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Intimate unions in ancient Rome
Classical period[edit]
Official unions[edit]
Conubium[edit]
Concubinatus[edit]
A concubinatus (Latin for "concubinage" – see also concubina, "concubine", considered milder than paelex, and concubinus, "bridegroom") was an institution of quasi-marriage between Roman citizens who for various reasons did not want to enter into a full marriage.[7][8] The institution was often found in unbalanced couples, where one of the members belonged to a higher social class or where one of the two was freed and the other one was freeborn.[9] However it differed from a contubernium, where at least one of the partners was a slave (see below).[10][11]
Semirecognized unions[edit]
Contubernium[edit]
The relationship between a free citizen and a slave or between slaves was known as contubernium.[10] The term describes a wide range of situations, from simple sexual slavery to quasi-marriage. For instance, according to Suetonius, Caenis, a slave and secretary of Antonia Minor, was Vespasian's wife "in all but name", until her death in AD 74. It was also not uncommon for slaves to create family-like unions, allowed but not protected by the law.
Matrimonium iniustum[edit]
Matrimonium ex iure gentium[edit]
Unrecognized unions[edit]
Late antiquity[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=IYaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=matrimonium+iniustum&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNs-vol5T2AhWTzosKHX_pByY4FBDoAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=matrimonium%20iniustum&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=1n8AvQtdYzwC&pg=PA125&dq=claudius+%22illegitimate+daughter%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHnrj777r5AhU2CBAIHeX0ADk4FBDoAXoECAoQAg#v=onepage&q=claudius%20%22illegitimate%20daughter%22&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=oqTHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT742&dq=claudius+concubines+children&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd9KG48br5AhXkiIsKHZ6_CIsQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=claudius%20concubines%20children&f=false
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/dddfb219-f59b-3e6b-a462-e3bfacab55c6?seq=12
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=f19bw1D9s6gC&pg=PA47&dq=daughter+of+the+emperor+probus&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSn7ikm7j5AhXGgSoKHU3iCHwQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=daughter%20of%20the%20emperor%20probus&f=false
- ^ https://www.google.se/books/edition/Children_and_Childhood_in_Roman_Italy/Ah9XwjhyM8gC?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Maena+Mellusa&pg=PA44&printsec=frontcover
- ^ Stocquart 1907, p. 304.
- ^ Treggiari 1981, p. 58, note #42: "Marriage existed if there was affectio maritalis on the part of both parties. For the difficulty of determining whether a relationship was marriage, see for example Cic. de Or. 1.183, Quint. Decl. 247 (Ritter 11.15), Dig. 23.2.24, Mod. 24.1.32.13, Ulp.; 39.5.31 pr., Pap."
- ^ Rawson 1974, p. 288: "Concubinage seems to have been most frequent amongst freed persons."
- ^ a b Stocquart 1907, p. 305: "From matrimonium, we should distinguish; First, concubinatus, a union authorized under Augustus from the leges Julia et Papia, between persons of unequal condition, provided the man had no uxor. The concubina was neither uxor nor pellex, but uxoris loco. The children, issue of such a union, are neither legitimi nor spurii, but naturales. (Cod. 5, 27.) Second, contubernium is the perfectly regular and valid relation between a free man and a slave, or between two slaves. Through the civil law, it produced all the effects arising from the natural law.
- ^ Treggiari 1981, p. 53.
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=ZU-nBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495&dq=recognized+Contubernium&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUouHXz-T5AhWKw4sKHQ6gA9oQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=recognized%20Contubernium&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=czwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA100&dq=justum+wife&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV343WzeT5AhVktIsKHbB8A4kQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=justum%20wife&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=pBk9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11&dq=filiaster+inscription&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimyqeasaH3AhVMkMMKHUu0CrAQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=filiaster%20inscription&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=NinwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178&dq=%22hospita%22+wife&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnvamGyKP3AhWVCRAIHRFwAy0Q6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=%22hospita%22%20wife&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=XRteEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA266&dq=%22hospita%22+wife&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnvamGyKP3AhWVCRAIHRFwAy0Q6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=%22hospita%22%20wife&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=jyFdUxqYZ48C&pg=PA199&dq=%22hospita%22+marriage&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1rCnyqP3AhWNrosKHYEFCKIQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=%22hospita%22%20marriage&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=jyFdUxqYZ48C&pg=PA199&dq=%22hospita%22+marriage&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjerIHXzKP3AhVaAxAIHUnbAMwQ6AF6BAgBEAI#v=onepage&q=uxor&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=JZHKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217&dq=claudius+%22illegitimate+daughter%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyrsjF77r5AhWJxosKHR1ZCA04ChDoAXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=claudius%20%22illegitimate%20daughter%22&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=spCFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138&dq=claudius+%22illegitimate+daughter%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK6cWM7rr5AhXPlosKHaRDBEoQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=claudius%20%22illegitimate%20daughter%22&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=aqVQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT166&dq=recognized+Contubernium&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUouHXz-T5AhWKw4sKHQ6gA9oQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=recognized%20Contubernium&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=6aN9XVKUYdMC&pg=PA43&dq=recognized+Contubernium&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUouHXz-T5AhWKw4sKHQ6gA9oQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=recognized%20Contubernium&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=TZEJQPjc4sIC&pg=PA28&dq=paelex+concubinatus&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSl5bNj5T2AhWjlIsKHU7wBn8Q6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=paelex%20concubinatus&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=TZEJQPjc4sIC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=matrimonium+iniustum&source=bl&ots=hHvYs0dtMU&sig=ACfU3U0ZLA5nMqcRkuWtahzGjm1SjyIg6g&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj39c6OlJT2AhVHtIsKHUrFAG4Q6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=matrimonium%20iniustum&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=B3m9MzLojtIC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=matrimonium+iniustum&source=bl&ots=Wu9Xta-uxN&sig=ACfU3U1AKnEGY-y6hKA_zqlve05-Dg1sfQ&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj39c6OlJT2AhVHtIsKHUrFAG4Q6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=matrimonium%20iniustum&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=oR0LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA579&dq=matrimonium+iniustum&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSgOPFlpT2AhVEmIsKHQIQCYYQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=matrimonium%20iniustum&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=s9D6LUvg2aMC&pg=PA101&dq=matrimonium+iniustum&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSgOPFlpT2AhVEmIsKHQIQCYYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=matrimonium%20iniustum&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=IgJfCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120&dq=%22naturalis%22+child&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sZX6jJ73AhVCw4sKHbTwAs4Q6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=iustus%20matrimonium&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=jyFdUxqYZ48C&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=matrimonium+iniustum&source=bl&ots=98ZxL4ANeW&sig=ACfU3U0d6uXXx31GFv82Y1WBoRtFjN6WMg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj39c6OlJT2AhVHtIsKHUrFAG4Q6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=matrimonium%20iniustum&f=false
- ^ https://www.google.se/books/edition/The_Roman_Law_of_Slavery/o4X89oujfZwC?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=%22concubina%22+%22ancilla%22&pg=PA77&printsec=frontcover
- ^ https://www.google.se/books/edition/The_Roman_Law_of_Slavery/o4X89oujfZwC?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=concubina+ancilla&pg=PA77&printsec=frontcover
- ^ https://www.google.se/books/edition/Encyclopaedic_Dictionary_Of_Christian_An/LTb6zWm5PMcC?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=concubina+ancilla&pg=PA23&printsec=frontcover
Bibliography[edit]
- Edwards, Catharine (1993). The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press.
- Gardner, Jane F. (1991). Women in Roman Law and Society. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20635-9.
- Lefkowitz, Mary R. and Fant, Maureen B. (2005). Women's Life in Greece and Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4474-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
- Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–327. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
- Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
- Rawson, Beryl (1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 104. JHUP: 279–305. doi:10.2307/2936094. JSTOR 2936094.