 150, February 22, 2016. Web. March 16, 2016.

Credibility: This article on the website is credible because it was written by Algonquin college and Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation is a major partner in writing for this website. They have a strict posting policy for those who want to post a comment, photo, video, story or other materials. This site also has a privacy statement, ways to contact them, and an about page that makes it seem very credible to use for this project.

Usefulness: This article talks about his impact on this other famous physician and how he influenced her work on improving heart surgeries. We will put this information in his Impacts sections.

Summary: This article mostly talks about a different famous physician, Dr. Maude. It discusses her schooling and career in the medical field but then it goes to talk about how William Osler encouraged her to make her life’s work about congenial heart disease and asked her to write a chapter in his own textbook about it. She eventually published her own book that was hugely key to the development of heart surgery in the late 1930s.’ Surgeons were able to develop ways to operate on the heart because of her work, which resulted from Abbotts impact on her.

3. Citation: Abbott, W. Osler, Socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu, 2014. Web. March 14, 2016

Credibility: The website has the domain ending with Edu, which is creditable according to the Wikipedia guidelines. It states its source as WorldCat, LC and presents links on the page to related resources, external links and archival collections.

Usefulness: It includes information about where he was born, his family, how he died, his professorial life, who is worked with and what he did in his field so this source will be able to be used in many different sections of the Wikipedia article.

Summary: He was born in New Bedford, Mass. He received an M.D from university of Penn and eventually became a member of the Gastro- Intestinal Clinic. He got Leukemia and spent his last months of his life doing research on it. Most of his work has to do with small intestinal intubation. He worked with other important physicians and developed the Miller-Abbott Tube and the Abbott- Rawson Tube.

4. Citation: W. OSLER ABBOTT, Collegeofphysicians.org, 2002. Web. March 14, 2016

Credibility: The website ends in .org which is a reliable domain and the information is up to date because it it was written less than 20 years ago

Usefulness: It includes the people who he worked with him and who provided knowledge, and assistance during his studies, which will be included in the Career heading. The article also includes the several professional organizations he belonged to which will be included in the achievements section.

Summary: This article has some of the same facts and information that I got from other articles but it also includes new information such as some of the things Abbott came up with and developed and the various organizations he belonged to. It also talked more about his leukemia and his deteriorating condition in the last weeks of his life.

5. Citation: Commons, Creative. "William Osler Abbott." Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press. World Heritage Encyclopedia, 2015. Web. 17 Mar. 2016.

Credibility: The website domain is ".us" which means that the website is recognized as a top level organization or citizen of some sort that has access to that ending. The information on the website is published by an independent publishing company and is up to date.

Usefulness: This website provides key facts about William Osler Abbott's life with dates and random, but insightful knowledge on his life.

Summary: This website has information like birth and death dates, where he received is degree for medicine, his parents, and some of his medical discoveries he has made during his life time. It also has some suggested pages about him as well which leads to more information. It does not go into great detail about some of his discoveries, however these discoveries can be further researched on different websites.

6. Citation: Schnabel, T. G. "William Osler Abbott: His Double Lumen Tube." Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. American Clinical and Climatological Association, 2001. Web. 17 Mar. 2016.

Credibility: The website ends in the domain ".gov" and it is part of the United States Medical Journal, which leads me to believe that the website is very reliable.

Usefulness: The website gives great detail about who Abbott worked with and the contributions he made toward his discoveries.

Summary: This source provides a medical journal of great detail about his discoveries and even direct quotes form the other physicians he worked with at the time. It provides a full text of where he was born, a nickname he went by, the whole story of his discoveries and how he came to be known for what he has done in the medical field. He goes by Pete to close friends, family and co-workers. The Double Lumen tube would have been called something totally different if he hadn't made the discoveries he did with his mentor.

7. Citation: Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. "PACSCL Finding Aids." W. Osler Abbott Papers, 1938-1949. CLIR Hidden Collections Grant, 2000. Web. 17 Mar. 2016.

Credibility: This source is credible and reliable because it is in the Historical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, which is used by students and educators.

Usefulness: This website is useful because it has personal letters and personal information about William Osler Abbott. Which allows for a greater understanding of what was going on when he was making his discoveries and who is talking to at the time.

Summary: The collection of personal letters actually provides what he was doing, what he was going through, and who he was talking to while he was in Walter Reed Army Hospital. There are drawings and a lot of information on his personal life and discoveries along the way.

8. Citation: William Osler Abbott: His Double Lumen Tube." ResearchGate. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.

Credibility: This source is credible because this was an article journal authored by a scholarly man by the name of Schnabel who actually knows William Osler Abbott on a personal basis. Schnabel is writing from his background of the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania of Medicine. He is highly reliable.

Usefulness: This site informs us on the child development all the way up to the accomplishments of William Osler Abbot and his contributions to the double lumen tube.

Summary: William Osler Abbot was born in New Bedford, MA. Growing up as a child, where he was nicknamed "Pete", he was very interested in fishing as a hobby while being very studious in school until he eventually received his degree from the University of Pennsylvania of Medicine. He then went on to work with his co-worker Miller to create a groundbreaking instrument in the Medical World.

9. Citation: Unbound MEDLINE : William Osler Abbott: His Double Lumen Tub." Unbound MEDLINE : William Osler Abbott: His Double Lumen Tub. Web. 18 Mar. 2016.

Credibility: Just like the last source, this too was authored by Truman G. Schnabel Jr. who, as stated before, has a very reliable background from his reference of education and contributions in the Medical World.

Usefulness: This site explains how William Osler Abbott contributed to the double lumen tube and how he made a renowned instrument in the Medical World.

Summary: Miller (who was Abbott's coworker on the double lumen tube) was the one who originally invented the instrument. Abbott was the one who put a lot of effort into modifying it, perfecting its technique, and advertising the instrument through description and using it in over 500 intubations. Abbot was just as, if not more, involved of the development of the instrument as Miller was to have created so useful in the Medical World.

10. Citation: "William Osler Abbott." WOW.com. Web. 18 Mar. 2016

Credibility: This site is reliable because it was referenced by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia.

Usefulness: It gives a brief synopsis of William Osler Abbot's life and accomplishment, as well as some short facts on the side of some key information.

Summary: Abbot was a United States physician who graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, was notable for his contribution of the Miller-Abbott tube. He later died from leukemia in Massachusetts, but left his mark with a renowned instrument to change the world.

11. Citation: "Miller Abbott Tube" Medical Dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Web. 25 March 2016

12. Citation: Harkins, Dan, and Kaci Lane Hindman. WiseGeek. Conjecture. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.

13. Odou, Bruce L., and Eugene R. Odou. "THE USE OF THE ABBOTT-RAWSON TUBE." California Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1949. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.

14. Cantor, M. 0.: Intestinal Intubation, Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 1949, pp. 111-113.

15. Thomas Grier Miller Whonamedit. Web. 06 April. 2016.