User:Whimspeck/sandbox

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Datafication[edit]

Datafication is a technological trend turning many aspects of our life into data which is subsequently rendered into information realised as a new form of value.[1] Kenneth Cukier and Viktor Mayer-Schönberger introduced the term datafication to the broader lexicon in 2013.[1] Up until this time, datafication had been associated with the analysis of representations of our lives captured through data, but not on the present scale. This change was primarily due to the impact of big data and the computational opportunities afforded to predictive analytics. The drastic proliferation of smartphones and wearable technologies enabled the capacity to track and render detailed societal interactions into quantified data.[2] Before then, detailed collection and analysis of societal interactions were previously observed via qualitative methods.[2] The value rendered from the process of datafication holds form as a commodity and, in some cases, an online currency.[3]

Examples[edit]

Datafication of emotion in marketing research[edit]

Self-reporting on social media and the prevalence of shared personal details have led to market research companies adopting methods of data scraping to obtain and create detailed profiles of groups of users that can relate to their sentiments toward social issues, political leaning, products and services.[3] The findings and resulting profiles can then be used or sold to assist companies or organizations in understanding reaching their target market or clientele.[4]

Datafication within human resources[edit]

Data obtained from mobile phones, apps or social media usage can be used to identify potential employees and their specific characteristics such as generating a risk taking and personality profile, rather than using traditional personality tests or exams that measure analytical thinking.[5][6] These methods have replaced some existing exam provider operations, typically used for recruitment to identify potential employees, as well as the pre-existing personality measures and their future development.[5][2]

Street lamps in Amsterdam have been upgraded to allow municipal councils to dim the lights based on pedestrian usage.[7]

Smart Cities[edit]

Datafication is used in smart cities from data collected by sensors that are implemented into the city. This enables the tracking of arising issues such as transportation congestion, waste management, logistics and energy generation and consumption in real-time.[8][9] Sensors that measure air and water quality can obtain a detailed understanding of pollution levels and may enable new environmental regulations based on real-time data.[8]

Impact and issues[edit]

Cambridge Analytica[edit]

In the Cambridge Analytica scandal surrounding the 2016 US presidential election, US marketing firm Cambridge Analytica illegitimately acquired data from millions of unknowing Facebook users and used it to contribute to former US President Donald Trump’s 2016 election campaign.[10][11][12] Enacted by displaying selected news articles and content to some users and different or opposing content to others.[13] The scandal sparked debate and awareness on the lack of privacy protection on social media and forced Facebook, Inc. to promise drastic reduction of data released through its Application Programming Interface.[14][15]

Data as a currency or commodity[edit]

Metadata and data derived from the process of datafication have become a currency for users to pay for their means of access to the public world.[16][2] Such as with communication services, GPS mapping and some forms of security.[17] Few people are aware of the use of their data so there is little to no regulation for how such currency is derived or used. For this reason, there is a rising trend of data activism; groups or individuals who cooperate to address data privacy concerns.[18][19]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ a b Cukier, K. and Mayer-Schoenberger, V., 2013. The rise of big data: How it's changing the way we think about the world. Foreign Aff., 92, p.28.
  2. ^ a b c d Williamson, B., 2019. Datafication of education: a critical approach to emerging analytics technologies and practices. Rethinking pedagogy for a digital age. London: Routledge.
  3. ^ a b Sadowski, J., 2019. When data is capital: Datafication, accumulation, and extraction. Big Data & Society, 6(1), p.2053951718820549.
  4. ^ Taylor, L. and Broeders, D., 2015. In the name of Development: Power, profit and the datafication of the global South. Geoforum, 64, pp.229-237.
  5. ^ a b Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Akhtar, R., Winsborough, D. and Sherman, R.A., 2017. The datafication of talent: How technology is advancing the science of human potential at work. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 18, pp.13-16.
  6. ^ Sánchez-Monedero, J. and Dencik, L., 2019. The datafication of the workplace.
  7. ^ Amsterdam Smart City. "Amsterdam Smart City ~ Climate Street". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  8. ^ a b Somayya, M. and Ramaswamy, R., 2016. Amsterdam Smart City (ASC): fishing village to sustainable city. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 204, pp.831-842.
  9. ^ Bibri, S.E., 2019. The anatomy of the data-driven smart sustainable city: instrumentation, datafication, computerization and related applications. Journal of Big Data, 6(1), pp.1-43.
  10. ^ Chan, Rosalie. "The Cambridge Analytica whistleblower explains how the firm used Facebook data to sway elections". Business Insider. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  11. ^ "Facebook, Social Media Privacy, and the Use and Abuse of Data | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  12. ^ ""Mark Zuckerberg's Written Testimony to the House of Representatives"" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ ""Facebook, Social Media Privacy, and the Use and Abuse of Data | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary"" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Hersh, E.D., 2015. Hacking the electorate: How campaigns perceive voters. Cambridge University Press.
  15. ^ Baack, S., 2015. Datafication and empowerment: How the open data movement re-articulates notions of democracy, participation, and journalism. Big Data & Society, 2(2), p.2053951715594634.
  16. ^ Sadowski, J., 2019. When data is capital: Datafication, accumulation, and extraction. Big Data & Society, 6(1), p.2053951718820549.
  17. ^ Mai, J.E., 2016. Big data privacy: The datafication of personal information. The Information Society, 32(3), pp.192-199.
  18. ^ "Own Your Data Foundation". ownyourdata.foundation. Retrieved Jan 2, 2021.
  19. ^ Arsenault, A.H., 2017. The datafication of media: Big data and the media industries. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 13(1-2), pp.7-24.
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