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Henri Moissan | |
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Born | Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan 28 September 1852 Paris, France |
Died | 20 February 1907 Paris, France | (aged 54)
Nationality | French |
Alma mater | École Pratique des Haute Études |
Known for | Isolation of fluorine |
Spouse | Marie Léonie Lugan Moissan (m. 1882; 1 child) |
Awards | Davy Medal (1896) Elliott Cresson Medal (1898) Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1906) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Chemistry |
Institutions | Sorbonne |
Doctoral advisor | Pierre Paul Dehérain[citation needed] |
Doctoral students | Paul Lebeau Maurice Meslans |
Signature | |
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Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan (28 September 1852 – 20 February 1907) was a French chemist and pharmacist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds. Moissan was one of the original members of the International Atomic Weights Committee.[1][2]
Biography
[edit]Early life and education
[edit]Moissan was born in Paris on 28 September 1852, the son of a minor officer of the eastern railway company, Francis Ferdinand Moissan, and a seamstress, Joséphine Améraldine (née Mitel).[3] His mother was of Jewish descent,[4][5] his father was not.[4][5] In 1864 they moved to Meaux, where he attended the local school. In 1870 he left the school without the grade universitaire necessary to attend university.
Scientific career
[edit]Moissan became a trainee in pharmacy in 1871 and in 1872 he began working for a chemist in Paris, where he was able to save a person poisoned with arsenic. He decided to study chemistry and began first in the laboratory of Edmond Frémy at the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, and later in that of Pierre Paul Dehérain at the École Pratique des Haute Études.Cite error: The <ref>
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He soon climbed through the ranks of the School of Pharmacy, and was appointed Assistant Lecturer, Senior Demonstrator, and finally Professor of Toxicology by 1886. He took the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry in 1899. The following year, he succeeded Louis Joseph Troost as Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Sorbonne.[6] During his time in Paris he became a friend of the chemist Alexandre Léon Étard and the botanist Vasque.[7] His marriage, to Léonie Lugan, took place in 1882. They had a son in 1885, named Louis Ferdinand Henri.
Death
[edit]He died suddenly in Paris in February 1907, shortly after his return from receiving the Nobel Prize in Stockholm.[6] His death was attributed to an acute case of appendicitis.
Legacy
[edit]During his extensive career, Moissan authored more than three hundred publications, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the first isolation of fluorine, in addition to the Prix Lucaze, the Davy Medal, the Hofmann Medal, and the Elliott Cresson Medal. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society and The Chemical Society of London, served on the International Atomic Weights Committee and made a commandeur in the Légion d'honneur.[6]
Research
[edit]Moissan published his first scientific paper, about carbon dioxide and oxygen metabolism in plants, with Dehérain in 1874. He left plant physiology and then turned towards inorganic chemistry; subsequently his research on pyrophoric iron was well received by the two most prominent French inorganic chemists of that time, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville and Jules Henri Debray. After Moissan received his Ph.D. on cyanogen and its reactions to form cyanures in 1880, his friend Landrine offered him a position at an analytic laboratory.[3]
Isolation of Fluorine
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Moissan_color_images.jpg/220px-Moissan_color_images.jpg)
During the 1880s, Moissan focused on fluorine chemistry and especially the production of fluorine itself. The existence of the element had been well known for many years, but all attempts to isolate it had failed, and some experimenters had died in the attempt.[8][9] He had no laboratory of his own, but borrowed lab space from others, including Charles Friedel. There he had access to a strong battery consisting of 90 Bunsen cells which made it possible to observe a gas produced by the electrolysis of molten arsenic trichloride; the gas was reabsorbed by the arsenic trichloride.
Moissan eventually succeeded in isolating fluorine in 1886 by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride (KHF2) in liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF). The mixture was necessary because hydrogen fluoride is a nonconductor. The device was built with platinum-iridium electrodes in a platinum holder and the apparatus was cooled to −50 °C. The result was the complete separation of the hydrogen produced at the negative electrode from the fluorine produced at the positive one, first achieved on 26 June 1886.[10][11] This remains the current standard method for commercial fluorine production.[12] The French Academy of Science sent three representatives, Marcellin Berthelot, Henri Debray, and Edmond Frémy, to verify the results, but Moissan was unable to reproduce them, owing to the absence from the hydrogen fluoride of traces of potassium fluoride present in the previous experiments. After resolving the problem and demonstrating the production of fluorine several times, he was awarded a prize of 10,000 francs. For the first successful isolation, he was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[6] Following his grand achievement, his research focused on characterizing fluorine's chemistry. He discovered numerous fluorine compounds, such as (together with Paul Lebeau) sulfur hexafluoride in 1901.
Further studies
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Henri_Moissan_making_diamonds.jpg/220px-Henri_Moissan_making_diamonds.jpg)
Moissan contributed to the development of the electric arc furnace and attempted to use pressure to synthesize diamonds[13] from the more common form of carbon. In 1893, Moissan began studying fragments of a meteorite found in Meteor Crater near Diablo Canyon in Arizona. In these fragments he discovered minute quantities of a new mineral and, after extensive research, Moissan concluded that this mineral was made of silicon carbide. In 1905, this mineral was named moissanite, in his honor. In 1903 Moissan was elected member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where he served until his death.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ Fechete, Ioana (2016). "Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan: The first French Nobel Prize winner in chemistry or nec pluribus impar". Comptes Rendus Chimie. 19 (9): 1027–32. doi:10.1016/j.crci.2016.06.005.
- ^ Viel, C. (January 2008). "Henri Moissan : l'homme, le collectionneur, l'enseignant" [Henri Moissan: the man, the collector, the teacher]. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises (in French). 66 (1): 34–38. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2007.12.006. PMID 18435984.
- ^ a b Greffe, Florence (18 November 2004). "Fonds 62 J HENRI MOISSAN" (PDF) (in French). Institut de France Academie des Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b Wisniak, Jaime (26 August 2018). "Henri Moissan. The discoverer of fluorine". Educación Química. 13 (4): 267. doi:10.22201/fq.18708404e.2002.4.66285. S2CID 92299077.
- ^ a b Werner, Eric; Runes, Dagobert D. (March 1951). "The Hebrew Impact on Western Civilization". Notes. 8 (2): 354. doi:10.2307/890014. JSTOR 890014.
- ^ a b c d Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ Lafont, O. (1 January 2008). "De l'apprentissage au Prix Nobel : le fabuleux destin d'Henri Moissan" [From apprenticeship to Nobel Prize: Henri Moissan's fabulous destiny]. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises (in French). 66 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2007.12.004. PMID 18435983.
- ^ Toon, Richard (1 September 2011). "The discovery of fluorine". Education in Chemistry. Vol. 48, no. 5. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 148–151.
- ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915–1939. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1915W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915.
- ^ H. Moissan (1886). "Action d'un courant électrique sur l'acide fluorhydrique anhydre" [The action of an electric current on anhydrous hydrofluoric acid]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences (in French). 102: 1543–1544.
- ^ H. Moissan (1886). "Sur la décomposition de l'acide fluorhydrique par un courant électrique" [On the decomposition of hydrofluoric acid by an electric current]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences (in French). 103: 202.
- ^ Jaccaud, M; Faron, R; Deviliers, D; Romano, R (1988). Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Organic Chemistry. Veinheim: VCH.
- ^ Moissan, Henri (1893). "Le diamant : conférence faite à la Société des amis de la science le 17 mai 1893" [The diamond: lecture to the Society of Friends of Science 17 May 1893] (in French). Europeana. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
- ^ "Atomic Weights and the International Committee—A Historical Review". Chemistry International. 2004.
Further reading
[edit]- Stock, Alfred (1907). "HENRI MOISSAN". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 40 (4): 5099–5130. doi:10.1002/cber.190704004183.
- Morachevskii, A. G. (2002). "Henri Moissan (To 150th Anniversary of His Birthday)". Journal Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 75 (10): 1720–1722. doi:10.1023/A:1022268927198. S2CID 195241814.
- Samsonov, G. V.; Obolonchik, V. A. (1886). "Frederic Henri Moissan, on the 120th anniversary of his birth". Journal Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 11 (9): 766–768. doi:10.1007/BF00801283. S2CID 135655156.
- Tressaud, Alain (October 2006). "Henri Moissan: winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1906". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45 (41): 6792–6. doi:10.1002/anie.200601600. PMID 16960820.
- Royère, C. (March 1999). "The electric furnace of Henri Moissan at one hundred years: connection with the electric furnace, the solar furnace, the plasma furnace?". Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. 57 (2): 116–30. PMID 10365467.
- Kyle, R. A.; Shampo M A (October 1979). "Henri Moissan". JAMA. 242 (16): 1748. doi:10.1001/jama.242.16.1748. PMID 384036.
- Flahaut, J. (March 1999). "The scientific contributions of Moissan". Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. 57 (2): 101–7. PMID 10365465.
- Viel, C. (March 1999). "Henri Moissn, first French Nobel prize winner in chemistry: the man, the picture collector". Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. 57 (2): 94–100. PMID 10365464.
- Wery, P. (January 1986). "Fluoride is 100 years old". Médecine et Hygiène. 45 (1685): 138. PMID 3543628.
- Kempler, K. (March 1982). "[On the 75th anniversary of the death of Henri Moissan]". Orvosi Hetilap. 123 (12): 740–1. PMID 7041048.
- FABRE, R. (May 1953). "Ceremonies commemorating the centenary of the birth of Henri Moissan". Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. 11 (5): Suppl, 65–7. PMID 13080837.
External links
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- {{Nobelprize}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
- Scientific genealogy
- Books and letters by Henri Moissan in Europeana
Category:1852 births
Category:1907 deaths
Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Category:French Nobel laureates
Category:Scientists from Paris
Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Category:19th-century French chemists
Category:French pharmacists
Category:French people of Jewish descent
Category:Inorganic chemists
Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Category:20th-century French chemists
Category:Fluorine
Category:Deaths from appendicitis
Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
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