User:Timothy2b/sandbox GSC Northern Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sweden[edit]

Stockholm - Humid continental (Dfa/Dfb)[edit]

Stockholm
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
37
 
 
−7
−11
 
 
29
 
 
−7
−11
 
 
27
 
 
−1
−7
 
 
29
 
 
9
1
 
 
34
 
 
18
8
 
 
62
 
 
24
15
 
 
62
 
 
27
18
 
 
66
 
 
25
17
 
 
53
 
 
18
11
 
 
51
 
 
8
4
 
 
48
 
 
−1
−4
 
 
48
 
 
−6
−9
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[1]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.5
 
 
19
12
 
 
1.1
 
 
20
12
 
 
1.1
 
 
30
19
 
 
1.1
 
 
48
33
 
 
1.3
 
 
64
47
 
 
2.4
 
 
75
58
 
 
2.4
 
 
80
64
 
 
2.6
 
 
77
63
 
 
2.1
 
 
64
52
 
 
2
 
 
47
38
 
 
1.9
 
 
31
25
 
 
1.9
 
 
22
15
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Stockholm (Observatorielunden)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		35.7
(96.3) 		37.8
(100.0) 		38.4
(101.1) 		28.9
(84.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		38.4
(101.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.7
(90.9) 		31.2
(88.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		15.8
(60.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		33.6
(92.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		17.5
(63.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.1
(77.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		8.9
(47.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −9.0
(15.8) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.1
(57.4) 		5.7
(42.3) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		5.4
(41.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −10.9
(12.4) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		8.1
(46.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		2.5
(36.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −19.2
(−2.6) 		−18.9
(−2.0) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		2.9
(37.2) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		12.7
(54.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−21.7
(−7.1)
Record low °C (°F) −38.0
(−36.4) 		−34.4
(−29.9) 		−28.5
(−19.3) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−30.5
(−22.9) 		−38.0
(−36.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.0
(1.46) 		29.4
(1.16) 		27.3
(1.07) 		29.2
(1.15) 		34.0
(1.34) 		61.7
(2.43) 		61.5
(2.42) 		66.2
(2.61) 		53.3
(2.10) 		51.4
(2.02) 		47.6
(1.87) 		47.8
(1.88) 		546.4
(21.51)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 43.3
(17.0) 		34.6
(13.6) 		22.1
(8.7) 		7.9
(3.1) 		0.4
(0.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		4.8
(1.9) 		33.3
(13.1) 		53.9
(21.2) 		200.3
(78.8)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 56.9
(22.4) 		73.6
(29.0) 		81.1
(31.9) 		60.6
(23.9) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		19.1
(7.5) 		38.8
(15.3) 		84.0
(33.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 53 90 181 260 334 332 335 282 204 115 54 40 2,280
Source 1: SMHI Open Data [2]
Source 2: SMHI 1991-2020 normals [3]

Gothenburg - Humid continental (Dfb), previously Oceanic (Cfb)[edit]

Gothenburg
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
83
 
 
−5
−10
 
 
61
 
 
−5
−10
 
 
54
 
 
0
−6
 
 
51
 
 
10
2
 
 
27
 
 
18
9
 
 
37
 
 
23
15
 
 
41
 
 
26
18
 
 
46
 
 
25
17
 
 
40
 
 
19
12
 
 
103
 
 
10
4
 
 
85
 
 
1
−3
 
 
93
 
 
−4
−8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[4]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
3.3
 
 
23
15
 
 
2.4
 
 
23
15
 
 
2.1
 
 
33
21
 
 
2
 
 
50
35
 
 
1.1
 
 
64
48
 
 
1.5
 
 
74
59
 
 
1.6
 
 
78
64
 
 
1.8
 
 
77
63
 
 
1.6
 
 
66
53
 
 
4.1
 
 
50
40
 
 
3.3
 
 
35
27
 
 
3.7
 
 
25
17
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Gothenburg (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.8
(44.2) 		8.6
(47.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		28.5
(83.3) 		32.3
(90.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2) 		2.1
(35.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		26.4
(79.5) 		30.6
(87.1) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		17.2
(63.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.8
(38.8) 		33.3
(91.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −5.0
(23.0) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		0.4
(32.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.2
(19.0) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		6.5
(43.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.5
(14.9) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		3.3
(38.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −19.0
(−2.2) 		−17.9
(−0.2) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−17.5
(0.5) 		−21.2
(−6.2)
Record low °C (°F) −34.0
(−29.2) 		−30.8
(−23.4) 		−25.2
(−13.4) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.3
(46.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−19.5
(−3.1) 		−29.9
(−21.8) 		−34.0
(−29.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 83.0
(3.27) 		61.0
(2.40) 		54.0
(2.13) 		51.3
(2.02) 		27.2
(1.07) 		36.9
(1.45) 		40.7
(1.60) 		46.4
(1.83) 		40.0
(1.57) 		102.9
(4.05) 		84.7
(3.33) 		93.1
(3.67) 		721.2
(28.39)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 108.4
(42.7) 		78.6
(30.9) 		37.5
(14.8) 		6.4
(2.5) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		2.6
(1.0) 		46.8
(18.4) 		120.1
(47.3) 		400.4
(157.6)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 102
(40) 		129
(51) 		139
(55) 		68
(27) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		21
(8.3) 		63
(25) 		143
(56)
Source: SMHI Open Data[5]

Malmö - Humid continental (Dfa/Dfb), previously Oceanic (Cfb)[edit]

Malmö
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
58
 
 
−5
−9
 
 
40
 
 
−5
−10
 
 
39
 
 
1
−6
 
 
30
 
 
11
1
 
 
40
 
 
19
9
 
 
67
 
 
24
14
 
 
71
 
 
26
17
 
 
86
 
 
25
17
 
 
42
 
 
20
12
 
 
67
 
 
11
4
 
 
64
 
 
2
−2
 
 
69
 
 
−3
−7
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[6]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.3
 
 
23
15
 
 
1.6
 
 
23
15
 
 
1.5
 
 
33
21
 
 
1.2
 
 
51
35
 
 
1.6
 
 
65
48
 
 
2.6
 
 
74
58
 
 
2.8
 
 
79
62
 
 
3.4
 
 
78
62
 
 
1.7
 
 
67
53
 
 
2.6
 
 
51
40
 
 
2.5
 
 
36
28
 
 
2.7
 
 
26
19
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Malmö, 1991–2018; extremes since 1901
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		26.2
(79.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.2
(97.2) 		36.6
(97.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		22.8
(73.0) 		15.4
(59.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		37.0
(98.6)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6) 		1.7
(35.1) 		9.8
(49.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.9
(85.8) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		24.7
(76.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		8.5
(47.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		32.9
(91.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −5.1
(22.8) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		25.3
(77.5) 		19.6
(67.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		10.3
(50.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.2
(19.0) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.7
(60.3) 		7.5
(45.5) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		6.8
(44.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.4
(15.1) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		1.4
(34.5) 		8.7
(47.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		11.7
(53.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		3.3
(37.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −19.1
(−2.4) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		2.0
(35.6) 		8.8
(47.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		11.0
(51.8) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−15.7
(3.7) 		−21.4
(−6.5)
Record low °C (°F) −36.0
(−32.8) 		−31.1
(−24.0) 		−29.3
(−20.7) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		2.9
(37.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−30.2
(−22.4) 		−36.0
(−32.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.0
(2.28) 		39.7
(1.56) 		38.5
(1.52) 		30.0
(1.18) 		39.9
(1.57) 		67.3
(2.65) 		71.1
(2.80) 		86.3
(3.40) 		42.3
(1.67) 		66.7
(2.63) 		64.2
(2.53) 		69.4
(2.73) 		673.2
(26.50)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.3 77.3 166.7 267.5 329.3 325.8 326.5 283.2 225.7 139.1 68.2 39.7 2,301.3
Source 1: SMHI Open Data[7]
Source 2: SMHI Average Data 2002–2018[8]

Norway[edit]

Oslo - Humid continental (Dfb)[edit]

Oslo
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
57
 
 
−8
−13
 
 
45
 
 
−7
−13
 
 
40
 
 
−1
−8
 
 
47
 
 
9
0
 
 
59
 
 
18
8
 
 
79
 
 
23
14
 
 
86
 
 
26
16
 
 
102
 
 
24
16
 
 
82
 
 
17
10
 
 
92
 
 
8
2
 
 
83
 
 
−2
−6
 
 
53
 
 
−7
−12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[9]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.2
 
 
18
9
 
 
1.8
 
 
20
9
 
 
1.6
 
 
31
17
 
 
1.9
 
 
48
32
 
 
2.3
 
 
64
46
 
 
3.1
 
 
74
57
 
 
3.4
 
 
78
62
 
 
4
 
 
76
60
 
 
3.2
 
 
63
49
 
 
3.6
 
 
46
35
 
 
3.3
 
 
29
21
 
 
2.1
 
 
19
11
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Oslo 1991-2020 normals and extremes (94 m, Blindern, 7.8% missing sunshine data)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		9.8
(49.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		32.1
(89.8) 		36.7
(98.1) 		38.0
(100.4) 		36.6
(97.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		21.0
(69.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.7
(35.1) 		7.1
(44.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.9
(85.8) 		31.5
(88.7) 		29.7
(85.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		2.3
(36.1) 		32.6
(90.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.9
(17.8) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		17.4
(63.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		8.4
(47.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.3
(13.5) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		4.5
(40.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −12.7
(9.1) 		−12.7
(9.1) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		0.1
(32.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		1.1
(34.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −21.8
(−7.2) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−12.7
(9.1) 		−20.3
(−4.5) 		−24.1
(−11.4)
Record low °C (°F) −34.0
(−29.2) 		−32.9
(−27.2) 		−27.3
(−17.1) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.7
(44.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−28.8
(−19.8) 		−34.0
(−29.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57.1
(2.25) 		44.9
(1.77) 		40.2
(1.58) 		47.2
(1.86) 		59.0
(2.32) 		78.7
(3.10) 		85.9
(3.38) 		101.8
(4.01) 		81.5
(3.21) 		91.7
(3.61) 		83.1
(3.27) 		53.2
(2.09) 		824.3
(32.45)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 54.1 93.1 175.8 218.4 297.6 276.4 292.9 244.6 180.1 112.8 61.1 48.0 2,054.9
Source: Seklima [10]

Bergen - Humid continental (Dfb), previously Oceanic (Cfb)[edit]

Bergen
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
253
 
 
−4
−8
 
 
198
 
 
−4
−8
 
 
200
 
 
1
−5
 
 
134
 
 
8
2
 
 
52
 
 
16
8
 
 
60
 
 
20
13
 
 
76
 
 
22
15
 
 
99
 
 
22
15
 
 
128
 
 
16
10
 
 
271
 
 
9
4
 
 
261
 
 
1
−3
 
 
268
 
 
−3
−7
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[11]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
9.9
 
 
25
18
 
 
7.8
 
 
26
17
 
 
7.9
 
 
33
23
 
 
5.3
 
 
47
35
 
 
2.1
 
 
60
46
 
 
2.4
 
 
69
55
 
 
3
 
 
72
59
 
 
3.9
 
 
71
59
 
 
5
 
 
62
51
 
 
11
 
 
49
40
 
 
10
 
 
34
26
 
 
11
 
 
26
19
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Bergen – Florida (met.office); average temperatures and precipitation 1981–2010;
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2) 		9.5
(49.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		36.4
(97.5) 		34.0
(93.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		33.4
(92.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		0.5
(32.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		15.7
(60.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		16.4
(61.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		8.8
(47.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		6.8
(44.2) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		5.9
(42.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.9
(17.8) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		1.6
(34.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		15.1
(59.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		3.0
(37.4)
Record low °C (°F) −24.3
(−11.7) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−18.0
(−0.4) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−24.3
(−11.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 252.7
(9.95) 		197.8
(7.79) 		200.3
(7.89) 		133.7
(5.26) 		52.3
(2.06) 		59.7
(2.35) 		75.6
(2.98) 		99.2
(3.91) 		127.5
(5.02) 		270.8
(10.66) 		261.4
(10.29) 		267.8
(10.54) 		1,998.8
(78.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 19.1 16.4 17.4 14.0 6.4 6.4 7.3 8.0 8.5 19.1 18.1 18.5 159.2
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 73 72 72 76 77 78 79 79 78 79 76
Source: Meteoclimat (temperatures)[12]

Hamar - Humid continental (Dfb)[edit]

Hamar
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
22
 
 
−11
−17
 
 
15
 
 
−9
−17
 
 
16
 
 
−3
−11
 
 
28
 
 
6
−3
 
 
56
 
 
16
6
 
 
55
 
 
22
12
 
 
68
 
 
24
15
 
 
72
 
 
22
13
 
 
56
 
 
15
7
 
 
49
 
 
6
0
 
 
41
 
 
−4
−10
 
 
26
 
 
−10
−16
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[13]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.9
 
 
12
1
 
 
0.6
 
 
16
1
 
 
0.6
 
 
27
12
 
 
1.1
 
 
43
27
 
 
2.2
 
 
61
43
 
 
2.2
 
 
72
54
 
 
2.7
 
 
75
59
 
 
2.8
 
 
72
55
 
 
2.2
 
 
59
45
 
 
1.9
 
 
43
32
 
 
1.6
 
 
25
14
 
 
1
 
 
14
3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Hamar 1991-2020 (141 m, extremes 2008-2022, precipitation days 1961-90)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		5.5
(41.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		24.8
(76.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		6.9
(44.4) 		33.8
(92.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −11
(12) 		−9
(16) 		−3
(27) 		6
(43) 		16
(61) 		22
(72) 		24
(75) 		22
(72) 		15
(59) 		6
(43) 		−4
(25) 		−10
(14) 		6
(43)
Daily mean °C (°F) −14
(7) 		−13
(9) 		−7
(19) 		2
(36) 		11
(52) 		17
(63) 		20
(68) 		19
(66) 		12
(54) 		3
(37) 		−7
(19) 		−13
(9) 		3
(37)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −17
(1) 		−17
(1) 		−11
(12) 		−3
(27) 		6
(43) 		12
(54) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		7
(45) 		0
(32) 		−10
(14) 		−16
(3) 		−2
(29)
Record low °C (°F) −35.7
(−32.3) 		−37.5
(−35.5) 		−28.4
(−19.1) 		−17.4
(0.7) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		4.1
(39.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−14.5
(5.9) 		−26.7
(−16.1) 		−37.8
(−36.0) 		−37.8
(−36.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.6
(0.85) 		15.0
(0.59) 		15.5
(0.61) 		27.6
(1.09) 		55.6
(2.19) 		55.0
(2.17) 		67.8
(2.67) 		71.7
(2.82) 		55.5
(2.19) 		48.6
(1.91) 		40.7
(1.60) 		25.5
(1.00) 		500.1
(19.69)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8 6 7 6 8 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 101
Source 1: eklima.no (mean, precipitaiton, extremes) [14]
Source 2: weatherspark.com (avg high/low temperatures) [15]

Trondheim - Humid continental (Dfb)[edit]

Trondheim
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
65
 
 
−6
−12
 
 
64
 
 
−6
−12
 
 
61
 
 
−1
−8
 
 
43
 
 
7
−1
 
 
53
 
 
15
6
 
 
76
 
 
20
12
 
 
74
 
 
23
14
 
 
83
 
 
22
14
 
 
89
 
 
16
9
 
 
77
 
 
7
1
 
 
64
 
 
−1
−7
 
 
75
 
 
−6
−12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[16]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.5
 
 
21
10
 
 
2.5
 
 
21
10
 
 
2.4
 
 
29
17
 
 
1.7
 
 
45
31
 
 
2.1
 
 
59
43
 
 
3
 
 
68
53
 
 
2.9
 
 
73
58
 
 
3.3
 
 
72
57
 
 
3.5
 
 
61
48
 
 
3
 
 
45
34
 
 
2.5
 
 
30
19
 
 
3
 
 
22
10
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Trondheim 1981–2010 (Voll, 127 m, extremes 1870–present includes earlier stations, sunhrs 2016–2020 Gløshaugen/met.no)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.7
(49.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		37.3
(99.1) 		38.0
(100.4) 		34.3
(93.7) 		28.9
(84.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.2
(48.6) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −6.1
(21.0) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		14.8
(58.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		7.3
(45.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		7.5
(45.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −9.1
(15.6) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		3.1
(37.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.6
(63.7) 		12.0
(53.6) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		3.7
(38.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −12.1
(10.2) 		−12.1
(10.2) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.4
(57.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−12.1
(10.2) 		0.4
(32.6)
Record low °C (°F) −33.6
(−28.5) 		−34.0
(−29.2) 		−29.0
(−20.2) 		−17.3
(0.9) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−25.0
(−13.0) 		−32.0
(−25.6) 		−34.0
(−29.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.6
(2.54) 		63.9
(2.52) 		61.3
(2.41) 		42.9
(1.69) 		52.7
(2.07) 		76.1
(3.00) 		74.4
(2.93) 		82.8
(3.26) 		88.9
(3.50) 		77
(3.0) 		64.4
(2.54) 		75
(3.0) 		824
(32.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13 12 13 12 10 13 11 12 12 14 12 13 147
Mean monthly sunshine hours 41 85 149 246 283 281 275 200 156 139 55 19 1,929
Source 1: eklima.met.no[17]
Source 2: Meteo-climat[18]

Tromsø - Subarctic (Dfc)[edit]

Tromsø
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
108
 
 
−9
−13
 
 
97
 
 
−9
−14
 
 
97
 
 
−5
−10
 
 
71
 
 
2
−4
 
 
57
 
 
10
3
 
 
58
 
 
16
9
 
 
73
 
 
19
12
 
 
88
 
 
18
11
 
 
111
 
 
12
6
 
 
127
 
 
3
−1
 
 
94
 
 
−4
−8
 
 
110
 
 
−8
−12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[19]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
4.3
 
 
16
8
 
 
3.8
 
 
15
8
 
 
3.8
 
 
22
13
 
 
2.8
 
 
36
26
 
 
2.2
 
 
50
38
 
 
2.3
 
 
61
49
 
 
2.9
 
 
67
54
 
 
3.5
 
 
64
52
 
 
4.4
 
 
53
43
 
 
5
 
 
38
30
 
 
3.7
 
 
25
18
 
 
4.3
 
 
18
11
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Tromsø 1991 - 2020 (100 m, extremes 1920-2022)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 		4.2
(39.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		17.0
(62.6) 		27.6
(81.7) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.7
(42.3) 		33.2
(91.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.7
(36.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		18.7
(65.7) 		24.7
(76.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		18.6
(65.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.5
(34.7) 		28.3
(82.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.0
(15.8) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		2.1
(35.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.0
(64.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		3.8
(38.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −11.0
(12.2) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		1.0
(33.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.3
(8.1) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		11.3
(52.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−1.6
(29.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −20.1
(−4.2) 		−20.7
(−5.3) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−14.0
(6.8) 		−17.9
(−0.2) 		−22.2
(−8.0)
Record low °C (°F) −26.3
(−15.3) 		−26.4
(−15.5) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		0.5
(32.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−20.2
(−4.4) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−26.4
(−15.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 108.3
(4.26) 		96.7
(3.81) 		96.7
(3.81) 		71.1
(2.80) 		56.5
(2.22) 		58
(2.3) 		72.5
(2.85) 		88
(3.5) 		111.3
(4.38) 		127.4
(5.02) 		94.4
(3.72) 		109.7
(4.32) 		1,090.6
(42.99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 15.4 12.9 11.4 11.6 11.1 10.3 12.8 12.6 14.9 17.7 13.5 15.6 160.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 4 43 133 205 258 287 271 197 115 66 10 0 1,589
Average ultraviolet index 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 1
Source 1: Met Norway,[20][21] The Weather Network,[22] Meteostat.net[23]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[24] (UV index)

Denmark[edit]

Copenhagen - Humid continental (Dfb), previously Oceanic (Cfb)[edit]

Copenhagen
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
53
 
 
−5
−9
 
 
37
 
 
−4
−9
 
 
42
 
 
1
−5
 
 
36
 
 
10
2
 
 
47
 
 
18
10
 
 
64
 
 
23
15
 
 
61
 
 
25
17
 
 
68
 
 
25
17
 
 
61
 
 
19
12
 
 
63
 
 
11
5
 
 
56
 
 
2
−3
 
 
57
 
 
−4
−8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[25]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.1
 
 
24
16
 
 
1.5
 
 
24
16
 
 
1.7
 
 
33
22
 
 
1.4
 
 
50
36
 
 
1.9
 
 
64
49
 
 
2.5
 
 
73
59
 
 
2.4
 
 
77
63
 
 
2.7
 
 
77
63
 
 
2.4
 
 
65
53
 
 
2.5
 
 
51
41
 
 
2.2
 
 
35
27
 
 
2.3
 
 
26
19
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches


Climate data for Copenhagen, Denmark (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1768–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		11.8
(53.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		26.2
(79.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		35.7
(96.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.8
(98.2) 		30.8
(87.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		36.8
(98.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.6
(23.7) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		0.5
(32.9) 		9.8
(49.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.8
(76.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.6
(20.1) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		5.7
(42.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		6.7
(44.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.7
(16.3) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		3.7
(38.8)
Record low °C (°F) −34.3
(−29.7) 		−28.0
(−18.4) 		−24.5
(−12.1) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−21.2
(−6.2) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−34.3
(−29.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53.0
(2.09) 		36.9
(1.45) 		42.3
(1.67) 		35.8
(1.41) 		47.2
(1.86) 		63.9
(2.52) 		60.9
(2.40) 		67.5
(2.66) 		61.0
(2.40) 		63.3
(2.49) 		56.4
(2.22) 		57.4
(2.26) 		645.7
(25.42)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 39.6
(15.6) 		54.7
(21.5) 		59.1
(23.3) 		22.0
(8.7) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		5.8
(2.3) 		24.3
(9.6) 		62.0
(24.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 14.9 11.4 13.5 11.5 10.8 12.0 12.4 12.0 13.6 14.5 15.4 15.4 157.4
Average snowy days 14.0 10.4 10.6 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 9.4 14.4 62.6
Average relative humidity (%) 86 84 82 76 72 72 73 75 78 83 84 85 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.8 81.7 143.6 217.1 276.2 256.0 273.7 238.7 170.3 121.1 66.4 48.7 1,955.3
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 3 5 6 5 5 3 1 1 0 3
Source: DMI (precipitation days and snowy days 1971–2000, humidity 1961–1990),[26][27][28] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[29] and Weather Atlas[30]

Aarhus - Humid continental (Dfa/Dfb), previously Oceanic (Cfb)[edit]

Aarhus
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
60
 
 
−4
−9
 
 
41
 
 
−4
−9
 
 
48
 
 
2
−5
 
 
42
 
 
11
2
 
 
50
 
 
20
10
 
 
55
 
 
23
15
 
 
67
 
 
26
17
 
 
65
 
 
26
16
 
 
72
 
 
20
12
 
 
77
 
 
10
5
 
 
80
 
 
4
−2
 
 
68
 
 
−2
−7
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[31]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.4
 
 
26
17
 
 
1.6
 
 
26
16
 
 
1.9
 
 
36
23
 
 
1.7
 
 
51
35
 
 
2
 
 
67
50
 
 
2.2
 
 
74
59
 
 
2.6
 
 
80
62
 
 
2.6
 
 
79
61
 
 
2.8
 
 
68
53
 
 
3
 
 
51
41
 
 
3.1
 
 
39
28
 
 
2.7
 
 
29
20
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for East Jutland (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.6
(25.5) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		2.3
(36.1) 		10.5
(50.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		10.3
(50.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		11.1
(52.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.8
(60.4) 		7.6
(45.7) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		7.4
(45.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.5
(16.7) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		1.7
(35.1) 		9.9
(49.8) 		14.8
(58.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		3.7
(38.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60
(2.4) 		41
(1.6) 		48
(1.9) 		42
(1.7) 		50
(2.0) 		55
(2.2) 		67
(2.6) 		65
(2.6) 		72
(2.8) 		77
(3.0) 		80
(3.1) 		68
(2.7) 		722
(28.4)
Average rainy days (≥ 1mm) 11 8 7 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 13 12 120
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49 90 169 248 305 301 292 287 198 121 78 54 2,192
Source: "Danish Meteorological Institute".

Esbjerg - Humid continental (Dfb), previously Oceanic (Cfb)[edit]

Esbjerg
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
60
 
 
−6
−9
 
 
41
 
 
−5
−10
 
 
48
 
 
−1
−6
 
 
40
 
 
8
1
 
 
47
 
 
16
9
 
 
55
 
 
21
14
 
 
60
 
 
22
16
 
 
72
 
 
23
16
 
 
82
 
 
18
12
 
 
94
 
 
11
5
 
 
88
 
 
2
−3
 
 
72
 
 
−4
−8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[32]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.4
 
 
22
15
 
 
1.6
 
 
22
15
 
 
1.9
 
 
30
22
 
 
1.6
 
 
46
34
 
 
1.9
 
 
61
47
 
 
2.2
 
 
70
58
 
 
2.4
 
 
72
61
 
 
2.8
 
 
73
61
 
 
3.2
 
 
64
53
 
 
3.7
 
 
51
42
 
 
3.5
 
 
35
27
 
 
2.8
 
 
25
18
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Esbjerg (Sædenstrand) 1961–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		6.9
(44.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		30.1
(86.2) 		35.3
(95.5) 		35.8
(96.4) 		38.2
(100.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		16.0
(60.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		8.7
(47.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		5.8
(42.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.3
(15.3) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		1.0
(33.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		5.4
(41.7) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		3.1
(37.6)
Record low °C (°F) −24.6
(−12.3) 		−24.6
(−12.3) 		−19.0
(−2.2) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−18.0
(−0.4) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−24.6
(−12.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60
(2.4) 		41
(1.6) 		48
(1.9) 		40
(1.6) 		47
(1.9) 		55
(2.2) 		60
(2.4) 		72
(2.8) 		82
(3.2) 		94
(3.7) 		88
(3.5) 		72
(2.8) 		759
(29.9)
Average snowy days 16.9 15.7 12.9 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 11.8 15.4 79.2
Source: Danish Meteorological Institute[27][28]

Finland[edit]

Helsinki - Humid continental (Dfb)[edit]

Helsinki
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
53
 
 
−9
−14
 
 
38
 
 
−9
−14
 
 
34
 
 
−4
−10
 
 
34
 
 
6
−1
 
 
38
 
 
16
7
 
 
60
 
 
22
14
 
 
57
 
 
25
18
 
 
81
 
 
24
17
 
 
56
 
 
16
10
 
 
73
 
 
7
2
 
 
69
 
 
−2
−6
 
 
58
 
 
−7
−11
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[33]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.1
 
 
16
8
 
 
1.5
 
 
15
6
 
 
1.3
 
 
25
15
 
 
1.3
 
 
43
30
 
 
1.5
 
 
60
45
 
 
2.4
 
 
71
58
 
 
2.2
 
 
77
64
 
 
3.2
 
 
74
62
 
 
2.2
 
 
62
51
 
 
2.9
 
 
45
36
 
 
2.7
 
 
29
22
 
 
2.3
 
 
20
12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Central Helsinki (Kaisaniemi) 1991–2020 normals, records 1900–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		21.9
(71.4) 		28.6
(83.5) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.2
(99.0) 		34.2
(93.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		11.4
(52.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		37.2
(99.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −8.7
(16.3) 		−9.3
(15.3) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		16.4
(61.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		7.1
(44.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −11.1
(12.0) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		11.4
(52.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		4.1
(39.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.6
(7.5) 		−14.3
(6.3) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.5
(63.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−10.9
(12.4) 		1.1
(34.0)
Record low °C (°F) −42.3
(−44.1) 		−39.5
(−39.1) 		−30.5
(−22.9) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−24.6
(−12.3) 		−37.5
(−35.5) 		−42.3
(−44.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53
(2.1) 		38
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		34
(1.3) 		38
(1.5) 		60
(2.4) 		57
(2.2) 		81
(3.2) 		56
(2.2) 		73
(2.9) 		69
(2.7) 		58
(2.3) 		653
(25.7)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 31
(12) 		26
(10) 		24
(9.4) 		7
(2.8) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		23
(9.1) 		34
(13) 		147
(58)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 19 16 13 12 11 14 12 13 14 16 17 19 176
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46 84 166 233 341 356 349 286 180 112 43 35 2,231
Average ultraviolet index 0 0 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 1 0 0 2
Source 1: FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991–2020[34]
Source 2: record highs and lows[35]

Tampere - Humid continental (Dfb), previously Subarctic (Dfc)[edit]

Tampere
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
41
 
 
−11
−18
 
 
29
 
 
−12
−19
 
 
31
 
 
−5
−13
 
 
32
 
 
6
−3
 
 
41
 
 
16
5
 
 
66
 
 
23
12
 
 
75
 
 
25
15
 
 
72
 
 
23
13
 
 
58
 
 
15
7
 
 
60
 
 
6
0
 
 
51
 
 
−5
−9
 
 
42
 
 
−10
−16
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[36]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.6
 
 
11
0
 
 
1.1
 
 
11
−1
 
 
1.2
 
 
23
9
 
 
1.3
 
 
43
26
 
 
1.6
 
 
62
41
 
 
2.6
 
 
73
53
 
 
3
 
 
77
58
 
 
2.8
 
 
73
56
 
 
2.3
 
 
59
44
 
 
2.4
 
 
42
32
 
 
2
 
 
24
16
 
 
1.7
 
 
14
4
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Tampere, 1981–2010 normals, precipitation 1981-2010, extremes 1900–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		34.7
(94.5) 		36.1
(97.0) 		35.1
(95.2) 		25.8
(78.4) 		18.4
(65.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		36.1
(97.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −11.4
(11.5) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		6.2
(43.2) 		16.4
(61.5) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		6.0
(42.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −14.4
(6.1) 		−14.9
(5.2) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		1.3
(34.3) 		10.7
(51.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.9
(67.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		2.0
(35.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −17.7
(0.1) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.7
(58.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−2.1
(28.2)
Record low °C (°F) −45.0
(−49.0) 		−44.8
(−48.6) 		−35.6
(−32.1) 		−21.6
(−6.9) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−16.8
(1.8) 		−28.5
(−19.3) 		−42.2
(−44.0) 		−45.0
(−49.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.6) 		29
(1.1) 		31
(1.2) 		32
(1.3) 		41
(1.6) 		66
(2.6) 		75
(3.0) 		72
(2.8) 		58
(2.3) 		60
(2.4) 		51
(2.0) 		42
(1.7) 		598
(23.5)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 32.3
(12.7) 		31.4
(12.4) 		30.5
(12.0) 		15.9
(6.3) 		0.8
(0.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		5.3
(2.1) 		26.1
(10.3) 		27.2
(10.7) 		169.5
(66.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 22 18 16 12 12 13 15 15 14 17 21 22 197
Average relative humidity (%) 90 87 82 70 63 66 69 76 82 87 91 92 80
Source 1: weatheronline.co.uk[37]
Source 2: FMI (precipitation, record highs and lows)[38]

Mariehamn - Humid continental (Dfb)[edit]

Mariehamn
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
53
 
 
−7
−12
 
 
35
 
 
−8
−14
 
 
38
 
 
−3
−10
 
 
31
 
 
6
−2
 
 
35
 
 
14
5
 
 
53
 
 
21
12
 
 
52
 
 
24
15
 
 
76
 
 
23
15
 
 
61
 
 
17
9
 
 
70
 
 
8
2
 
 
71
 
 
−1
−5
 
 
59
 
 
−6
−11
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[39]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.1
 
 
19
10
 
 
1.4
 
 
18
8
 
 
1.5
 
 
27
15
 
 
1.2
 
 
43
28
 
 
1.4
 
 
58
41
 
 
2.1
 
 
69
53
 
 
2
 
 
75
59
 
 
3
 
 
73
58
 
 
2.4
 
 
62
48
 
 
2.8
 
 
46
35
 
 
2.8
 
 
31
22
 
 
2.3
 
 
22
13
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Mariehamn Airport normals 1991-2020, extremes 1914 – present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		6.5
(43.7) 		15.0
(59.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		32.4
(90.3) 		34.3
(93.7) 		33.7
(92.7) 		25.8
(78.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.6
(58.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		7.3
(45.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −9.3
(15.3) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		1.8
(35.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		4.0
(39.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −12.3
(9.9) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		0.3
(32.5)
Record low °C (°F) −40.3
(−40.5) 		−40.9
(−41.6) 		−31.0
(−23.8) 		−20.9
(−5.6) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.1
(37.6) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−13.8
(7.2) 		−26.0
(−14.8) 		−36.9
(−34.4) 		−40.9
(−41.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53
(2.1) 		35
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		31
(1.2) 		35
(1.4) 		53
(2.1) 		52
(2.0) 		76
(3.0) 		61
(2.4) 		70
(2.8) 		71
(2.8) 		59
(2.3) 		634
(25)
Average precipitation days 17 13 12 9 10 10 9 13 12 16 17 17 155
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47 89 156 248 356 355 374 282 196 109 49 31 2,292
Source 1: FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991–2020[34]
Source 2: record highs and lows 1961 – present[38]

FMI(record highs and lows 1914-1961)[40]

Estonia[edit]

Tallinn - Humid continental (Dfb)[edit]

Tallinn
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
56
 
 
−9
−14
 
 
40
 
 
−9
−14
 
 
37
 
 
−3
−10
 
 
35
 
 
8
−1
 
 
37
 
 
16
6
 
 
68
 
 
22
13
 
 
82
 
 
25
16
 
 
85
 
 
24
15
 
 
58
 
 
17
9
 
 
78
 
 
8
2
 
 
66
 
 
−2
−6
 
 
59
 
 
−7
−11
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[41]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.2
 
 
16
8
 
 
1.6
 
 
16
6
 
 
1.5
 
 
26
15
 
 
1.4
 
 
46
30
 
 
1.5
 
 
62
43
 
 
2.7
 
 
72
55
 
 
3.2
 
 
77
61
 
 
3.3
 
 
75
60
 
 
2.3
 
 
63
49
 
 
3.1
 
 
46
35
 
 
2.6
 
 
29
21
 
 
2.3
 
 
20
12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Tallinn, Estonia (normals 1991–2020 and extremes 1805–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		6.2
(43.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		32.4
(90.3) 		35.6
(96.1) 		37.3
(99.1) 		37.2
(99.0) 		29.0
(84.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		37.3
(99.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −8.7
(16.3) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		16.4
(61.5) 		22.2
(72.0) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		7.5
(45.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.9
(12.4) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.6
(69.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		3.9
(39.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.5
(7.7) 		−14.2
(6.4) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		12.8
(55.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		0.5
(32.8)
Record low °C (°F) −39.4
(−38.9) 		−36.7
(−34.1) 		−30.5
(−22.9) 		−14.0
(6.8) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		5.4
(41.7) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−32.3
(−26.1) 		−39.4
(−38.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 56
(2.2) 		40
(1.6) 		37
(1.5) 		35
(1.4) 		37
(1.5) 		68
(2.7) 		82
(3.2) 		85
(3.3) 		58
(2.3) 		78
(3.1) 		66
(2.6) 		59
(2.3) 		700
(27.6)
Average rainy days 0 0 3 9 11 13 13 14 17 16 5 1 102
Average snowy days 27 23 16 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 18 28 121
Average relative humidity (%) 89 86 80 72 69 74 76 79 82 85 89 89 81
Average dew point °C (°F) −14
(7) 		−15
(5) 		−10
(14) 		−2
(28) 		6
(43) 		12
(54) 		16
(61) 		16
(61) 		10
(50) 		2
(36) 		−5
(23) 		−10
(14) 		1
(33)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 35.6 70.6 178.1 260.8 367.2 353.2 374.5 306.7 194.8 106.0 34.9 24.8 2,307.2
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 1 0 0 2
Source 1: Estonian Weather Service[42][43][44][45][46]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (average ultraviolet index),[47] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[48]

Latvia[edit]

Riga - Humid continental (Dfb)[edit]

Riga
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
34
 
 
−10
−16
 
 
27
 
 
−10
−16
 
 
28
 
 
−3
−11
 
 
41
 
 
8
−1
 
 
43
 
 
17
7
 
 
60
 
 
23
13
 
 
74
 
 
25
15
 
 
73
 
 
24
15
 
 
79
 
 
17
9
 
 
60
 
 
8
2
 
 
57
 
 
−2
−7
 
 
46
 
 
−8
−12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[49]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.3
 
 
13
4
 
 
1.1
 
 
15
4
 
 
1.1
 
 
26
13
 
 
1.6
 
 
46
30
 
 
1.7
 
 
63
44
 
 
2.4
 
 
74
55
 
 
2.9
 
 
76
60
 
 
2.9
 
 
75
59
 
 
3.1
 
 
63
48
 
 
2.4
 
 
47
36
 
 
2.3
 
 
28
20
 
 
1.8
 
 
18
10
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Riga
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		9.5
(49.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		27.9
(82.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.6
(97.9) 		30.3
(86.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.3
(13.5) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		7.8
(46.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.0
(75.2) 		17.3
(63.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		7.5
(45.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −13.1
(8.4) 		−12.7
(9.1) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−10.1
(13.8) 		3.7
(38.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.8
(3.6) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−12.7
(9.1) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		14.8
(58.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−0.2
(31.5)
Record low °C (°F) −41.7
(−43.1) 		−42.9
(−45.2) 		−29.3
(−20.7) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		−24.9
(−12.8) 		−39.9
(−39.8) 		−42.9
(−45.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33.7
(1.33) 		27.0
(1.06) 		27.9
(1.10) 		41.1
(1.62) 		42.5
(1.67) 		59.9
(2.36) 		74.3
(2.93) 		73.1
(2.88) 		78.9
(3.11) 		60.2
(2.37) 		57.3
(2.26) 		46.0
(1.81) 		620.9
(24.44)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 28.4
(11.2) 		27.3
(10.7) 		26.1
(10.3) 		8.0
(3.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		3.7
(1.5) 		22.2
(8.7) 		27.0
(10.6) 		142.7
(56.1)
Average precipitation days 21.5 18.6 15.7 11.0 11.8 12.1 12.8 13.7 13.0 16.0 18.9 20.6 185.7
Average relative humidity (%) 87.9 85.2 79.4 69.7 67.7 72.0 74.2 76.7 81.1 85.1 90.2 89.4 79.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 37.2 74.6 152.5 219.6 316.2 345.6 316.2 275.3 183.6 111.6 46.8 26.0 2,105.2
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 3 5 6 5 5 3 1 0 0 3
Source: Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Agency (avg high and low),[50] NOAA (sun and extremes)[51] and Weather Atlas[52]

Iceland[edit]

Reykjavík - Subarctic (Dfc), previously Subpolar oceanic (Cfc)[edit]

Reykjavík
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
83
 
 
−5
−10
 
 
86
 
 
−5
−10
 
 
81
 
 
−2
−7
 
 
56
 
 
5
−1
 
 
53
 
 
11
5
 
 
44
 
 
16
11
 
 
52
 
 
18
12
 
 
67
 
 
17
12
 
 
74
 
 
12
7
 
 
74
 
 
6
1
 
 
79
 
 
−2
−6
 
 
94
 
 
−5
−10
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[53]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
3.3
 
 
23
14
 
 
3.4
 
 
24
14
 
 
3.2
 
 
28
19
 
 
2.2
 
 
41
31
 
 
2.1
 
 
51
41
 
 
1.7
 
 
60
51
 
 
2.1
 
 
64
53
 
 
2.6
 
 
62
53
 
 
2.9
 
 
54
44
 
 
2.9
 
 
42
33
 
 
3.1
 
 
29
21
 
 
3.7
 
 
24
15
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Reykjavík, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1829–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		27.8
(82.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		28.7
(83.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.9
(23.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		5.5
(41.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		1.7
(35.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.6
(58.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		2.7
(36.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.8
(14.4) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		4.9
(40.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		11.7
(53.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		0.3
(32.5)
Record low °C (°F) −27.7
(−17.9) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−21.1
(−6.0) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−27.7
(−17.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 83.0
(3.27) 		85.9
(3.38) 		81.4
(3.20) 		56.0
(2.20) 		52.8
(2.08) 		43.8
(1.72) 		52.3
(2.06) 		67.3
(2.65) 		73.5
(2.89) 		74.4
(2.93) 		78.8
(3.10) 		94.1
(3.70) 		843.3
(33.20)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 39.9
(15.7) 		37.1
(14.6) 		43.2
(17.0) 		17.1
(6.7) 		1.6
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		6.4
(2.5) 		28.7
(11.3) 		37.8
(14.9) 		211.8
(83.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.3 12.5 14.4 12.2 9.8 10.7 10.0 11.7 12.4 14.5 12.5 13.9 148.3
Average relative humidity (%) 78.1 77.1 76.2 74.4 74.9 77.9 80.3 81.6 79.0 78.0 77.7 77.7 77.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 20 60 109 164 201 174 168 155 120 93 41 22 1,326
Percent possible sunshine 12 25 29 36 35 28 28 31 31 31 21 16 27
Average ultraviolet index 0 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 0 2
Source 1: Icelandic Met Office (precipitation days 1961–1990)[54][55][56]
Source 2: timeanddate.com (sunshine percent),[57] Weather Atlas, (UV)[24] and Meteo Climat[58]
  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Stockholm Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Ladda ner meteorologiska observationer | SMHI". Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  3. ^ "Dataserier med normalvärden för perioden 1991-2020 | SMHI". Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gothenburg Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Gothenburg A". SMHI (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Malmö Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "SMHI Open Data" (in Swedish). SMHI. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  8. ^ "Statistics from Weather Stations" (in Swedish). SMHI. 21 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Oslo Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ seklima.met.no
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bergen Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Solenn Nadal des Moutiers en Retz (2009-11-07). "Météo climat stats | Moyennes 1981/2010 / Données Météorologiques Gratuites". Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hamar Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ "eKlima Web Portal". Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
  15. ^ "Average Weather in January in Hamar, Norway - Weather Spark".
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Trondheim Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ "eKlima – Climate statistics for Norway from Meteorologisk Institutt (Norwegian Meteorological Institute)". January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  18. ^ "Moyennes". March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tromsø Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference eklima was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ "Tromsø (Troms)". June 2013.
  22. ^ "Climate Statistics for Tromsø, Norway (1991-2020)". November 2011.
  23. ^ https://meteostat.net/en/station/01026/climate. Retrieved 6 February 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ^ a b "Tromsø, Norway - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 3 July 2019. Cite error: The named reference "Weather Atlas" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Copenhagen Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ "DMI Report 18–19: Climatological Standard Normals 1981–2010 Denmark, The Faroe Islands and Greenland Based on Data Published in DMI Reports 18–08, 18–04 and 18–05" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  27. ^ a b "Danish Climatological Normals 1971–2000 for selected stations" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2015. Cite error: The named reference "DMI1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  28. ^ a b "Observed Air Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Cloud Cover and Weather in Denmark with Climatological Standard Normals, 1961–90" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2015. Cite error: The named reference "DMI2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  29. ^ "Station Copenhague" (in French). Météo Climat. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  30. ^ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Copenhagen, Denmark – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference Aarhus Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference Esbjerg Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference Helsinki Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ a b "FMI normals 1991-2020". fmi.fi. Retrieved 7 October 2021. Cite error: The named reference "FMI" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  35. ^ "FMI data". FMI. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tampere Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ "weatheronline.uk". weatheronline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  38. ^ a b "FMI open data". FMI. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2017. Cite error: The named reference "FMI open data" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mariehamn Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/15734/2009nro8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [bare URL PDF]
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tallinn Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ "Climate normals-Temperature". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  43. ^ "Climate normals-Precipitation". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  44. ^ "Climate normals-Humidity". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  45. ^ "Climate normals-Sunshine". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  46. ^ "Rekordid" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  47. ^ "Tallinn, Estonia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  48. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Tallinn". Time and Date. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  49. ^ Cite error: The named reference Riga Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  50. ^ "World Weather Information Service – Riga". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  51. ^ "Riga Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  52. ^ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Riga, Latvia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  53. ^ Cite error: The named reference Reykjavík Weatherbox NOAA txt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  54. ^ "Monthly Averages for Reykjavík". Icelandic Meteorological Office. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  55. ^ "Annual Averages for Reykjavík". Icelandic Met Office. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  56. ^ "Reykjavík 1961-1990 Averages". Icelandic Meteorological Office. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  57. ^ "Reykjavík, Iceland – Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength". timeanddate.com. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  58. ^ "STATION REYKJAVIK". Meteo climat. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Timothy2b/sandbox_GSC_Northern_Europe&oldid=1133423427"