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Female eunuchs (sometimes called eunuchata) are women who have had their ovaries removed or destroyed in their youth and have not had suplementary hormones, similar to a male eunuch who has had his testicles removed or destroyed. Female eunuchs are by far more rare than male ones[1] due to the extremely greater risk of removing the female gonads that are situated inside the body, as opossed to male gonads who are located outside of it within the scrotum. Therefore the existense of female eunuchs before the advent of modern medicine is controversial, but reports of them have existed scantly trought history. Trans men or women who have had complete oophorectomies due to medial reasons in adulthood are not generally considered female eunuchs, and are expected to have further medical treatment to handle any issues related to hormone.[2]

History

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There is some debate regarding if the creation of female eunuch would have been something that could have been successful before or even attempted before modern medicine. Since there is not much clarity what exactly is meant when ancient sources mention to female eunuchs much confusion has arisen. One possibility is that it refers to female genital mutilation but there are different interpretations.[3]

Internal surgeries on female patients have on occasion been recorded from ancient times, for example an early example of a hysterectomy is noted from 2000 BC in Egypt to cure uterine prolapse, and the Roman Soranus is credited with being the first known person to perform a vaginal hysterectomy in the 2nd century. None the less the survival rate for hysterectomies before the 20th century were astronomically low, and an intra-abdominal hysterectomy was regarded as near impossible.[4] On the other hand there is evidence to suggest that Jews in ancient Rome successfully practiced Caesarean sections on living mothers who were not in danger of dying.[5] Recollections of these procedures are found in several collections of ancient Roman rabbis.[5] Greeks and Egyptians did not perform C-sections (neither post-mortem or on living mothers), however, the ancient Greeks would have had at least some knowledge of the Caesarian operation and the procedure involved.[6] What implications this has for whether ancient people were more than rarely willing to risk performing gonadectomies on prepubescent females is unknown as Caesarian sections would have all been performed on pubecent females. Cutting up a girls stomack would have likely almost exclusively been done as a last resort[4] effort to save her life if she had some form of aillment located there. Therefore it is widely believed among medical professionals and historians that female eunuchs were only (if ever) created accidentally. It is possible that many women who were designated as "female eunuchs" had been born with [7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15][16]

Bornou[17]

[18]

[19][20]

[21]

Lydia

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[22]

[23][24]

Rome

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[25]

[26]

[27]

India

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[28][29]

[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]

"The fact of the hedjeras, or castrated females, who have been particularly referred to because their dreadful mutilation"[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

Medical impact

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[48]

"This is an operation on women identical with spaying in animals and is a horrible mutilation."[49]

"Why should female eunuchs be less repugnant to our sensibilities than those of the other sex. Let not the noble profession of surgery be dishonored by a mania for using the knife. Let not the itching desire for a little notoriety lead us into the"[50]

"Complete removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) before puberty causes girls to remain in the neutral or sexually undifferentiated state; i.e., the female secondary sex characteristics fail to develop."[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=VRc4AQAAMAAJ&q=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy2uKen_vmAhXmsIsKHVh5DZw4KBDoAQgvMAE
  2. ^ https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=q_REAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+china&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22female+eunuchs%22
  3. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=7MT495zNU14C&pg=RA1-PA92&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+roman&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq3P2do5TqAhVOx4sKHY47BSMQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22&f=false
  4. ^ a b https://books.google.se/books?id=yYEKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA253&dq=ancient+Hysterectomy&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWz7Pht_nmAhWq_CoKHWsDDWAQ6AEIZDAG#v=onepage&q=ancient%20Hysterectomy&f=false
  5. ^ a b Boss, Jeffrey. “Caesarian Section with Maternal Survival Among Jews in the Roman Period.” Man, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1961, 18–19.
  6. ^ Anon. "Caesarian Section". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Maryland: Bethesda. January 1993, updated May 2008.
  7. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=gQB_AAAAIAAJ&q=female+eunuchs+damaged+ovaries+-mcgreer&dq=female+eunuchs+damaged+ovaries+-mcgreer&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPo9OtoJTqAhWSmIsKHTYjBB4Q6AEwAXoECAMQAg
  8. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=cnbYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22skoptsy%22+%22ovaries%22&dq=%22skoptsy%22+%22ovaries%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV7pmAo_vmAhVtmIsKHf1sA58Q6AEIXjAG
  9. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=szmnVZs_ImsC&pg=PA158&dq=%22aboriginal%22+%22oophorectomy%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ4p6BpPvmAhWttIsKHSc9AKEQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22aboriginal%22%20%22oophorectomy%22&f=false
  10. ^ https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)86650-8/fulltext
  11. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=-OOJLwMYT6oC&pg=PA615&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZv7ObmfvmAhWJvosKHUyoAykQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20surgery&f=false
  12. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=LT9HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA162&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZv7ObmfvmAhWJvosKHUyoAykQ6AEIRjAD#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20surgery&f=false
  13. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=mUSgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZv7ObmfvmAhWJvosKHUyoAykQ6AEIfTAJ#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20surgery&f=false
  14. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=fPEEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA205&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy2uKen_vmAhXmsIsKHVh5DZw4KBDoAQhHMAQ#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20surgery&f=false
  15. ^ https://archive.org/stream/hahnemannian15homo/hahnemannian15homo_djvu.txt
  16. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=jt6u0CeVmAoC&pg=PA108&dq=%22skoptsy%22+%22ovaries%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV7pmAo_vmAhVtmIsKHf1sA58Q6AEIOjAC#v=onepage&q=%22skoptsy%22%20%22ovaries%22&f=false
  17. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=SkkxWwYkY3MC&pg=PA365&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+roman&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq3P2do5TqAhVOx4sKHY47BSMQ6AEwAXoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22&f=false
  18. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=depJNoNQrq8C&pg=PA65&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+rare&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6jrWErpTqAhVD-yoKHeNbAe0Q6AEwBHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20rare&f=false
  19. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=WxURAQAAIAAJ&q=eunuchata&dq=eunuchata&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi51IPmqpTqAhXFwqYKHYnYAGEQ6AEwBXoECAIQAg
  20. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=Cg58qrlfsl8C&pg=PA51&dq=%22eunuch%22+eunuchata&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikr9_OqpTqAhWOyqYKHZX9CS8Q6AEwAnoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=%22eunuch%22%20eunuchata&f=false
  21. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=6X1I6vAtazQC&pg=PA243&dq=%22australia%22+%22female+eunuchs%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGr8j5rpTqAhXosYsKHTvwALIQ6AEwA3oECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=%22australia%22%20%22female%20eunuchs%22&f=false
  22. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=tHEwAAAAIAAJ&q=%22female+eunuchs%22&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH-ZKAofnmAhVBx4sKHUBvDfI4ChDoAQg5MAI
  23. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/41245038?seq=1
  24. ^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/xanthus-of-lydia-and-the-invention-of-female-eunuchs/CF3000A5653EA95A000A935438A03F7E
  25. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=Q94pAQAAMAAJ&q=%22chosen+subjects,+by+reason+of+their+particular+conformation%22&dq=%22chosen+subjects,+by+reason+of+their+particular+conformation%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWk8GTp5TqAhXOFXcKHVZTDUgQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg
  26. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=Q94pAQAAMAAJ&q=%22female+eunuch%22+%22eunuchata%22&dq=%22female+eunuch%22+%22eunuchata%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi89bnMoZTqAhVSBhAIHQaTAmIQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg
  27. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=LORUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&dq=%22female+eunuch%22+rome&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvv92-o5TqAhXjwosKHcVkBQwQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuch%22&f=false
  28. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=7gQ3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158&dq=%22female+eunuch%22+ancient+-greer&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKuIv_oZTqAhXkkYsKHVVKBA4Q6AEwAHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuch%22%20ancient%20-greer&f=false
  29. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=NxMiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149&dq=%22female+eunuch%22+ancient+-greer&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKuIv_oZTqAhXkkYsKHVVKBA4Q6AEwAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuch%22%20ancient%20-greer&f=false
  30. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=CKlMAQAAIAAJ&q=Hedjeras&dq=Hedjeras&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUtNGvlPvmAhV2xMQBHWLMBX84ChDoAQh1MAk
  31. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=V6xkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27&dq=Hedjera&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZqOrNlfvmAhXPvosKHR6ZDHQQ6AEINDAB#v=onepage&q=Hedjera&f=false
  32. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=49cVAQAAIAAJ&q=%22female+eunuchs%22&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi124mNm_nmAhXkpIsKHclDAnoQ6AEIcTAI
  33. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=W6pqAAAAMAAJ&q=Hedjera&dq=Hedjera&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZqOrNlfvmAhXPvosKHR6ZDHQQ6AEIKzAA
  34. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=TztPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA348&lpg=PA348&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+-greer&source=bl&ots=m1iPENrzhE&sig=ACfU3U3XPiGD12XoZPIegOt8usrUllOI_A&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9-q3PwvnmAhVQ-yoKHXuRBx84ChDoATAHegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20-greer&f=false
  35. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=ZxNQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA413&lpg=PA413&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+-greer&source=bl&ots=Ex5A1kaOKr&sig=ACfU3U0nfg5w-RyXRuPY-3QIPRIk6guLRQ&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9-q3PwvnmAhVQ-yoKHXuRBx84ChDoATAIegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20-greer&f=false
  36. ^ https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=KqFxzDT2WjcC&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+%22asia%22+-greer&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=vouge+asia
  37. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=6LA1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA571&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+%22roberts%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTs5rQk_vmAhUzwcQBHX_uBfYQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20%22roberts%22&f=false
  38. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=YSa6AAAAIAAJ&q=Hedjeras&dq=Hedjeras&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUtNGvlPvmAhV2xMQBHWLMBX84ChDoAQg7MAI
  39. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=W6pqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Roberts+examined+and+questioned+three+of+them,+but+was+unable+to%22&dq=%22Roberts+examined+and+questioned+three+of+them,+but+was+unable+to%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifsbupm5TqAhVBiYsKHZ8QCtQQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg
  40. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=W6pqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+ovaries+are+also+the+organs+of+menstruation,+for+if+they+have+not+existed%22&dq=%22The+ovaries+are+also+the+organs+of+menstruation,+for+if+they+have+not+existed%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwizgMn5m5TqAhVkmIsKHQUQC_QQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg
  41. ^ https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=W6pqAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22The+ovaries+are+also+the+organs+of+menstruation%2C+for+if+they+have+not+existed%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22harder+outline%22
  42. ^ https://www.google.se/search?hl=sv&tbm=bks&ei=JQbwXsO9JpKIk74PtvKfwAc&q=%22castration+of+women+has+never+been%22&oq=%22castration+of+women+has+never+been%22&gs_l=psy-ab.3...176.176.0.382.1.1.0.0.0.0.55.55.1.1.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.4vufdERgtrA&safe=active&ssui=on
  43. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=EyNSAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77&dq=Hedjeras&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid88Pvk_vmAhVwxKYKHW8WDtAQ6AEINTAB#v=onepage&q=Hedjeras&f=false
  44. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=PSGgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22female+eunuchs%22&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH-ZKAofnmAhVBx4sKHUBvDfI4ChDoAQgxMAE
  45. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=kY80AQAAMAAJ&q=%22female+eunuchs%22+%22asia%22+-greer&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+%22asia%22+-greer&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOmaugxPnmAhUGtosKHXiADqwQ6AEIYTAG
  46. ^ https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203040508/chapters/10.4324/9780203040508-22
  47. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=SkkxWwYkY3MC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+%22existed%22+-greer&source=bl&ots=yJWTfTg0a6&sig=ACfU3U1WQd0Xi3YGTVWxco2196MAcm3hHA&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4lYXMwPnmAhVlk4sKHcrHB18Q6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuchs%22%20%22existed%22%20-greer&f=false
  48. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=LKBXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH7OWnm_vmAhWilosKHTstA5s4FBDoAQgwMAE
  49. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=oq1sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjosLqenfvmAhVvo4sKHesNCUw4HhDoAQhwMAk
  50. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=XMVXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Why+should+female+eunuchs+be+less+repugnant+to+our+sensibilities+than+those+of+the+other+sex.%22&dq=%22Why+should+female+eunuchs+be+less+repugnant+to+our+sensibilities+than+those+of+the+other+sex.%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrn5msnPvmAhVyoosKHd7wDjgQ6AEIKTAA
  51. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=WsFqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Complete+removal+of+the+ovaries+(oophorectomy)+before+puberty+causes+girls+to+remain+in+the+neutral+or+sexually%22&dq=%22Complete+removal+of+the+ovaries+(oophorectomy)+before+puberty+causes+girls+to+remain+in+the+neutral+or+sexually%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyvp-8v_nmAhWsmIsKHdSfAtgQ6AEIKTAA
  52. ^ https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=ZNQ5AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+surgery&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22female+eunuchs%22
  53. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=8mIbAAAAIAAJ&q=%22female+eunuchs%22+rare&dq=%22female+eunuchs%22+rare&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6jrWErpTqAhVD-yoKHeNbAe0Q6AEwAnoECAEQAg
  54. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=Po0zyO0BFzwC&pg=PA994&dq=%22female+eunuch%22+-greer&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ3bDMofnmAhWNmIsKHUdOCdsQ6AEIdTAI#v=onepage&q=%22female%20eunuch%22%20-greer&f=false
  55. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=iW4LAAAAMAAJ&q=%22a+female+eunuch%22+-greer&dq=%22a+female+eunuch%22+-greer&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlg_Gro_nmAhUox4sKHVWrA-UQ6AEIYTAG

Further reading

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Category:Eunuchs Category:Women Category:Mutilation Category:Castration