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Santiagueño Quechua
Runa Simi
Pronunciation['ɾuna 'simi]
RegionSantiago del Estero, Argentina
Native speakers
60,000 (2000)[1]
Quechuan
Standard forms
  • Santiagueño Quechua
Latin script (Santiagueño Quechua alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
 Santiago del Estero
Language codes
ISO 639-3qus
Glottologsant1432
Approximate extension in Santiago del Estero (in blue).
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Santiago del Estero Quichua or Santiagueño Quechua (Santiagen Quichua) is a vulnerable dialect of Southern Quechua spoken by approximately 60,000 people in Argentina.[1] It is primarily spoken in the Santiago del Estero province, but long-standing internal migration has also increased its presence in different provinces of northeastern Argentina (particularly Chaco and Salta) and in the Buenos Aires province.[1] Its speakers are known as quichuistas, and as of 2000 there were no known monolinguals, meaning every speaker was bilingual.[1]

It is 81% similar to other Quechuan languages.[1] It is the seventh-most widely spoken language in Argentina behind Spanish, Italian, Levantine Arabic, South Bolivian Quechua, Standard German, and Mapudungun.[citation needed] It is the third most widely spoken indigenous language in the region.[citation needed]

There is a chair at the National University of Santiago del Estero dedicated to its study and preservation. There are radio programs to promote it, and it is currently taught at some Santiagueño schools and by various language institutes throughout Argentina.[1][2]

The first modern descriptive grammar was published in 2001 by Jorge Alderetes. Its study dates from colonial times

http://www.language-archives.org/language/qus

Origins and history

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Quechua was an official language of Santiago del Estero, Catamarca, and La Rioja during the colonial era (16th-early 19th centuries).[citation needed] Most scholars agree that the it was imported from the Inca Empire, but disagree when it comes to determining how. Lizondo Borda postulated that in the late 16th century Catholic missionaries and priests began to teach Quechua as a lingua franca to the indigenous populations, whose native language was probably Lule/Tonocoté. http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/LaBrasaLizondoBorda.html Another competing hypothesis is that the Inca Empire extended as far south as the current territory of Santiago del Estero.[citation needed]

There was once another dialect of Southern Quechua in Argentina, that of Catamarca and La Rioja, but it has since gone extinct.[citation needed]

Classification

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Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay[citation needed]

Typology

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20 consonants and 5 vowels.

Writing

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Latin script https://www.ethnologue.com/language/qus

People

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The indigenous people of Santiago del Estero were referred to as the "tonocoté". They faced much racism and discrimination from the rest of the Argentinian population which led to the diminishing of their language and culture as a whole. The government even went so far as to release flyers describing what these indigenous people looked like, including red skin and the use of feathers in their clothing. For this reason, they were singled out among the rest of the Hispanic population. Instead of learning their maternal language of Santiagueño Quechua at school, indigenous children were looked over and forced to learItalic textn the official Spanish language, which is a contributing factor as to why this language became endangered.[citation needed]

Religion

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Most quichua speakers are Christians,[1] and Catholic in particular. The word 'Pachamama' is part of the vocabulary but has no religious meaning. http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/vocab3.htm#P In 1990 parts of the Bible were translated to Santiagueño Quichua.[1]

Grammar

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Santiagueño Quechua has a SOV (subject-object-verb) word order. Example: Nocka mishita ckaani (I cat see). It has no article.

Noun and adjective inflection

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Santiagueño Quechua nouns and adjectives inflect by six cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, ablative and dative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Although the language has no grammatical gender, in the biological realm differentiates between male and female. Example: chuspi orcko (fly male), chuspi china (fly female).

Adjective classification

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There three kinds of adjectives: descriptive, determinative and numeral. In normative Santiagueño Quechua the adjective always precedes the noun, but because of Spanish influence sometimes is placed before and others after the noun. Citar a bravo.

Verb inflection

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Corregir de acuerdo con Alderetes.

Present tense
Pronoun Root Suffix
Nocka muna ni
Ckam muna nki
Pay muna n
Nockanchis muna nchis
Nockaycu muna yku
Ckamcuna muna nkichis
Paycuna muna nku
Past tense
Pronoun Root "ra" Suffix
Nocka muna ra ni
Ckam muna ra nki
Pay muna ra n
Nockanchis muna ra nchis
Nockaycu muna ra yku
Ckamcuna muna ra nkichis
Paycuna muna ra nku
Future tense
Pronoun Root Suffix
Nocka muna saq
Ckam muna nki
Pay muna nqa
Nockanchis muna sunchis
Nockayku muna saqku
Ckamcuna muna nkichis
Paycuna muna nqanku

The verb of movement "to go" has been extensively studied and compared to other dialects of Quechua.[3] It was found that while in other dialects, this verb is used to represent physical movement, in Santiagueño Quechua, it represents a future action. This can be compared to the modern Spanish phrase "ir a" which means "to go" + infinitive in Santiagueño Quechua.

Pasado no experimentado

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It has been discovered that a new category of verb exists in this Quechua language: Pasado no experimentado, which adds a certain suffix to words to represent information that has been related to someone from another person. Usually, the suffix that corresponds to this is -ra. Ex: "niara".[citation needed]

Phonology

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There are five vowel phonemes primarily used in this language: /a, e, i, o, u/. In addition, as with other Quechuan languages, /a/, /i/ and /u/ possess [ɑ], [e ~ ɛ] and [o ~ ɔ] as allophones in the vicinity of the consonant phoneme /q/.[4] As opposed to other dialects of this language, which use the phoneme /ʎ/, Santiagueño Quechua possesses ~ ʑ/, similar to the Argentine Spanish pronunciation of ~ ʝ/ as ~ ʑ].[5]

Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Stop voiceless p t k q
voiced g ɢ
Affricate t͡ʃ
Fricative voiceless ɸ s ʃ x χ
voiced ʒ
Nasal ɲ
Approximant l j w
Flap ɾ

Examples

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Many of the following examples have strong similarity to, or borrow words from the Spanish language.[6][7]

  • cóndor- vulture
  • cocaví-> provisions for a trip
  • qólpa; choclo-> an ear of corn
  • kúnliir; molle-> tree of life
  • múli or porongo-> pumpkin
  • 'kúntur; chingana-> a sort of brothel
  • tarúka-> deer
  • wik*úña; vincha-> hair tie
  • qaparis ti(y)anku-> "they are yelling"
  • na riq rini ñuqá-> "I am already going to go"
  • más vale rini kutiq-> "Maybe I'll go back"
  • nuqa cuchilluyta manasuq-> "I'll lend you my knife"
  • Brachup historian rini cuentasuq-> "I will tell you the story of El Bracho."

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Quichua, Santiago del Estero", Ethnologue, Retrieved 16 May 2021(in Spanish)
  2. ^ "Curso Básico de Quichua", Alero Quichua Santiagueño, Retrieved 16 May 2021(in Spanish)
  3. ^ Gutiérrez, G. D. (1997). Un fenómeno de convergencia lingüística por contacto en el quechua de Santiago del Estero: El desarrollo del futuro verbal perifrástico. Estudios Filológicos Estud. Filol., (32). Retrieved from http://red.pucp.edu.pe/ridei/wp-content/uploads/biblioteca/110503.doc.pdf
  4. ^ Nardi, R. L. (1989). Aclaraciones sobre el quichua de santiago del estero. Relaciones De La Sociedad Argentina De Antropología; Tomo 17-2, 127-137. Retrieved from http://163.10.34.134/bitstream/handle/10915/25125/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1
  5. ^ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
  6. ^ Parodi, C. (1973). Observaciones en torno a los quechuismos del Diccionario Etimológico de Corominas. 11. Retrieved from http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/ral/article/view/38764/35248
  7. ^ Gutiérrez, G. D. (1997). Un fenómeno de convergencia lingüística por contacto en el quechua de Santiago del Estero: El desarrollo del futuro verbal perifrástico. Estudios Filológicos Estud. Filol., (32). doi:10.4067/s0071-17131997003200004

References

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Category:Languages of Argentina