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The violet-bellied hummingbird is a species of hummingbird characterized by the male's shimmering violet belly[1].
Taxonomy and Systematics[edit]
| Violet-bellied hummingbird | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Genus: | Chlorestes |
| Species: | C. julie
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| Binomial name | |
| Chlorestes julie McGuire et al. 2014; Stiles et al. 2017b; SACC 781; NACC 2020-A-03, 2020-D-01
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| Synonyms | |
|
Juliamyia julie, Damophila julie | |
The scientific name of this bird is currently Chlorestes julie, however, it was previously described as Juliamyia julie[2]. Its genus being Chlorestes which is in the hummingbird family: Trochilidae[3]. This family belongs to the order Apodiformes which includes hummingbirds and swifts[4]. Within this species rank are three subspecies: panamensis, julie, and feliciana[1]. Each are only separated by very minute features. Chlorestes julie panamensis occurs in Panama and has a head the same dull metallic green color as its back[2]. Chlorestes julie julie and feliciana both have a brilliant green metallic back although julie has a shorter bill (14.5 mm) and a bluer belly whereas feliciana has a longer bill (15.1 mm) and a more violet belly[2]. While julie occurs in Northern Columbia, feliciana occurs in western Ecuador and the extremely northwestern parts of Peru[1].
Description[edit]
The violet-bellied hummingbird is characterized by the male's shimmering violet belly[1]. The rest of its body is just as brilliant; its back and crown being a metallic green[1]. The violet belly, however, is not shared between the sexes as this species exhibits sexual dimorphism[5]. The characteristics they do share include long, rounded tails, straight and short bills, and pink lower mandibles[5][1].
Plumage[edit]
Adult:
- The male violet-bellied hummingbird is more brightly colored than its female counterpart[1]. Its breast and belly is a violet blue while its back, crown, and throat is a metallic green[1]. While the rump is more of a bronze green[1]. The retrices are a blue black while the belly and undertail coverts are a dull black with a blue/green sheen[1]. Around the tibia are white tufts which are framed by partly white spots on its belly[1]. The feathers on its wings are dusky with a purple sheen[1]. On average males are 7.5 cm long and weigh 3.4 g[6][1].
- The female violet-bellied hummingbird is more dull than its male counterpart[1]. Though its back, crown, and throat, is a similar metallic bronze green, its belly is a pale gray rather than a bright violet[1]. Its rump and uppertail coverts are more bronze than green while undertail coverts are a dull brown gray[1]. The retrices can also be a blue black or a blueish green, and the outer retrices are tipped with pale gray[1]. Similar to the males, the females' wings are dusky with a purple sheen[1]. Commonly in subspecies panamensis, the sides of the throat may be spotted with metallic green[1]. On average females are 7 cm long and weigh 3.0 g[1][6].
Juvenile plumage has only been documented for immature males. They appear similar to an adult female although they may have some patches of violet on their belly or a sparkling green foreneck[1][5].
The molt pattern of this species is also yet to be described.
Audio[edit]
Similar species[edit]
Violet-bellied hummingbirds are very easily confused with woodnymphs[1]. The green crowned woodnymph, in particular, has a similar color and shape and their ranges overlap[7]. To tell them apart, you must check their size, color, and tail; violet-bellied hummingbirds are smaller, their backs are green instead of violet, and their tails are rounded, not notched[1]. Green crowned woodnymphs also have a violet forecrown[1]. Another similar species is the Sapphire-throated Hummingbird because of its colors[1]. However, it has a blue throat, a green belly, and a notched tail[1].
Distribution and Habitat[edit]
Violet-bellied hummingbirds are found in central Panama, through Columbia, extending to southwestern Ecuador and the extreme northwestern point of Peru[1]. Different subspecies have different habitats within this range (see Taxonomy and Systematics section). None of which experience seasonal migration[1]. This species is present in the understory of humid deciduous forests, forest edges, and regrowth forests[1].
Behavior and Ecology[edit]
Breeding[edit]
As with many species of hummingbirds, violet-bellied hummingbirds seem to be polygynous[1]. Males mate with multiple females and attract them by singing on perches about 1-10 m high[1]. They may also fly in a 'u' shape in front of the females[8]. However, after mating, they leave the female to rear the young[8]. Individuals do not mate for life nor do they aggregate in flocks[8].
The females are responsible for creating nests and rearing the young[8]. She creates a nest from plant fibers, animal hair and feathers in a shrub or a tree, approximately 1.2 to 4.2 m above ground[8][1]. She will then incubate the clutch of two white eggs, each 8 by 13 mm[1]. Incubation lasts 15 days followed by a 20-22 day nestling period[1]. The chicks are altricial when they hatch and thus rely on their mother to feed and defend them[8]. If successful, violet-bellied hummingbirds go on to live for approximately 4.2 years[9].
Food and Feeding[edit]
Violet-bellied hummingbirds are primarily considered nectarivorous but may more accurately be called omnivorous[1]. They consume nectar from plants in the Rubiaceae, Ericaceae, Gesneriaceae (Besleria), and Fabaceae (Inga) families[1]. They also eat small arthropods, as do many other species of hummingbirds[1]. Males may defend their feeding territory from other males and large insects[8]. Although violet-bellied hummingbirds do not form flocks, they may congregate at fruit trees and feeders[7]. The violet-bellied hummingbird's predators are not known.
Threats[edit]
According to their IUCN Red List conservation status of least concern, the violet-bellied hummingbird does not seem to be threatened[9]. They are tolerant to disturbed areas such as forest edges[1].
In Culture[edit]
Tourists and locals alike may join in Bird watching tours around Panama where the violet-bellied hummingbird is on of the featured birds[10].
Status[edit]
The violet-bellied hummingbird is assessed as least concern by the IUCN Red List conservation status[9]. Their population remains large and they have a wide distribution[9].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Schulenberg, Thomas S. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.), "Violet-bellied Hummingbird (Juliamyia julie)", Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, doi:10.2173/bow.vibhum1.01, retrieved 2020-10-11
- ^ a b c Ridgway, Robert (1881). Nomenclature of North American birds chiefly contained in the United States National Museum. Washington,: Govt. Print. Off.,.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020-03-04). "Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.trochi1.01.
- ^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (2003). "Roseovarius halocynthiae, Aliiroseovarius halocynthiae, Pseudoroseovarius halocynthiae". The NamesforLife Abstracts.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c "Avise's Birds of the World". avise-birds.bio.uci.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
- ^ a b Ridgley, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2003). "The Birds of Ecuador". The Auk. 120 (2): 562–568. doi:10.2307/4090213. ISSN 0004-8038.
- ^ a b Athanas, Nick; Greenfield, Paul J. (2016-12-31). Birds of Western Ecuador: A Photographic Guide. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400880706. ISBN 978-1-4008-8070-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Violet-bellied Hummingbirds | Beauty of Birds". www.beautyofbirds.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
- ^ a b c d IUCN (2016). "Juliamyia julie: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". BirdLife International. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.
- ^ "Panama Bird Watching Tours". justadventures24. Retrieved 2020-10-13.