User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Sumerian literature

Sumerian inscription on a ceramic stone plaque.

Sumerian literature constitutes the earliest known corpus of recorded literature, including the religious writings and other traditional stories maintained by the Sumerian civilization and largely preserved by the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires. These records were written in the Sumerian language in the 18th and 17th Centuries BC during the Middle Bronze Age.

The Sumerians invented one of the first writing systems, developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlier proto-writing systems by about the 30th century BC. The Sumerian language remained in official and literary use in the Akkadian and Babylonian empires, even after the spoken language disappeared from the population; literacy was widespread, and the Sumerian texts that students copied heavily influenced later Babylonian literature.

Literary genres and topics

Based on the categorization work of Miguel Civil, Modern assyriologists have divided the extant corpus of sumerian literature into broad categories including "Literary Catalogs", "Narratives and Mythological Compositions", "Historical Compositions and Praise Poetry", "Letters, Letter Prayers and Laws", "Hymns and Songs", "Heterogenous Compositions" (including Wisdom literature), and "Proverbs".

Hymns, devotional songs, poems, and narratives

See also: Sumerian religion

Hymns and devotional songs

See also: Hymns and Devotional songs

Publication date	Text	Author	Notes and references
c. 2600 BCE	Kesh temple hymn
c. 2285 – c. 2250 BCE	The Exaltation of Inanna	Enheduanna
	Inanna and Ebih
	Hymn of Praise to Ekisnugal and Nanna on Assumption of En-ship
	Hymn of Praise of Enheduanna
c. 2112 – c. 2004 BCE	Hymn to Enlil

Poetry

See also: Poetry

Most Sumerian literature is written in left-justified lines, and could contain line-based organization such as the couplet or the stanza, but the Sumerian definition of poetry is unknown. It is not rhymed, although “comparable effects were sometimes exploited.” It did not use syllabo-tonic versification, and the writing system precludes detection of rhythm, metre, rhyme, or alliteration. Quantitative analysis of other possible poetic features seems to be lacking, or has been intentionally hidden by the scribes who recorded the writing.

Epic poetry

Main article: Epic poetry

Epic of Gilgamesh

Main article: Epic of Gilgamesh

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2250 – c. 900 BCE	Gilgamesh and Aga
	Gilgamesh and Humbaba
	Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven
	Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld
	Death of Gilgamesh

Panegyrics

See also: Panegyrics

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2400 – c. 2342 BCE	Praise poem of Urukagina
c. 2095 – c. 2047 BCE	Self-praise of Shulgi (Shulgi D)
c. 2038 – c. 2029 BCE	Istanbul 2461

Narratives

See also: Narrative

Myths

See also: Myths

Sumerian creation myth

Main article: Sumerian creation myth

See also: Creation myth

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2500 – c. 2154 BCE	Barton Cylinder
c. 2500 – c. 2004 BCE	Enlil and Ninlil

Tales

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2112 – c. 1763 BCE	Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
	Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird

Legends

See also: Legends

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2000 BCE	Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
	Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana

Short stories

See also: Short stories

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
	The Dream of Dumuzid
	The Return of Dumuzid
	Inanna Prefers the Farmer
	Inanna's Descent into the Underworld
	Inanna and Bilulu
	Inanna and Shukaletuda

Wisdom literature

See also: Wisdom literature

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2600 BCE	Instructions of Shuruppak

Sumerian disputations

Main article: Sumerian disputations

Seven debates

See also: Debates

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2100 BCE	Debate between bird and fish
	Debate between sheep and grain
	Debate between the millstone and the gulgul-stone
	Debate between the pickaxe and the plough
	Debate between silver and mighty copper
	Debate between Winter and Summer
	Debate between tree and the reed

Four disputations

See also: Disputations

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2100 BCE	Disputation between Enkmansi and Girnishag
	Disputation between two unnamed ladies
	Disputation between Enkitalu and Enkihegal
	Disputation between two school graduates

Colloquies

See also: Colloquies

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2100 BCE	Colloquy between an ungula and a scribe

Literary catalogs

Decad

Main article: Decad (Sumerian texts)

• Sumerian scribal education focused on a curriculum called the Decad. Manuscripts of these ten texts are some of the best preserved sumerian literature.

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2094 – c. 2047 BC	Hymn to Shulgi (Shulgi A)
c. 1934 – c. 1870 BC	Lipit-Ishtar A
c. 2100 BC	Debate between the pickaxe and the plough
c. 2112 – c. 2004 BC	Inana B
c. 2112 – c. 2004 BC	Hymn to Enlil
c. 2600 BC	Kesh temple hymn
c. 2112 – c. 2004 BC	Enki's Journey to Nippur
c. 2112 – c. 2004 BC	Inana and Ebih
c. 2112 – c. 2004 BC	Nungal A
c. 2250 – c. 900 BC	Gilgamesh and Humbaba

Compositions with historical backgrounds

Regnal lists and other historical compositions

Regnal lists

See also: Regnal list

Sumerian king list

Main article: Sumerian king list

Publication date	Museum reference number	Source	Name variant	Notes and references
c. 1827 – c. 1817 BC	Ashm 1923-0444	WB	W-B 444
c. 2000 – c. 1698 BC	Ashm 1923-0268	WB62	W-B 062
c. 2017 – c. 1698 BC	BM 108857	S	Scheil dynastic tablet
c. 2161 – c. 1499 BC	BT 14	P3+BT14	Brockmon 14
	CBS 13994
		IB	IB 1564
			IB 1565
	IM 011053,099	vD
	IM 063095	Go	IM 63095
	Ist Ni 03195	Ni2	Ni. 3195
	Ist Ni 09712a-c	L1+Ni1
	CBS 14220
	N 3368	P2+L2
	CBS 13981
	CBS 14223
		Su1	MDP 28 p. 17ff.
		Su2	MDP 28 p. 24f.
		Su3	MDP 28 p. 26
		Su4	MDP 28 p. 27
	CBS 13293	P4+Ha
	CBS 13484
		TL	L87-520a
			L87-520b
			L87-641
			L87-769
			L87-770
	CBS 19797	P5
	CBS 15365	P6
c. 1712 – c. 1648 BC	HMA 9-01819	Fi	UCBC 9-1819
c. 2161 – c. 1499 BC		G
		Jacobsen Coll.
	UM 29-15-199	Mi
			UET 6 *263
c. 769 – c. 652 BC	K 11261
c. 640 – c. 201 BC	K 12054
c. 290 – c. 278 BC			Babyloniaca
c. 165 BC			Uruk List of Kings and Sages (ULKS)

Other regnal lists

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
	The Rulers of Lagash

Other historical compositions

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
	The victory of Utu-hengal
	The Rulers of Lagash
	Sargon legend
	Curse of Akkad
c. 2125 BC	Gudea cylinders
c. 2017 – c. 1985 BC	Tummal Inscription

City laments

See also: City Lament

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2400 – c. 2342 BCE	Lament about the fall of Lagash to Umma
c. 2000 BCE	Lament for Sumer and Ur
	Lament for Ur
	Lament for Nippur
	Lament for Eridu
	Lament for Uruk

Laws and legal codes

See also: Cuneiform law, Legal codes, and List of ancient legal codes

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2400 – c. 2342 BCE	Code of Urukagina
	Reform document
c. 2112 – c. 2050 BCE	Code of Ur-Nammu
c. 1950 – c. 1770 BCE	Laws of Eshnunna
c. 1934 – c. 1870 BCE	Code of Lipit-Ishtar

Letters

Correspondence of the Kings of Ur

Main article: Correspondence of the Kings of Ur

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2094 – c. 2047 BC	Aradmu to Shulgi 1
	Shulgi to Aradmu 1
	Aradmu to Shulgi 2
	Abaindasa to Shulgi 1
	Shulgi to Aradmu 2
	Shulgi to Aradmu 3
	Aradmu to Shulgi 3
	Aradmu to Shulgi 4
	Aradmu to Shulgi 5
	Aradmu to Shulgi 6
	Urdun to Shulgi 1
	Aradmu(?) to Shulgi(?) 7
	Puzur-Shulgi to Shulgi 1
	Shulgi to Puzur-Shulgi I
	Shulgi to Ishbi-Erra 1
c. 2046 – c. 2038 BC	Amar-Suen to Shulgi 1
	Shulgi to Amar-Suen
c. 2037 – c. 2029 BC	Sharrum-bani to Shu-Suen
	Shu-Suen to Sharrum-bani 1
	Shu-Suen to Lu-Nanna and Sharrum-bani 1
c. 2028 – c. 2004 BC	Ishbi-Erra to Ibbi-Suen 1
	Ibbi-Suen to Ishbi-Erra 1
	Puzur-Numushda to Ibbi-Suen 1
	Ibbi-Suen to Puzur-Numushda 1

Other letters

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 1974 – c. 1954 BCE	Letter from Sin-illat to Iddin-Dagan about confronting the Martu
	Letter from Iddin-Dagan to Sin-illat about the troops
c. 1934 – c. 1924 BCE	Letter from Lipit-Ishtar to Nanna-ki-aj about driving away the enemy
c. 1932 – c. 1905 BCE	Letter from Nanna-ki-aj to Lipit-Ishtar about Gungunum's troops
c. 1850 – c. 1843 BCE	Letter from Sin-iddinam to the god Utu

Letter prayers

Publication date	Text	Notes and references
c. 2144 – c. 2124 BCE	Letter from Gudea to his personal deity

Proverbs

See also: Proverbs

Anthologies of proverbs from: Nippur, Susa, Ur, and Uruk.

See also

• Akkadian literature
• Ancient Egyptian literature

References

Sources

Bibliography

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• Vincente, C. (1995b) [c. 1900–1600 BC]. "L87-520a+L87-520b+L87-641+L87-769+L87-770". CDLI (in Sumerian). National Museum of Damascus, Der-ez-Zor, Syria (published 1995–2014). Retrieved 2021-06-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
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• Wilcke, C. (1969–2006) [c. 2253–1642 BC]. Zólyomi, G.; Black, J.; Robson, E.; Cunningham, G.; Ebeling, J. (eds.). "Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird". ETCSL. Translated by Falkowitz, R.; Römer, W.; Black, J. United Kingdom: Oxford. Retrieved 2021-04-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
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Further reading

• Samuel Noah Kramer (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226452388.
• Piotr Michalowski (1996). "Ancient Poetics". In M. E. Vogelzang; H. L. J. Vanstiphout (eds.). Mesopotamian Poetic Language: Sumerian and Akkadian. Styx.
• Jeremy Black (1998). Reading Sumerian Poetry. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801435980.
• Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson; Gábor Zólyomi (2006). The Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199296330.
• Shin Shifra (2008). Words as Magic and the Magic in Words. Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, The Israeli Ministry of Defence Press (in Hebrew). These are transcriptions of Shifra's discourses on literature of the Ancient Near East, first broadcast as a "University on the Air" course on the Israeli Army Radio.

External links

• Black, Jeremy Allen; Baines, John Robert; Dahl, Jacob L.; Van De Mieroop, Marc (1939) [c. 1900–1600 BCE]. Cunningham, Graham; Ebeling, Jarle; Flückiger-Hawker, Esther; Robson, Eleanor; Taylor, Jon; Zólyomi, Gábor (eds.). "Sumerian King List". Faculty of Oriental Studies (in Sumerian). Translated by Jacobsen, Thorkild Peter Rudolph; Glassner, Jean-Jacques; Römer, Willem H. Ph.; Zólyomi, Gábor (revised ed.). United Kingdom. Retrieved 2021-07-30. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL), a project of the University of Oxford, comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded on sources which come from ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and date to the late third and early second millennia BCE.
• Renn, Jürgen; Dahl, Jacob L. (2021) [1998]. Dahl, Jacob L.; Englund, Bob; Firth, Richard; Gombert, Bruno (eds.). "Rulers of Mesopotamia" (published 1998–2021). Retrieved 2021-07-30. Images presented online by the research project Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) are for the non-commercial use of students, scholars, and the public. Support for the project has been generously provided by the Mellon Foundation, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the Institute of Museum and Library Services (ILMS), and by the Max Planck Society (MPS), Oxford and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); network services are from UCLA's Center for Digital Humanities.
• Sjöberg, Åke Waldemar; Leichty, Erle; Tinney, Steve (2021) [2003]. "Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project" (published 2003–2021). Retrieved 2021-07-30. The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project (PSD) is carried out in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. It is funded by the NEH and private contributions. [They] work with several other projects in the development of tools and corpora. [Two] of these have useful websites: the CDLI and the ETCSL.