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IPA for Taiwanese Hokkien [ edit ]
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See Taiwanese Hokkien phonology for more detail on the sounds of the language.
Note that English equivalents given in this page may represent only loose approximations to the original. In addition, the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson 's version , while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literal reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.
Consonants
IPA
POJ
TL
Phonetic Symbols
Chinese Example
English approximation
p
p
ㄅ
布 (p òo)
sp an
pʰ
ph
ㄆ
普 (ph óo)
p an
b
b
明 (b îng)
b oon [ a]
m
m-
ㄇ
媽 (m á)
m oon
am , om , im
,
暗 (àm ), 參 (som )[ b] , 心 (sim )
rim
h
h
ㄏ
曉 (h iáu)
h it
t
t
ㄉ
端 (t uan)
st op
tʰ
th
ㄊ
透 (th ò)
t op
d
l
d
來 (d âi)
d ime [ c] [ d]
l
l
ㄌ
來 (l âi)
l ime [ d]
n
n
ㄋ
泥 (n î)
n oon
-n
ㄣ, ㄢ
因 (in ), 安 (an )
k
k
ㄍ
見 (k iàn)
sk in
kʰ
kh
ㄎ
溪 (kh e)
k in
g
g
義 (g ī)
g ood [ a]
ŋ
ng-
吳 (ng ôo)
sing er
eng , ang , ong
ing , ang , ong
ㄥ, ㄤ,
櫻 (ing ), 幫 (pang ), 王 (ông )
song
tɕ
chi [ e]
tsi
ㄐ
精 (tsi ng)
like itch y, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized ).[ f]
tɕʰ
chhi [ e]
tshi
ㄑ
七 (tshi t)
like ch eap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized ).[ f]
ȵ
ni
gni
耳 (gní )
like oni on [ g]
ɕ
si
ㄒ
審 (sí m)
like sh eep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized ).[ f]
dʑ
ji
日 (ji̍ t)
like j eep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized ).[ h]
ʑ
like z ip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized ).[ i]
ts
ch
ts
ㄗ
走 (ts óo)
roughly like seats [ e]
tsʰ
chh
tsh
ㄘ
菜 (tsh ài)
ts unami (English pronunciation) [ e]
s
s
ㄙ
三 (s am)
s ame
dz
j
熱 (j ua̍h)
pads [ h]
z
z oo [ i]
ʔ
∅
影 (íng)
uh -oh
Syllabic consonants
m̩
-m
姆 (ḿ )
rhythm
ŋ̍
-ng
光 (kng )
song [ j]
Stop consonant finals
p̚
-p
◌ ㄅ
合 (ha̍p )
like sip , but no audible release
t̚
-t
◌ ㄉ
七 (tshit )
like sit , but no audible release
k̚
-k
◌ ㄍ
角 (kak )
like sick , but no audible release
ʔ
-h
◌ ㄏ
桌 (toh )
uh -oh
Vowels
IPA
POJ
TL
Phonetic Symbols
Chinese Example
English approximation
a
a
ㄚ
鴨 (a h)
California : ha t
ɛ
e
ee / e k / e ng
ㄝ
家 (kee )
be t [ g]
e
e
家 (ke )
enPR : da y
ɘ
er
火 (hér )[ k]
New Zealand : bi t [ l]
ə
o
or
ㄜ
高 (kor )
a bout; sometimes transcribed as [ɤ ]. [ m]
o
o
ㄛ
高 (ko )
sno w [ n]
ɔ
o͘ [ o]
oo
烏 (oo)
though t
o ng, o m,o p, o k
, ,ㄅ , ㄍ
福 (ho k)
i
i
ㄧ [ p]
一 (i t)
see [ q]
ɨ
i / u
ir
豬 (tir )
roughly like glasse s; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ ] as goo se (California ) [ r] [ k]
u
u
ㄨ
武 (bú )
shoe [ s]
Diphthongs
ai
ai
ㄞ
愛 (ài)
figh t [ q]
au
au
ㄠ
交 (kau )
ou t [ s]
ia
ia
ㄧㄚ
射 (siā )
Russia
iɛ
ia n
ㄧㄢ
電 (tiā n)
ye s [ t] [ u]
ia t
ㄧㄚㄉ
結 (kia t)
iə
e ng
i ng
ㄧㄥ
英 (i ng)
eo n [ v] [ w]
e k
i k
ㄧㄍ
色 (si k)
iu
iu
ㄧㄨ
手 (tshiú )
dew
ɘe
oe
ere
ㄜ
雞 (kere )[ r]
[ x]
ɘu
ou
eru
ㄜㄨ
購 (kerù )[ k]
ua
oa
ua
ㄨㄚ
化 (huà )
like qua lity
ue
oe
ue
ㄨ
尾 (bué )
que tion
ui
ui
ㄨㄧ
水 (súi )
we
Triphthongs
iau
iau
ㄧㄠ
妖 (iau)
meow [ q] [ s]
uai
oai
uai
ㄨㄞ
怪 (kuài )
qui et [ q]
Nasal vowels
ã
an
ann
衫 (sann )
roughly like wan t; nasalized [a ]
ẽ
en
enn
青 (tsenn )
roughly like san e; nasalized [e ] [ g]
ɛ̃
eenn
青 (tseenn )
French: vin ; nasalized [ɛ ] [ g]
ĩ
in
inn
[ p]
圓 (înn)
roughly like bin ; nasalized [i ]
ɔ̃
on
onn
否 (hónn )
French: son ; nasalized [ɔ ]
ãĩ
ain
ainn
關 (kuainn )[ b]
roughly like fin e; nasalized [ai ]
ãũ
aun
aunn
喓 (iaunn )
roughly like groun d; nasalized [au ]
ĩũ
iun
iunn
羊 (iûnn)
roughly like Eun ice; nasalized [iu ] [ y]
ĩɔ̃
ionn
羊 (iônn)
roughly like onion ; nasalized [io ] [ g]
ũĩ
uin
uinn
快 (khuìnn )
roughly like twin ; nasalized [ui ]
Note: ⟨◌n ⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported.
Tones
IPA
POJ
TL
Phonetic Symbols
Chinese Example
Description
Tone number
Kaohsiung
Taipei
Lukang
a--a
後日 (āu--ji̍t)
tone 0
(varying)
˦˦
a
ㄚ
東
tone 1
55
44
33
˥˩
á
ㄚˋ
黨
tone 2
51
53
55
˧˩
à
ㄚ˪
棟
tone 3
31
21
31
˧˨ʔ
a◌
ㄚ◌
督
tone 4
3ʔ
2ʔ
5ʔ
˨˦
â
ㄚˊ
同
tone 5
24
˥˩
ǎ
ㄚˋ
動
tone 6
22
˧˧
ā
ㄚ˫
洞
tone 7
33
31
˦ʔ
a̍◌
ㄚ◌˙
毒
tone 8
5ʔ
4ʔ
35ʔ
˧˥
a̋
引 擎
tone 9
35
Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the bottom of the left table.
^ a b [b ] and [g ] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃ ] and [g̃ ] respectively.
^ a b In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
^ [d ] only appears in Amoy accent .
^ a b [l ] and [d ] are pronounced as [ɾ ] in some accents. Note that [d] / is only used in textbooks and academic publishing Ngoo Siu Le [zh ] .
^ a b c d In some POJ variants , chi [tɕ ] and chhi [ts ] are written as ⟨tsi⟩ and ⟨ts⟩ respectively.
^ a b c [tɕ ], [tɕʰ ], and [ɕ ] are pronounced as [ts ], [tsʰ ], and [s ] in some accents.
^ a b c d e gni [ȵ ], ee [ɛ ], eeh [ɛʔ ], eenn [ɛ̃ ], ek [ɛk̚ ], eng [ɛŋ ], ionn [ĩɔ̃ ], and ionnh [ĩɔ̃ʔ ] of TL are used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent. Note that gni [ȵ ] and eenn [ɛ̃ ] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education , but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
^ a b [dz ] and [dʑ ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l ] in some sub-accents.
^ a b [z ] and [ʑ ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ ] is pronounced as [g ] in some sub-accents.
^ -ng [ŋ̍ ] is pronounced as ui [ui ] (after a nasal consonant) or uinn [ũĩ ] (after non-nasal consonant) mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
^ a b c In Lo̍k-káng Choân-chiu accent
^ er [ɘ ] is also transcribed as [ə ] by some scholars despite of the slight difference.
^ [ə ] is used in Taiwanese southern accent.
^ [o ] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
^ o͘ [ɔ ] is sometimes be written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
^ a b In horizontal writing , it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
^ a b c d [i ] can be transcribed as [ɪ ] in -ai , -i a, -i o, and -i au.
^ a b In Sam-Kiap Choân-chiu accent
^ a b c [u ] can be transcribed as [ʊ ] in -au
^ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [iɛn ], [ɛn ], or [en ] depending on accents.
^ ⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [iɛt̚ ], [ɛt̚ ], or [et̚ ] depending on accents.
^ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iəŋ ], [iŋ ] or [eŋ ], depending on accents.
^ ⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iək̚ ], [ik̚ ] or [ek̚ ] depending on accents.
^ ere [ɘe ] is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol "ㄜ " is replaced with " " in textbooks and academic publishing Ngoo Siu Le [zh ] .
^ [ĩũ ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.