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Marshal South (born Roy Bennett Richards; 24 February 1889 – 22 October 1948) was an Australian-American author, poet, and artist. From 1930 to 1947, he lived with his wife[1] and three children on desolate Ghost Mountain in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, a so-called "experiment in primitive living" chronicled in 102 monthly columns for Desert Magazine. He was additionally the author of eight novels, alongside dozens of published poems, short stories, and essays.[2][3][4][5]

Early life

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Sketch of Roy Bennett Richards from the 25 May 1906 issue of the Port Augusta Dispatch

Roy Bennett Richards was born on 24 February 1889 in Glenelg, a seaside suburb of the Southern Australia capital Adelaide.[6] His parents were Annie Emma Richards (née Afford) of Adelaide, and Charles Bennett "Charlie" Richards; they had married on 6 August 1877, when she was 18 and he 29, with Silas Mead officiating.[7][8] Charlie Richards had married once before, when he was 20, resulting in two sons and ending in divorce in 1875.[7]

Charlie Richards was born in Wisconsin, but left as a nine year old when his father moved the family in search of better opportunities.[7] Richards became a sheep rancher;[7] The Adelaide Observer described him as "one of the pioneer pastoralists in the province",[9] and later remembered him as "a most energetic and fearless man among live stock".[10] When Richards took cattle out to the country for the first time, the Observer wrote,[note 1] one of his horses was killed, and Richards promptly roped a wild steer and harnessed it in the horse's place in the shafts of his wagon.[10] In another feat, reported by at least four newspapers—and testifying to his drive[7]—Richards took a team of ponies 320 miles over five days, including 120 miles on the final day; he claimed that he could have gone another 30 miles that day, if he desired.[12][13][14][15]

Though born outside Adelaide (possibly at his grandmother's house) Roy Richards grew up in the rural farming community Pandurra, on one of the many ranches that his father owned or leased.[7][16] Coming across nine-year-old Richards in 1898, member of parliament Thomas Burgoyne—at Pandurra with fellow members of the Pastoral Commission Lee Batchelor, Alexander Poynton, Laurence O'Loughlin, William Copley, and John George Bice—described him as a "small boy, distinctly of the Australian species, in age about ten, in stature appearing to be barely six, but in precocity of intellect something approaching closely to twenty years".[17] Asked if the elder Richards was expecting the party, his son, "eying one of the party who presented a robust and well-fed appearance, said, with a broad grin and a decided wink—'Well, I spect he does, for he's killed a calf an' a sheep.'"[17]

Writings

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Roy Richards began writing while young. His first publications appeared in the Port Augusta Dispatch, which professed "a considerable amount of pride" in the works of "our youthful contributor."[18][19] His 1904 short story A Terrible Christmas Eve may have been his first work to be published, appearing in print when he was 15.[20][7] This was followed in 1905 by at least four other short stories—A Dangerous Tale,[21] The Second Gun: The Story of a Great Revenge,[22] The Phantom Steamer!,[23] and The Valley of Death[24]—along with a political essay, The Peril of the Future, concerning the "Yellow Peril."[25]

Until his 1907 departure to the United States, Richards continued to publish short stories, poetry, and editorials in the Dispatch and occasionally in The Gadfly, an Adelaide weekly. These appeared under his own name as well as a number of pseudonyms,[18] including "A. B. C.," "Non Itchia," "Walking Man" and "Pedestrian."[19][26] Around this time Richards was also a student at St Peter's College, a prestigious boys' school in Adelaide; Richards left after 1906, perhaps due to his father's desire for him to work on a ranch.[27]

Departure from Australia

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"Public Notice" placed by C. B. (Charles Bennett) Richards offering a £20 reward for the return of his two sons, Norman and Roy.

Annie Richards fled her husband in 1907, taking Roy and his older brother Norman with her.[19] Roy Richards presaged the departure with a series of four letters to the Dispatch over the course of a month.[28][29][30][31] The third, published on 28 June, was an ode to himself;[19] "Bow to our Royal Richard now", he wrote, terming himself "a prophet without honor in his town".[30] Finally, on 12 July, Richards presented "Lines dedicated to 'Walking Man' nee 'Pedestrian,' on his departure from Port Augusta", concluding "Farewell, farewell, farewell, to thee, May thou die happy—so may we."[31] According to family history Roy Richards had wanted to pursue a writing career, and his father wished him to pursue a career on the ranch.[19] His parents' marriage may also have been difficult, as hinted at by his father's earlier divorce.[27] In any event, Annie, Norman, and Roy Richards took all the money they could find in the house, and left.[19]

After their departure, Charles Richards advertised widely in Adelaide papers, offering a £20 reward for their return; failing this, he offered the same reward "to the first person who gives me correct information of the person who escorted Mrs C. B. Richards to Saltia, on the morning of the 18th Sept., 1907, from the Greenbush Gaol, where she had been harboured for a time against my consent."[19] Fearful of being followed, Annie, Roy, and Norman Richards moved frequently for several years, possibly within California, before finally settling in Oceanside, California, in 1911.[32] From then on the family typically claimed to be from England, although Norman put his mother's birthplace as "New York" on his wedding certificate.[33] Norman changed his middle name from Afford—his mother's maiden name—to Allen; Annie listed herself as the widow of "W. C. Richards" rather than the wife of "C. B. Richards"; and Roy Bennett Richards became Benjamin Richards.[33]

Becoming Marshal: warrior poet

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Within a year of settling in Oceanside, Roy Richards was again writing, this time for several Los Angeles papers. Yet now he went by the name Benjamin Richards, and, in writing, by the pen name Marshal South. On 27 December 1913, the Oceanside Blade reported that a "poem by B. Richards who writes under the pseudonym of Marshal South, and entitled 'Lights of Vera Cruz,' appeared in the magazine section in last Sunday's Los Angeles Times".[34] The multiple meanings of "Marshal"—one who leads, one of high military rank, or a deputy—may have appealed to Richards.[33] The American West certainly did; his 1905 story A Dangerous Tale was set in Texas,[21] and as his biographer later noted, "[t]he only thing missing from his author photo on the back cover of Child of Fire, published in 1935, was a badge."[33] "South," likewise, may have been an invocation of the American Southwest, or perhaps of Australia, the southern land.[33] Richards continued writing as Marshal South, publishing some two dozen poems in the Los Angeles Times alone.[35] One, on the sinking of SMS Emden,[36] attracted the attention of the German ambassador, who wrote South a letter expressing his great interest in the poem.[37] Another, submitted to the Los Angeles Tribune, was deemed good enough to forward to The American Magazine,[38][39][40] where it received broader publicity.[41][42][43][44] His works also appeared in many other publications, such as the Blade.[35] The paper was enthusiastic: it began referring to Richards as "Oceanside's poet laureate,"[45] and regularly praised his contributions to it and other papers.[46][47]

At the same time, Richards was becoming more political and militaristic. A January 1915 poem, Beware!, reflected the looming specter of World War I in speaking to the "need [of] guns and the men to serve" to defend freedom.[48] Just months before, he had sought to do just what his prose suggested—"wake the sullen guns to greet the fray"—by calling for a display of military arms at the Hansen store (temporarily renamed "Fort Hansen") where he was a clerk.[46] For the occasion Richards provided what the Blade described as "a sword bayonet used in Maori war in New Zealand; spurs formerly used by a Mexican bandit who died with his boots on; and a luger pistol of great velocity used by European armies".[49][50] Richards next moved to organize the Oceanside Debating Club,[51][37] and shortly thereafter formed a local rifle club affiliated with the NRA.[52][53][54] "The Marshal is very military even in his titles", said the Blade;[55] in 1915, a year when various of South's works were entitled The Protest of the Dead, Prepare, and The Sword of Flame, the Blade had a new moniker for South: "a warrior poet."[56][57]

Richards continued with the debating and rifle clubs throughout the first half of 1915, but at the start of the year he shifted his attention to a third organization, the American Defense League.[58][59] "Safe at Last! Wow!" championed the Blaze upon its founding,[59] and quoted Richards as saying its mission was "to work for the awakening of public sentiment to a realization that an efficient preparation is the surest preventive of war".[60] Oceanside was Company A of a planned nationwide movement and Richards, who now claimed to be an "ex-officer in the British army",[60][61] assumed the role of president and the title of Captain;[62] in July he resigned from the rifle club, citing his increased work with the Defense League.[63][64] Richards and the Defense League led drills,[65] formed a magazine,[66][67][note 2] lectured,[70] and gained publicity.[62][71][72] On his visit to the Panama–California Exposition in San Diego, former president Theodore Roosevelt met with Richards, telling him that "I am proud as an American that you have started this league".[73] Richards presented Roosevelt with a copy of his poem Welcome, printed in the San Diego Sun on the day of Roosevelt's arrival;[73][74] a year later Richards mailed another poem to Roosevelt, receiving a personal thank you note in return.[75] At the end of 1915 the defense league announced that it was joining forces with a San Diego group and moving its headquarters there.[76] The Oceanside group became a branch organization, and Richards transitioned into the role of special national representative and organizer.[76]

By the end of 1914 the Blade had begun referring to Richards as Marshal South with increasing frequency.[46] In November, it asked in jest "whether he has chosen wisely in writing under the name of Marshal South", and suggested that "for those who wish to achieve any success in public life the best kind of name is one that consists of a dactyl and a spondee".[77] Richards responded in the next issue that "the name 'Marshal South' is not, as [your correspondent] evidently supposes, an idly assumed nom de plume. On the contrary the name is an hereditary designation which has been in the family of the writer many years. The name is an hereditary one, which certain inidviduals [sic] of the family are privileged to assume under certain conditions with the somewhat sinister crest which accompanies it. Those who have borne the name in the past in various countries have not been numerous, and have beeen [sic] separated by wide intervals of time, but their deeds have been not altogether unnoticed in their time and generation. A previous bearer of the name very ably assisted Sir Henry Morgan in the sack of Panama and managed to leave behind him an interesting record."[78] The Blade soon dropped mention of Richards from its pages, referring to him almost exclusively by his chosen name, Marshal South.[79][note 3]

Around the summer of 1916, South was selected by the draft.[87][88]

Publications

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Books

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Between 1935 and 1948, South saw eight books published.[89] Each "follow[ed] a basic formula, differing only in the setting and the characters. There was always a treasure, a damsel in distress, a hero with sterling qualities that prevailed over the villains and won the heart of the damsel, and all the books were cliffhangers."[90]

  • South, Marshal (1935). Child of Fire. London: John Long.
  • South, Marshal (1935). Flame of Terrible Valley. London: John Long.
  • South, Marshal (1936). Juanita of the Border Country. London: John Long.
  • South, Marshal (1936). Gunsight. London: John Long.
  • South, Marshal (1943). Robbery Range. London: World's Works.
  • South, Marshal (1944). Tiburon: the Isle of the Shark. London: World's Works.
  • South, Marshal (1944). Gold of the Gods. London: John Long.
  • South, Marshal (1948). The Curse of the Sightless Fish. London: World's Works.

South also had a children's book, The Book of Ona: Desert Child, rejected by Farrar & Rinehart in 1939.[91]

Poetry

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In addition to his column in Desert Magazine, South published more than 50 poems, 10 or 11 magazine articles and stories, and 29 newspaper articles, essays and stories.[91]

  • Richards, Roy B. (7 December 1906). "A Horrible Catastrophe". Original Poetry. The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Reprinted: Richards, Roy B. (27 November 1907). "A Horrible Catastrophe (for The Gadfly)". The Gadfly. Adelaide. p. 12. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Based on a news article. See, e.g., "Millions of Bacilli: Adrift in a Hospital". The Express and Telegraph. Vol. XLIII, no. 12, 959. Adelaide. 28 November 1906. p. 4. Open access icon; "Millions of Bacilli: Adrift in a Hospital". The Advertiser. Vol. XLIX, no. 15, 012. Adelaide. 28 November 1906. p. 7. Open access icon
  • Richards, Roy B. (1 February 1907). "The Coming of the Yellow Man: A Parable". Original Poetry. The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 4. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (21 June 1907). "Which May be Felt". Original Poetry. The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (28 June 1907). "Which May be Felt". The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (5 July 1907). "Which May be Felt". The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (12 July 1907). "Which May be Felt". The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • "Intervention". Los Angeles Tribune. Los Angeles. 7 May 1912.
  • "The Lights of Vera Cruz". Los Angeles Times Illustrated Weekly. Los Angeles. 20 December 1913.
Reprinted: South, Marshal (14 January 1914). "The Lights of Vera Cruz". Oceanside Record. Vol. 1, no. 35. Oceanside, California. p. 5. Open access icon
  • "The Song of the Sea". Los Angeles Times Illustrated Weekly. Los Angeles. 28 February 1914.
  • "Dreams". Los Angeles Times Illustrated Weekly. Los Angeles. 25 April 1914.
  • South, Marshal (30 April 1914). "The Ancient Truth". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (2 May 1914). "Lines Inspired by a Public Fountain". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 18. Oceanside, California. p. 3. Open access icon
  • "Red War". Los Angeles Times Illustrated Weekly. Los Angeles. 12 September 1914.
  • "Finis". Los Angeles Times Illustrated Weekly. Los Angeles. 26 September 1914.
Reprinted: South, Marshal (3 October 1914). "Finis". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 40. Oceanside, California. p. 2. Open access icon
  • "The Fall of the Gods". Los Angeles Times Illustrated Weekly. Los Angeles. 31 October 1914.
Reprinted: South, Marshal (7 November 1914). "The Fall of the Gods". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 34. Oceanside, California. p. 2. Open access icon
  • South, Marshal (14 November 1914). "The Mystery". Los Angeles Times Illustrated Weekly. Los Angeles.
Reprinted: South, Marshal (21 November 1914). "The Mystery". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 48. Oceanside, California. p. 2. Open access icon; South, Marshal (2 December 1914). "The Mystery". Worth Passing Along. The San Bernardino County Sun. Vol. XLI, no. 80. San Bernardino, California. p. 4. Open access icon; South, Marshal (5 December 1914). "The Mystery". Stockton Record. Vol. XLI, no. 80. San Stockton, California. p. 2. Open access icon
  • South, Marshal (15 November 1914). "The Emden". Los Angeles Sunday Times. Los Angeles. p. 10 (part IIIa). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • "Farewell, 'Bobs'". Los Angeles Tribune. Los Angeles. 24 November 1914.
  • South, Marshal (7 January 1915). "Beware!". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Reprinted: South, Marshal (5 April 1916). "Beware". Worth Passing Along. The San Bernardino County Sun. San Bernardino, California. p. 4. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (30 January 1915). "The Protest of the Dead". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Reprinted: South, Marshal (6 February 1915). "The Protest of the Dead". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 6. Oceanside, California. p. 1. Open access icon
  • South, Marshal (2 May 1915). "The Shadow". Los Angeles Sunday Times. Los Angeles. p. 12 (part IV). Open access icon
Reprinted: South, Marshal (6 May 1915). "The Shadow". Riverside Daily Press. Vol. XXX, no. 108. Riverside, California. p. 2. Open access icon; South, Marshal (8 May 1915). "The Shadow". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 319. Oceanside, California. p. 1. Open access icon
  • "The Sea Wind". Los Angeles Times Illustrated Weekly. Los Angeles. 26 June 1915.
  • "Welcome". San Diego Sun. San Diego. 26 July 1915.
  • South, Marshal (21 August 1915). "The Traitors". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Reprinted: South, Marshal (28 August 1914). "The Traitors". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 35. Oceanside, California. p. 6. Open access icon
  • Name given as "Marshall South"
  • South, Marshal (18 December 1915). "The Message". Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 51. Oceanside, California. p. 1.
  • "Prepare". Army & Navy Call. 25 December 1915.
  • South, Marshal (7 March 1916). "Revised National Anthem. (Respectfully Submitted for the Consideration of the Anti-Preparedness Party)". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  • South, Marshal (15 March 1916). "America". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • "The Nation's Call: To Theodore Roosevelt". May 1916.
  • South, Marshal (1 May 1916). "If—". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (14 May 1916). "The Battle Fleet". Los Angeles Sunday Times. Los Angeles. p. 19 (part III). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (4 June 1916). "Rumors". Los Angeles Sunday Times. Los Angeles. p. 21 (part III). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (14 June 1916). "The Spirit of Preparedness". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 1 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (8 September 1916). "The Last March". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (22 September 1916). "Song of a Rebel". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • "The California Sequoias". San Diego Union. San Diego. 8 October 1916.
  • "Not Now". Douglas Daily Dispatch. Douglas, AZ. 26 October 1916.
  • South, Marshal (March 1917). "The Submarine". Forum. p. 300. ProQuest 90838527. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (April 1917). "Peace". Forum. pp. 391–393. ProQuest 90815197. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (May 1917). "Ruin". Forum. pp. 609–610. ProQuest 90874120. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (August 1917). "Nemesis". Forum. pp. 143–144. ProQuest 90870889. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • "Futility". The Evening Tribune. 2 December 1922.
  • "The Adventurers". Fawcett's Triple-X Pioneer Stories. June 1926. p. 156.
  • South, Marshal (20 August 1926). "Down By Ojinaga Way". The Alpine Avalanche. Vol. XXXVI, no. 33. Alpine, Texas. p. 1.
  • Name given as "Marshall South". Reprinted: South, Marshal (9 August 1927). "Down By Ojinaga Way". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 36. Oceanside, California. p. 12.; South, Marshal (25 January 1929). "Down By Ojinaga Way". The Williamson County Sun. Vol. LI, no. 38. Georgetown, Texas. p. 7.; South, Marshal (17 January 1930). "Down By Ojinaga Way". The Morning Republican. Vol. XLIV, no. 98. Findlay, Ohio. p. 12.
  • "In Memory's Keeping". Top-Notch Magazine. Vol. LXVII, no. 5. 1 October 1926. p. 71.
  • "The Colorado River". Western Story Magazine. Vol. LXXI, no. 2. 30 July 1927. p. 120.
  • "The Mexican Line". Western Story Magazine. Vol. LXXIII, no. 2. 22 October 1927. p. 112.
  • "Moctezuma". Western Story Magazine. Vol. LXXIX, no. 2. 30 June 1928. p. 132.
  • "Not for Sale". Western Story Magazine. Vol. LXXIX, no. 5. 21 July 1928. p. 108.
  • "The Old Border Towns". Western Story Magazine. Vol. LXXX, no. 4. 25 August 1928. p. 118.
  • "Old Indian Trails". June 1931.
  • "When Rita Rides the Range". Ranch Romances. Vol. LXIII, no. 2. 6 September 1935.
  • "Memories (To my old pal, E. W. King, 'Don Edmundo')". Presidio News. 22 October 1937.
  • "On the Mexican Line". Ranch Romances. Vol. 76, no. 4. November 1937.
  • "Moonrise on the Desert". Westways. February 1938.
  • "Marshal South's Page—Wind". The Desert Spotlight. Vol. II, no. 10. September 1947. p. 2.
  • "Marshal South's Page—Light Upon the Mountain". The Desert Spotlight. Vol. II, no. 11. October 1947. p. 6.
  • "Marshal South's Page—Desert Ghosts". The Desert Spotlight. Vol. III, no. 1. November 1947. p. 7.

Newspaper articles

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Reprinted: Richards, Roy B. (15 February 1907). "Vengeance". The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (27 February 1907). "A Modern Fairy Tale (for The Gadfly)". The Gadfly. Adelaide. p. 18. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (22 March 1907). "A Question of Proportion". To the Editor. The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Non Itchia Sed Cacoethes Scribendi (12 April 1907). "The Pace at Funerals: To the Editor". Open Column. The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (19 April 1907). "To the Editor". Open Column. The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (14 June 1907). "Which May be Felt". Open Column. The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 2.
  • Richards, Roy B. (14 June 1907). "The Reflections of a Modern Philosopher on Man". Open Column. The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Roy B. (23 October 1908). "Modern Fairy Tales". The Port Augusta Dispatch. Port Augusta. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (12 April 1916). "The Rule of Power". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles. p. 4 (part II). Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • South, Marshal (20 April 1924). "A Southern Novel (review)". Los Angeles Sunday Times. Los Angeles. p. III: 35. Open access icon

Magazine pieces

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Desert Magazine

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  • Republished as South, Marshal (August 1962). "The Diary's First Page". Desert. Vol. 25, no. 8. Palm Desert, California: Desert Magazine, Inc. pp. 28–30. Open access icon

Works by Tanya South

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  • Credited to Tanya South, but stylistically similar to Marshal South's poetry and probably written by him.[92]
  • Credited to Tanya South, but stylistically similar to Marshal South and probably written by him.[92]
  • Credited to Tanya South, but stylistically similar to Marshal South and probably written by him.[92]

Notes

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  1. ^ Norman Richardson, the Observer journalist,[10] repeated the story in his 1925 book The Pioneers of the North-West of South Australia: 1856 to 1914.[11]
  2. ^ In March 1915, Richards announced that a monthly magazine titled Defense would serve as the official organ of the American Defense League.[66] When launched in January of the following year it was instead titled Army and Navy Call.[67] The inaugural (and perhaps only) issue included a poem by Richards, Prepare.[67] In July 1915 Richards and Out West Magazine also announced that the magazine's next number would include a section edited by Richards and "devoted to the interests of the American Defense League",[68][69] but the succeeding issues do not in fact contain such a section.
  3. ^ An exception came in a series of 1916 columns by "J. T. Van Rensslaer," the James T. Van Rensselaer who joined Richards in the Oceanside Debating Club and who served as vice president of the American Defense League.[59][80][81] In January Van Rensselaer wrote that he had "been deposed, without our knowledge of consent, by Marshal Napoleon South, from the position of vice president of the American Defense League".[81] He followed this up in July by declining an invitation "to usher with Marshal South at the performance of 'Kitshi Manido,'" because "[t]o match our modest self against such commanding presence, military air and poetical atmosphere would be to make us look like thirty cents. No, B. Napoleon Richards, when it comes to ushering, ye must flock by yourself."[82] In September he wrote cryptically that "[w]e discovered Marshal South, and see what happend [sic]";[83] three weeks later he quoted a "letter from Field Marshal Napoleon B. Richards South"—then serving in Arizona—which, Van Rensselaer wrote, said "please advise me as to the hidden significance of your lately published words which state 'I discovered Marshal South, and see what happened.' This hath a sinister ring. By mine Halidome, what meanest thou?"[84] Van Rensselaer responded by saying that "[i]f we only had the Marshal's halidome here, whatever that may be, we should very quickly explain. Perhaps 'tis well the desert separates us, B. Richards."[84] The comments were possibly in jest; a year earlier, a writer in the same column—running with no byline—declared that "[t]he Marshal and ourselves are warm personal friends poetcial [sic] rivals, and intellectual enemies."[85] Likewise, in 1918 the column published, again with no byline, that "[w]e are pleased to note that our ancient enemy, Ben Alias Napoleon Marshal South has had the good sense to marry an Arizona lass. At heart we have never forgiven Mr. Richards for writing such excellent poetry. However we wish every happiness to him and the Empress Josephine Marshal South especially as Mr. Ben always proved himself to be a clean, honorable and splendid citizen."[86]

References

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  1. ^ "Marriage Licenses". Santa Ana Register. Vol. XVIII, no. 88. Santa Ana, California. 9 March 1923. p. 3. Open access icon
  2. ^ Lindsay 2005.
  3. ^ Lindsay.
  4. ^ Dezert Magazine 2014.
  5. ^ Shippey 1947.
  6. ^ Lindsay 2005, pp. 2–3.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Lindsay 2005, p. 3.
  8. ^ "Richards—Afford". Monthly Summary of Births Marriages, and Deaths: Marriages. The South Australian Register. Vol. XLII, no. 9, 590. Adelaide. 9 August 1877. pp. 15–16. Open access icon
  9. ^ Gordon, David John (1 December 1894). "Our Pastoral Lands. Westward Ho! with Legislators. A Visit to Some of the 1888 Country. Its Present Condition and Prospects". General News. The Adelaide Observer. Vol. LI, no. 2, 774. Adelaide. p. 43. Open access icon
  10. ^ a b c Richardson, Norman (23 February 1924). "North and North-West of Port Augusta: Stations and their Owners, VII". The Adelaide Observer. Adelaide. p. 46. Open access icon
  11. ^ Richardson 1925, p. 32.
  12. ^ "A Record Drive". The Port Augusta Dispatch. Vol. XXVI, no. 1, 640. Port Augusta. 26 September 1902. p. 2. Open access icon
  13. ^ "Fast Ponies". The Country. The Register. Vol. LXVII, no. 17, 434. Adelaide. 29 September 1902. p. 8. Open access icon
  14. ^ "Crumbs". The Evening Journal. Vol. XXXV, no. 9, 899. Adelaide. 29 September 1902. p. 1. Open access icon
  15. ^ "Fast Ponies". The Observer Country Supplement. The Adelaide Observer. Vol. LIX, no. 3, 183. Adelaide. 4 October 1902. p. 1. Open access icon
  16. ^ "Vermin-Proof Fencing with the Pandurra District Board". Farm and Station. The Adelaide Observer. Vol. LVI, no. 2, 996. Adelaide. 4 March 1899. p. 2. Open access icon
  17. ^ a b Burgoyne, Thomas (23 April 1898). "The Gawler Range Country: Trip of the Pastoral Commission". The Adelaide Observer. Vol. LV, no. 2, 951. Adelaide. pp. 2–3. Open access icon
  18. ^ a b Port Augusta Dispatch 1905.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Lindsay 2005, p. 4.
  20. ^ Richards 1904.
  21. ^ a b Richards 1905a.
  22. ^ Richards 1905b.
  23. ^ Richards 1905c.
  24. ^ Richards 1905e.
  25. ^ Richards 1905d.
  26. ^ Lindsay 2005, p. 299.
  27. ^ a b Lindsay 2005, pp. 3–4.
  28. ^ Richards 1907a.
  29. ^ Richards 1907b.
  30. ^ a b Richards 1907c.
  31. ^ a b Richards 1907d.
  32. ^ Lindsay 2005, p. 5.
  33. ^ a b c d e Lindsay 2005, p. 6.
  34. ^ "Little Events of the Week in Oceanside and Vicinity: The Daily Happenings and Doings of Townspeople and Strangers as Reported to the Blade Told in Brief". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXXIV, no. 52. Oceanside, California. 27 December 1913. p. 3. Open access icon
  35. ^ a b Lindsay 2005, pp. 299–300.
  36. ^ South 1914. sfn error: multiple targets (11×): CITEREFSouth1914 (help)
  37. ^ a b "Little Events of the Week in Oceanside and Vicinity: The Daily Happenings and Doings of Townspeople and Strangers as Reported to the Blade Told in Brief". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 49. Oceanside, California. 5 December 1914. p. 3. Open access icon
  38. ^ South 1915b.
  39. ^ "Work of Oceanside Poet is Appearing in Magazine". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 45. Oceanside, California. 6 November 1915. p. 1. Open access icon
  40. ^ "L. A. Tribune Pays Local Poet Tribute: Mr. South's Recent Poem 'Progress' Is Being Complimented And Copied Widely". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 46. Oceanside, California. 12 November 1915. p. 2. Open access icon
  41. ^ "Prize Speaking at E.H.H.S.: Excellent Programme at School's Annual Elocution Contest". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Vol. 76, no. 71. Brooklyn, New York. 12 March 1916. p. **3. Open access icon
  42. ^ "South's Poem a Winner". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVII, no. 13. Oceanside, California. 25 March 1916. p. 1. Open access icon
  43. ^ "Moosa Musihgs [sic]". Brief Newsy Notes from our Country Correspondents: Items of Local Interest Gathered Up During the Week Condensed for the Benefit of the Readers of the Blade. The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 48. Oceanside, California. 27 November 1915. p. 4. Open access icon
  44. ^ "Fallbrook Fancies". Brief Newsy Notes from our Country Correspondents: Items of Local Interest Gathered Up During the Week Condensed for the Benefit of the Readers of the Blade. The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 49. Oceanside, California. 4 December 1915. p. 4. Open access icon
  45. ^ "Oceanside Intellectuals are Greatly Worried over 'Finis': Is it Poetical Idealism or Decadent Naturalism When Poet Richards Asks That No Monument Attest His Past and Wishes His Ashes to Redden the Glow of Tropic Dawns". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 42. Oceanside, California. 17 October 1914. p. 1. Open access icon
  46. ^ a b c Lindsay 2005, p. 7.
  47. ^ "Little Events of the Week in Oceanside and Vicinity: The Daily Happenings and Doings of Townspeople and Strangers as Reported to the Blade Told in Brief". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 45. Oceanside, California. 7 November 1914. p. 3. Open access icon
  48. ^ South 1915a.
  49. ^ "Fort 'Hansen' well Stocked with Arms: Some are Rather Antiquated but the Array of War Relics Worth Seeing". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 38. Oceanside, California. 19 September 1914. p. 3. Open access icon
  50. ^ "A Cat Was Cause of Recent Mobilization of Fire-Arms". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 39. Oceanside, California. 26 September 1914. p. 1. Open access icon
  51. ^ "Little Events of the Week in Oceanside and Vicinity: The Daily Happenings and Doings of Townspeople and Strangers as Reported to the Blade Told in Brief". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 48. Oceanside, California. 28 November 1914. p. 3. Open access icon
  52. ^ "Local Rifle Club Orders New Rifles: Sixteen Krags With Ammunition Soon To Be In Use For Target Practice". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 14. Oceanside, California. 3 April 1915. p. 2. Open access icon
  53. ^ "Debating Society is Becoming Popular: Last Meeting Was Well Attended And Excellent Addresses Were Order of Evening". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 52. Oceanside, California. 26 December 1914. p. 1. Open access icon
  54. ^ "Attention, Marksmen, Attend this Meeting!: Organization of Rifle Club will be Completed Monday Night". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 1. Oceanside, California. 2 January 1915. p. 3. Open access icon
  55. ^ "Little Events of the Week in Oceanside and Vicinity: The Daily Happenings and Doings of Townspeople and Strangers as Reported to the Blade Told in Brief". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 1. Oceanside, California. 2 January 1915. p. 3. Open access icon
  56. ^ "Little Events of the Week in Oceanside and Vicinity: The Daily Happenings and Doings of Townspeople as Reported to the Blade Told in Brief". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 5. Oceanside, California. 30 January 1915. p. 3. Open access icon
  57. ^ Lindsay 2005, p. 8.
  58. ^ "For National Defense". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 50. Oceanside, California. 12 December 1914. p. 1. Open access icon
  59. ^ a b c "Safe at Last! Wow!". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 3. Oceanside, California. 16 January 1915. p. 3. Open access icon
  60. ^ a b "Defense League Advertises City Of Oceanside". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 15. Oceanside, California. 10 April 1915. p. 2. Open access icon
  61. ^ "Defense League an Active Body". Oceanside Register. Vol. I, no. 19. Oceanside, California. 2 July 1915. p. 5. Open access icon
  62. ^ a b "Oceanside Citizen Receiving Much Publicity". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 28. Oceanside, California. 10 July 1915. p. 6. Open access icon
  63. ^ "Rifle Club Meeting". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 27. Oceanside, California. 3 July 1915. p. 6. Open access icon
  64. ^ "Select New Rifle Range". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 28. Oceanside, California. 10 July 1915. p. 1. Open access icon
  65. ^ "Co. A has Taste of Genuine Soldiering: Sentries Pace Beats Through the Long Night at Encinitas". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 17. Oceanside, California. 24 April 1915. p. 1. Open access icon
  66. ^ a b "Plan to Publish Brand New Magazine: "Defense" Will be Name of Proposed Organ of National Defense League". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 13. Oceanside, California. 27 March 1915. p. 1. Open access icon
  67. ^ a b c "Defense League Issues New Official Magazine". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVII, no. 2. Oceanside, California. 8 January 1916. p. 1. Open access icon
  68. ^ "Marshal South Will Push Pen On "Out West"". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 28. Oceanside, California. 10 July 1915. p. 1. Open access icon
  69. ^ "Voice of the West". Out West Magazine. Vol. XLI, no. 6. June 1915. pp. 255–256. Open access icon
  70. ^ "Company "A" Benefit was a Great Success". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 8. Oceanside, California. 20 February 1915. p. 3. Open access icon
  71. ^ "Prof. Dickson Compliments Capt. of Co. A. Defense League". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 20. Oceanside, California. 10 April 1915. p. 1. Open access icon
  72. ^ "Would Offer U.S. Automobile Battery: Marshal South Heads Move to Raise Funds for Armored Auto Mounted with a Machine Gun". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVII, no. 28. Oceanside, California. 8 July 1916. p. 1. Open access icon
  73. ^ a b "Roosevelt Commends the Defense League: Organisation Headed By Oceanside Man is Heartily Praised By Colonel". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 31. Oceanside, California. 31 July 1915. p. 1. Open access icon
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  75. ^ "T. R. Appreciates Work Of Poet Marshal South". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVII, no. 23. Oceanside, California. 10 June 1916. p. 1. Open access icon
  76. ^ a b "Defense League has New Headquarters: Organization Consolidates with San Diego Body and will Move to County Seat". The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXVI, no. 52. Oceanside, California. 25 December 1915. p. 1. Open access icon
  77. ^ "Fallbrook". Brief Newsy Notes from our Country Correspondents: Items of Local Interest Gathered Up During the Week Condensed for the Benefit of the Readers of the Blade. The Oceanside Blade. Vol. XXV, no. 48. Oceanside, California. 28 November 1914. p. 4. Open access icon
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  79. ^ Lindsay 2005, pp. 8–9.
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  87. ^ Lindsay 2005, p. 12.
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  89. ^ Arnold & Hay 2008.
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  91. ^ a b Lindsay 2005, p. 302.
  92. ^ a b c Lindsay 2005, p. 25.

Bibliography

[edit]

C. B. Richards notices

[edit]
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (16 September 1908). "Personal Advertisements". The Express and Telegraph. Adelaide. p. 1. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (5 November 1908). "Personal Advertisements". The Advertiser. Adelaide. p. 8. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (5 November 1908). "Personal Advertisements". The Express and Telegraph. Adelaide. p. 1. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (7 November 1908). "Public Notices". Evening Journal. Adelaide. p. 8. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (12 December 1908). "Public Notices". Evening Journal. Adelaide. p. 8. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (12 December 1908). "Public Notices". Observer. Adelaide. p. 28. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (27 August 1909). "£25 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (17 September 1909). "£20 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 5. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (1 October 1909). "£20 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (8 October 1909). "£20 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (12 November 1909). "£20 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (3 December 1909). "£20 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (10 December 1909). "£20 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (17 December 1909). "£20 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 4. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  • Richards, Charles Bennett (24 December 1909). "£20 Reward". Port Augusta Dispatch. Adelaide. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
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