User:Ultracobalt/sandbox/2
This List of German architects covers German architects throughout history.
Before the early 20th century, the term Master Builder (German: Baumeister) referred to the central figure who lead construction projects in German-speaking countries and can be considered a direct precursor to both the terms architect and engineer.
Terminology[edit]
Baumeister, Dombaumeister and Hofbaumeister[edit]
The Master Builder German: Baumeister assumed the execution of building works of all kinds, including planning and construction management. The term is still a professional title in Austria and Switzerland today. In Germany, however, the term is longer used in its original meaning.
Historically, Master Builders were mostly skilled stonemasons, bricklayers, carpenters, and sometimes came from other professions such as plasterer. Their apprenticeship usually began at age 13. After their journeyman and apprenticeship exams, the candidate would then work as a travelling journeyman in the [Wanderjahre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), a tradition from medieval times that is still alive in German-speaking countries today. To gain the title of Master, they would be required to produce a masterpiece, the historic name for a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. Originally, the term masterpiece referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. Personal aptitude and perseverance were decisive for the successful pursuit of the business. Later came the [Baugewerkschulen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - analogous today to technical colleges - whose attendance was mandatory in order to obtain a master builder title. In the 19th century, Master Builders were responsible from design to implementation. They differed from today's "architect" in that they typically owned a construction company in addition to a Design Studio.
Dombauhütte (Cathedral building workshop)
master builder of cathedrals, or Baudommeister
Tummaister (or "Cathedral Architect")
Baubeamter[edit]
[Baubeamter] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is the old German word which means an architect, master builder, urban planner, civil engineer or mechanical engineer working specifically for the government from the 18th century until the early 20th century.
The Kingdom of Prussia divided its [Baubeamter] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) into 4 classifications: Bauräte: Chief Government Architect Bauinspektor: Building Inspector Regierungsbaumeister: Government Master Builder Regierungsbauführer: Government Construction Guid
In Prussia an additional layer of provincial government was common, with architects/engineering titles prefixed with [Landes-] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or [Provinzial-] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). Hence an architect at the provincial building inspector level would be called [Landesbauinspektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).
The Kingdom of Saxony used slightly different terminology: Oberlandbaumeister: Chief Architect of the State Landbaumeister: Provincial Architect Bauinspektor: Building Inspector Regierungsbaumeister: Government Master Builder
Time Periods[edit]
mirrors the complexity of German history.
Art Nouveau[edit]
Art Nouveau in Germany is commonly known by the term Jugendstil ("youth style" in English). The name is taken from the journal [Die Jugend] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) founded in 1896 by Georg Hirth. It espoused the new artistic movement and was instrumental in promoting the style in Cenral Europe. During the early 20th century, the word was applied mainly to two-dimensional examples of the graphic arts,[1] Today Jugendstil is applied to all manifestations of Art Nouveau art and architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, the Baltic states, and Nordic countries.[2] The two main centers for Jugendstil in Germany were Munich and Darmstadt, in particular the Darmstadt Artists' Colony [Mathildenhöhe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
- [Tummaister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) of Regensburg "Cathedral Architect"
- became [Baudommeister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "Master Builder of Cathedrals"
- [Dombaumeister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
- Oberingenieur (senior engineer) by Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, in 1684.
- Ingenieur-Oberst (engineer colonel) within the General Staff.
- Oberbaudirektor (senior architectural director)
Holy Roman Empire[edit]
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_1981,_MiNr_639.jpg){kind=small}
Holy Roman Empire[edit]
.JPG)
German Confederation to Empire[edit]
.jpg)
.jpg)
20th century[edit]
| Name | Image | Life | Architectural Styles | Representative Work | Ref (s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b. | d. | Project | Year | Image | ||||
| Theodor Fischer | 
|
1862 | 1938 | Historicism | Main building, University of Jena | 
|
||
| Otto March | _Otto_March.jpg)
|
1845 | 1913 | Neoclassicism | Deutsches Stadion, Berlin |
1913 | 
|
|
| Alfred Messel | 
|
1853 | 1909 | Neue Moderne | Pergamon Museum, Berlin |
1930 | 
|
|
| Peter Behrens | 
|
1868 | 1940 | Neue Moderne | AEG turbine factory, Berlin |
1909 | 
|
|
| Hans Poelzig | 
|
1869 | 1936 | Neue Moderne | IG Farben Building, Frankfurt |
1931 | 
|
|
| Martin Wagner | _Martin_Wagner.jpg)
|
1885 | 1857 | Modernism | Berlin Modernism Housing Estates | 1931 | 
|
|
Third Reich[edit]
The National Socialist period was especially complex for architecture and architects, as with all professions in Germany. In April 1933, shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, all government institutions and universities became subject to the "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service." Political opponents and especially Jewish employees were expelled from their jobs. Hundreds of architects were forced to emigrate by the dictatorship, many travelling to the United Kingdom and the United States. These were not only prominent modernists like Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelsohn, Erwin Gutkind, Arthur Korn and Marcel Breuer, but also less well known traditionalists. A few successfully managed to regain a foothold in their new environments, while for others exile meant the end of their career.[73]
At the same time, the Third Reich began a massive building program. Nazi architecture is the term applied to the architectural style and theory sanctioned by the regime. It is characterized by three forms: a stripped-down, monumental neoclassicism typified by the designs of Albert Speer; a vernacular style that drew upon traditional rural architecture and the völkisch movement; and a utilitarian style used in major infrastructure and military complexes such as the Autobahn and the Atlantic Wall.[74] Characteristic of the style was a rejection of "modernity" exemplified by the Bauhaus, which the Nazi's called the "the cathedral of Marxism."
While not all architects who worked in Germany during this period were Nazis, many acquiesced to the regime in order to continue to work, and the most ardent set up a para-governmental propaganda unit called the [Kampfbund deutscher Architekten und Ingenieure (KDAI)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). These architects actively attacked the modern style in openly racist and political tones.
NSDAP member
| Name | Image | Life | Architectural Styles | Representative Work | Ref | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b. | d. | Project/City | f. | Image | ||||
| Paul Schultze-Naumburg | 
|
1869 | 1949 | Important advocate of Nazi architecture, leading critic of Modernism. | Cecilienhof, Potsdam |
1917 | _(2731361224).jpg)
|
|
| Eugen Hönig | 
|
1873 | 1945 | Nazi architecture | Zum schönen Turm, Munich |
1914 | 
|
|
| Alexander von Senger | —
|
1880 | 1968 | Swiss architect, theorist. Head of the Munich Architecture School from 1934. | Headquarters of Swiss Re, Zürich | 1918 | .jpg)
|
[75] |
| German Bestelmeyer | 
|
1874 | 1942 | Nazi architecture | Luftwaffe Gaukommando, Munich | 1936 | 
|
|
| Paul Ludwig Troost | 
|
1878 | 1934 | Nazi architecture | Führerbau, Munich |
1934 | 
|
|
| Roderich Fick | —
|
1886 | 1955 | Nazi architecture | Kehlsteinhaus, Berchtesgaden |
|
||
| Fritz Todt | 
|
1891 | 1942 | Nazi architecture | Reichsautobahn | 1935 | 
|
[76] |
| Werner March | _Werner_March.jpg)
|
1894 | 1976 | Neoclassicism | Olympiastadion, Berlin |
1936 | 
|
[77] |
| Hermann Giesler | 
|
1898 | 1987 | Nazi architecture | Ordensburg Sonthofen | 1934 | 
|
|
| Hermann Bartels | —
|
1900 | 1989 | Nazi architecture | Wewelsburg | 1934 | 
|
|
| Arno Breker | 
|
1900 | 1991 | Nazi architecture | New Reich Chancellery | 1939 | 
|
|
| Rudolf Wolters | 1903 | 1983 | Nazi architecture | [Prachtallee] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Welthauptstadt Germania | 1939 | .jpg)
|
||
| Albert Speer | 
|
1905 | 1981 | Adolf Hitler's chief architect. Armaments Minister after 1942. Convicted war criminal 1946, released 1966. | New Reich Chancellery | 1939 | 
|
|
Postwar[edit]
| Name | Image | Life | Architectural Styles | Representative Work | Ref (s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b. | d. | Project/City | Year | Image | ||||
| Walter Gropius | 
|
1883 | 1969 | Bauhaus | Bauhaus, Dessau |
1926 | 
|
|
| Ludwig Mies van der Rohe | 1886 | 1969 | Internationalism | Seagram Building, New York |
1958 | 
|
||
| Hans Scharoun | 
|
1893 | 1972 | Organic, Expressionist | Berliner Philharmonie, Berlin |
1956 | 
|
|
Historicism[edit]
- Hermann Eggert (1844–1920)
- Franz Heinrich Schwechten (1841–1924)
- Gottfried Semper (1803–1879)
- Georg Hermann Nicolai (1812–1881)
Architectural realism[edit]
- Constantin Lipsius (1832–1894)
- Paul Wallot (1841–1912)
Jugendstil (Art Nouveau)[edit]
- Fritz Schumacher (1869–1947) – also an urban designer
- Carl Moritz (1863–1944)
Traditionalism[edit]
- Rudolf Jacobs (1879–1946)
Expressionism[edit]
- Dominikus Böhm (1880–1955)
- Fritz Höger (1877–1949)
- Erich Mendelsohn (1887–1953)
- Alfred Runge (1881–1946)
- Eduard Scotland (1885–1945)
Neue Moderne[edit]
- Peter Behrens (1868–1940)
- Eberhard Gildemeister (1897–1978)
- Walter Hohmann (1880–1945) – also a civil engineer
- Rudolf Jacobs (1879–1946)
- Paul Schneider-Esleben (1915–2005)
- Bruno Taut (1880–1938)
- Emilie Winkelmann (1875–1951)
Bauhaus[edit]
- Lucy Hillebrand (1906–1997)
Internationalism[edit]
- Stephan Braunfels (born 1950)
- Dörte Gatermann (born 1956)
- Helmut Jahn (born 1940) also a designer
- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969)
Deconstructivism[edit]
- Günther Behnisch (born 1922)
- Elisabeth Böhm (born 1921)
- Gottfried Böhm (born 1920)
High tech[edit]
- Frei Otto (1925–2015) – also a research scientist
Eco tec[edit]
- Hans Kollhoff (born 1946)
Contemporary modernist[edit]
- Annabelle Selldorf (born early 1960s) – architect in New York
- Sergei Enwerowitsch Tschoban (born 1962) – Russian-born
Sustainable architecture[edit]
- Anna Heringer (born 1977)
Notes[edit]
- ^A Not to be confused with a sculptor of the same name from Dillingen, Bavaria (1717-1801)
Citations[edit]
- ^ A. Philip McMahon, "review of F. Schmalenbach, Jugendstil", Parnassus, vol. 7 (Oct., 1935), 27.
- ^ Michèle Lavallée, "Art Nouveau", Grove Dictionary of Art, Oxford University Press [accessed 11 April 2008].
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2008). "St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church at Hildesheim." Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ Herbert Rode (1964), "Gerhard", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 6, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 272–272
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2008). "Cologne Cathedral." Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ Klemm, Alfred (1887), "Parler", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 25, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 177–182
- ^ Schock-Werner, Barbara (2001), "Parler, Heinrich", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 70–71; (full text online)
- ^ Ultracobalt/sandbox/2 in the German National Library catalogue
- ^ Barbara Schock-Werner (2001), "Parler, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 73; (full text online)
- ^ Barbara Schock-Werner (2001), "Parler, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 73; (full text online)
- ^ Frankl, Paul (1960). "The Gothic: Literary Sources and Interpretations through Eight Centuries." Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 916.
- ^ Heideloff, Thoenes (1852): "The little Old German (Goth) or the foundations of the old German style of building: for use by Architects and Stonemasons, in particular for teaching establishments." Architectural Theory: From the Renaissance to the Present 89 Essays on 117 Treatises. (in English). B. Evers and C. Thoenes, Kunstbibliothek Berlin (eds). Cologne: Taschen GmbH (Reprint 2003). pp. 642–647. ISBN 978-3822816998.
- ^ Norbert Knopp (1974), "Jörg von Halsbach", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 10, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 459; (full text online)
- ^ Gurlitt, Conrad (1903): "Die Kunstdenkmäler Dresdens." Issues 21-23 of Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Sachsen C.C. Meinhold & Söhne. p. 12
- ^ Gothic and Renaissance art in Nuremberg, 1300-1550. Munich New York: Prestel-Verlag Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986. Print. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-87099-466-1
- ^ Klaus Mertens (1969), "Heilmann, Jakob", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 8, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 261–262; (full text online)
- ^ Walther Scheidig (1966), "Gromann, Nikolaus", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 7, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 125–126; (full text online)
- ^ Joseph Eduard Wessely (1894), "Sustris, Friedrich", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 37, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 195–196
- ^ Dorothea Diemer (1982), "Krumper, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 13, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 125–127; (full text online)
- ^ Gerhard Eimer (1955), "Block, Abraham", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 2, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 309–310; (full text online)
- ^ Robert Dohme (1880), "Holl, Elias", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 12, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 744–746
- ^ Norbert Lieb (1972), "Holl, Elias", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 9, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 531–532; (full text online)
- ^ Heinrich Gerhard Franz (1957), "Christoph Dientzenhofer", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 648–649; (full text online)
- ^ von Donop (1886), "Nering, Arnold", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 431–435
- ^ Dorothee Nehring (1999), "Nering, Arnold", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 19, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 64–65; (full text online)
- ^ nach älteren Quellen angeblich am 20. Mai 1664 in Hamburg als Sohn des Bildhauers Gerhart Schlüter geboren - Andreas Schlüter, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Bd. 55, Leipzig 1910, S. 184–194.
- ^ Heinrich Gerhard Franz (1957), "Dientzenhofer, Leonhard", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 651; (full text online)
- ^ "Breunig, Johann" in Landesbibliographie Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg State Statistics Office official site. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ Fritz Löffler, Das Alte Dresden: Geschichte seiner Bauten, 16th ed. Leipzig: Seemann, 2006, ISBN 978-3-86502-000-0 (in German)
- ^ Heinrich Gerhard Franz (1957), "Dientzenhofer, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 649; (full text online)
- ^ Paul Gautsch (1875), "Bähr, George", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 768
- ^ Otto Schubert (1953), "Bähr, George", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 518–519; (full text online)
- ^ Paul Beck (1900), "Zimmermann, Dominikus", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 45, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 254–256
- ^ Harriet Brinkmöller-Gandlau (1998). "Zimmermann, Dominikus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 14. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 489–492. ISBN 3-88309-073-5.
- ^ "Asam, Cosmas Damian". Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. K. G. Saur. 2016. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ Heinz Ladendorf (1957), "Dauthe, Johann Carl Friedrich", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 530–531; (full text online)
- ^ (in German) Christian Forster: Dauthe, Johann Carl Friedrich. In: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Band 24, Saur, München u. a. 1999, ISBN 3-598-22764-7, S. 401
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2008). "St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church at Hildesheim." Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ Herbert Rode (1964), "Gerhard", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 6, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 272–272
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2008). "Cologne Cathedral." Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ Klemm, Alfred (1887), "Parler", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 25, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 177–182
- ^ Schock-Werner, Barbara (2001), "Parler, Heinrich", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 70–71; (full text online)
- ^ Ultracobalt/sandbox/2 in the German National Library catalogue
- ^ Barbara Schock-Werner (2001), "Parler, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 73; (full text online)
- ^ Barbara Schock-Werner (2001), "Parler, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 73; (full text online)
- ^ Frankl, Paul (1960). "The Gothic: Literary Sources and Interpretations through Eight Centuries." Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 916.
- ^ Heideloff, Thoenes (1852): "The little Old German (Goth) or the foundations of the old German style of building: for use by Architects and Stonemasons, in particular for teaching establishments." Architectural Theory: From the Renaissance to the Present 89 Essays on 117 Treatises. (in English). B. Evers and C. Thoenes, Kunstbibliothek Berlin (eds). Cologne: Taschen GmbH (Reprint 2003). pp. 642–647. ISBN 978-3822816998.
- ^ Norbert Knopp (1974), "Jörg von Halsbach", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 10, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 459; (full text online)
- ^ Gurlitt, Conrad (1903): "Die Kunstdenkmäler Dresdens." Issues 21-23 of Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Sachsen C.C. Meinhold & Söhne. p. 12
- ^ Gothic and Renaissance art in Nuremberg, 1300-1550. Munich New York: Prestel-Verlag Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986. Print. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-87099-466-1
- ^ Klaus Mertens (1969), "Heilmann, Jakob", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 8, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 261–262; (full text online)
- ^ Walther Scheidig (1966), "Gromann, Nikolaus", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 7, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 125–126; (full text online)
- ^ Joseph Eduard Wessely (1894), "Sustris, Friedrich", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 37, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 195–196
- ^ Dorothea Diemer (1982), "Krumper, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 13, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 125–127; (full text online)
- ^ Gerhard Eimer (1955), "Block, Abraham", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 2, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 309–310; (full text online)
- ^ Robert Dohme (1880), "Holl, Elias", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 12, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 744–746
- ^ Norbert Lieb (1972), "Holl, Elias", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 9, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 531–532; (full text online)
- ^ Heinrich Gerhard Franz (1957), "Christoph Dientzenhofer", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 648–649; (full text online)
- ^ von Donop (1886), "Nering, Arnold", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 431–435
- ^ Dorothee Nehring (1999), "Nering, Arnold", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 19, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 64–65; (full text online)
- ^ nach älteren Quellen angeblich am 20. Mai 1664 in Hamburg als Sohn des Bildhauers Gerhart Schlüter geboren - Andreas Schlüter, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Bd. 55, Leipzig 1910, S. 184–194.
- ^ Heinrich Gerhard Franz (1957), "Dientzenhofer, Leonhard", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 651; (full text online)
- ^ "Breunig, Johann" in Landesbibliographie Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg State Statistics Office official site. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ Fritz Löffler, Das Alte Dresden: Geschichte seiner Bauten, 16th ed. Leipzig: Seemann, 2006, ISBN 978-3-86502-000-0 (in German)
- ^ Heinrich Gerhard Franz (1957), "Dientzenhofer, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 649; (full text online)
- ^ Paul Gautsch (1875), "Bähr, George", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 768
- ^ Otto Schubert (1953), "Bähr, George", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 518–519; (full text online)
- ^ Paul Beck (1900), "Zimmermann, Dominikus", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 45, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 254–256
- ^ Harriet Brinkmöller-Gandlau (1998). "Zimmermann, Dominikus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 14. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 489–492. ISBN 3-88309-073-5.
- ^ "Asam, Cosmas Damian". Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. K. G. Saur. 2016. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ Heinz Ladendorf (1957), "Dauthe, Johann Carl Friedrich", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 530–531; (full text online)
- ^ (in German) Christian Forster: Dauthe, Johann Carl Friedrich. In: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Band 24, Saur, München u. a. 1999, ISBN 3-598-22764-7, S. 401
- ^ Andreas Schätzke (2014): German Architects in Great Britain: Planning and Building in Exile 1933-1945. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 978-3936681758
- ^ "Nazi architecture" Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2006, p518.
- ^ Nerdinger, Winfried and Blohm, Katharina (eds). Architekturschule München 1868–1993. 125 Jahre Technische Universität München. (in German). München: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1993, ISBN 3-7814-0350-5, p. 105.
- ^ Stephenson, Charles (2006). The Channel Islands 1941–45: Hitler's Impregnable Fortress. Osprey Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-84176-921-9.
- ^ Ladd, Brian (1997), The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape, University of Chicago Press, pp. 142–143, ISBN 0-226-46762-7
