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This picture includes Cossutia among Caesar's wives, then followed by Cornelia, Pompeia and Calpurnia.

The wives of Roman dictator Julius Caesar have been the subject of much historial debate and many cultural depictions.[1]

Cossutia debate[edit]

This page from 1695 includes Cossutia.
Main article: Cossutia

[2]

[3]

C

[4]

Coins like this image from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum were issued by both Caesar's and Cossutia's families, proclaimingthat she was "Uxor Caesaris" (Caesar's Wife).[5]
  • Arguments for their marriage taking place include:
    • Ancient historian Suetonius used the word __ which can mean an official divorce, when speaking of the break off[6]

[7]

    • Ancient historian Plutarch listed Pompeia as Caesar's third wife[8][9]
    • Ancient historian Cornelius Tacitus counted Cossutia as one of Caesar's wives[10]
    • Caesar was of age to marry, and since they had been engaged since childhood there would not have been any reason for their families to hold off on the marriage
    • Both families issues wedding coins
    • It is disputed if Caesar ever actually served as a flammen[11]
  • Arguments against include:

[12]

Historians who hold the opinion that Caesar and Cossutia never married include Detlev Baumgarten-Crusius, Napoleon III, Merrivale, James Anthony Froude, Dodge, Warde Fowler, Ernest Gottlieb Sihler, Adolf von Mess, and John Carew Rolfe.[13]

Among notable historians who mentain that the marriage did indeed ocur are; Marie-Nicolas Bouillet

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

Confirmed wives[edit]

1780s illustration depicting Caesar rejecting Pompeia in favour of Calpurnia.

Cornelia[edit]

Main article: Cornelia (wife of Caesar)

[21]

[22]

Pompeia[edit]

Main article: Pompeia (wife of Caesar)

Calpurnia[edit]

Main article: Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)

Marriage candidates[edit]

Sulla's daughter Cornelia[23]

Servilia [24] [25]

[26]

Pompey's daughter[27][28]

Antony's daughter[29]

Concubines?[edit]

Page from the Magnum ac Novum Opus (16th century) listing Caesar's wives. This page includes Cossutia and lists the African queens Cleopatra and Eunoë as concubines. The reason for this may have been because someone in 1500 might not have been able to accept two queens as "mere" mistresses.

[31]

[32]

Rumours of legalization of polygamy[edit]

[33]

Analysis[edit]

[34]

[35]

Folklore[edit]

[36]

Mistakes by historians[edit]

[37]

Cultural portrayals[edit]

[38]

[39] [40]

[41]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ http://en.antiquitatem.com/caesar-cleopatra-tu-quoque-fili-mi
  2. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=FZNS9TJgFugC&pg=PT70&lpg=PT70&dq=cossutia+caesar+marriage+debate&source=bl&ots=t6oPeqP0nT&sig=ACfU3U3ouzxiH-RSnWQdT8xqdrj3gp8j4Q&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNtM3kpOPlAhXLzaQKHWOhBd0Q6AEwCHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=cossutia%20caesar%20marriage%20debate&f=false
  3. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436576?read-now=1&seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents
  4. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=zPxAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA139&dq=%22cossutia%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvipHnovXnAhXlpYsKHQo-Br04ChDoAQhaMAU#v=onepage&q=%22cossutia%22&f=false
  5. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=uhnD21lPgyEC&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=cossutia+coin&source=bl&ots=3hUrlowhUR&sig=ACfU3U1pBghq6YNZCz9J0RfxYWTC59EDNQ&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJtteXs-XlAhUlmYsKHSpiC7c4ChDoATAAegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=cossutia%20coin&f=false
  6. ^ Caesar: Life of a Colossus, Adrian Goldsworthy, Yale University Press, 2008, pg. 49.
  7. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=aqvTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT286&dq=%22Suetonius%22+%22cossutia%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV_LWat-XlAhXHlYsKHWUDAvYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22Suetonius%22%20%22cossutia%22&f=false
  8. ^ American Notes and Queries, Volume 1, 1888, pg. 20.
  9. ^ Plutarchus; Plutarch Caesar: Translated with an Introduction and Commentary - page: 152
  10. ^ http://google.cat/books?hl=sv&output=html_text&id=6bQzAQAAIAAJ&dq=editions%3AOCLC13603728&q=cossutia
  11. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436576?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents
  12. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=ylAyAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Suetonius%22+%22cossutia%22&dq=%22Suetonius%22+%22cossutia%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-rr7u2uXlAhXxmIsKHQC0CncQ6AEIXzAG
  13. ^ Notes and Discussions — "Caesar's First Wife", Classical Philology, Volume 12, 1917, pg. 93.
  14. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=spjgeb-TvukC&pg=PA3&dq=%22Suetonius%22+%22cossutia%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix8K2K3OXlAhVnw4sKHfnAD4E4ChDoAQhSMAU#v=onepage&q=%22Suetonius%22%20%22cossutia%22&f=false
  15. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=dnUgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22caesar%22+%22courtesans%22&dq=%22caesar%22+%22courtesans%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjigcKX4-3mAhWBqIsKHZ5TDg04ChDoAQg4MAI
  16. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/263949?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A1ab52916422521f5ad538a0c2d6f7676&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents
  17. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=7LOCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=cossutia+coin&source=bl&ots=zdIX1CItye&sig=ACfU3U2mcsES9JroEfMWWW3v4-3tz4aR_A&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiarIOmseXlAhXPs4sKHcGEBOcQ6AEwEXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=cossutia%20coin&f=false
  18. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=fvoNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22brutus%22+%22julia%22+engaged&dq=%22brutus%22+%22julia%22+engaged&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxxNmiotLmAhUL0aYKHd9XCrYQ6AEIaTAH
  19. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=uhnD21lPgyEC&pg=PA177&dq=%22cossutia%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj62uvPovXnAhUyw8QBHddvAE4Q6AEINjAB#v=onepage&q=cossutia&f=false
  20. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=rbfOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22cossutia%22&dq=%22cossutia%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj62uvPovXnAhUyw8QBHddvAE4Q6AEIbjAH
  21. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=2AaAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=caesar+%22sulla%22+divorce&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEjcLa0cbnAhVFzMQBHVteDDAQ6AEINDAB#v=onepage&q=caesar%20%22sulla%22%20divorce&f=false
  22. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=KsA5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA40&dq=julius+caesar+102+bc&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjC8cSPvtXuAhXVCRAIHab0AbUQ6AEwA3oECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=julius%20caesar%20102%20bc&f=false
  23. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=2AaAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=caesar+%22sulla%22+divorce&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEjcLa0cbnAhVFzMQBHVteDDAQ6AEINDAB#v=onepage&q=caesar%20%22sulla%22%20divorce&f=false
  24. ^ https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=q2loAAAAMAAJ&dq=julia+caepio+servilia+engaged&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22marry+Servilia%22
  25. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=0PDPAAAAMAAJ&q=julia+caepio+servilia+engaged&dq=julia+caepio+servilia+engaged&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirgZixjY7sAhUj_CoKHfxyALo4ChDoATAAegQIAxAC
  26. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=BlFKK4cbehcC&pg=PA32&dq=julia+caepio&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs8fPqvozsAhVTmMMKHQK4BXU4FBDoATADegQIAxAC#v=onepage&q=julia%20caepio&f=false
  27. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=B5I8JfjzpN0C&pg=PA100&dq=caesar+%22sulla%22+daughter+mrry&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3uPzP0cbnAhUaxMQBHX-EClwQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=caesar%20%22sulla%22%20daughter%20mrry&f=false
  28. ^ https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/35854/Valachova2019.pdf?sequence=1
  29. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=2esYJJUETiYC&pg=PA64&dq=antony+calpurnia+marry&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ7NDfr_TrAhVslYsKHYCzAvgQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=antony%20calpurnia%20marry&f=false
  30. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=8dI-XSUO-PcC&pg=PA90&dq=%22alexander+helios%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifoZLw09HoAhVI0aYKHUENDWkQ6AEIPTAC#v=onepage&q=%22alexander%20helios%22&f=false
  31. ^ http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub369/item2074.html
  32. ^ https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2018/09/Domina-The-Women-Who-Made-Imperial-Rome-Guy-Bedoyere-review
  33. ^ http://laurabetzig.org/pdf/EndofRepbulic.pdf
  34. ^ https://study.com/academy/lesson/who-was-julius-caesars-wife.html
  35. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=t7AfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20&dq=caesar+other+mistresses&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHm6v8_s7mAhVNrosKHcFLBxU4ChDoAQhBMAM#v=onepage&q=caesar%20other%20mistresses&f=false
  36. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=QnDtohOe8-QC&pg=PA70&dq=caesar+son+%22legend+says%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz_oGRxuLtAhWSk4sKHSaOCGcQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=caesar%20son%20%22legend%20says%22&f=false
  37. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=f-9fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=%22tiberius%22+%22third+wife%22+-livia&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz9Ln5hKTvAhXqlIsKHSX7AgwQ6AEwAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=%22tiberius%22%20%22third%20wife%22%20-livia&f=false
  38. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=3kRKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA362&dq=%22wives+of+julius+caesar%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXoJ6xs4PnAhWIAhAIHcFhDwkQ6AEIPjAC#v=onepage&q=%22wives%20of%20julius%20caesar%22&f=false
  39. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=JXGYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241&dq=%22daughter+with+caesar%22+-julia+-junia&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCnLznnbnpAhWC1aYKHUJeAdIQ6AEIRzAD#v=onepage&q=caesar%20marcia&f=false
  40. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=tXo_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT639&dq=%22daughter%22+%22julius+caesar%22+-julia+-junia&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsq8P9nrnpAhXkwcQBHVpqCO04ChDoAQgnMAA#v=onepage&q=%22daughter%22%20%22julius%20caesar%22%20-julia%20-junia&f=false
  41. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=3zGNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT375&dq=servilia+caesar&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiL5KbS87jxAhXH-yoKHT71DQkQ6AEwAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=servilia%20caesar&f=false

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wives of Julius Caesar.

Category:Wives of Julius Caesar Category:Lists of wives Julius Caesar Category:Lists of ancient people

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