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Virologist

Born: 17 January 1924, Widnes, Lancashire, U.K.
James Porterfield made critical contributions to the methods for isolating and characterizing the viruses, particularly tropical viruses that are transmitted by insects. These landmark contributions not only made him the acknowledged world authority in this field, but laid the foundations for the current global organization through which we are protected from the ever-present threat of new pandemic infections. Recent history gives many examples, such as West Nile virus, SARS and avian influenza, in which this network of scientists, many trained or inspired by James himself, has been vital in the early detection and isolation of the outbreak.
Soon after completing his medical training, James was recruited by Sir Christopher Andrewes to the National Institute of Medical Research MRC at Mill Hill, near London, where he remained a member of the scientific staff for almost 30 years. During this period, he was seconded to many research institutes around the world including the Common Cold unit in Salisbury, the West African Council for Medical Research in Lagos, Nigeria, and the Rockefeller Institute in New York. His goal was to advance the understanding of viruses, and particularly their “family relationships”, so that by tracing their evolution and their response to human immune systems, we would be in a better position to monitor their outbreaks and contain them.
Among his earliest contributions were his studies on Yellow Fever, a major scourge in the Tropics. He developed new and effective methods for identifying, cultivating and differentiating Yellow Fever virus, Tick-borne Encephalitis virus and their myriad relatives, which are still in use today. These methods provide the basis for the diagnosis of infection, and the development of new vaccines and antiviral therapies. The bewildering zoo of exotic viruses isolated by James in the late 1950s and 60s answer to a colourful roll-call of names, from Ukawa, Tahyna, Dugbe and O’nyong-nyong. In hunting down these viruses, James developed techniques that have proved useful to a much wider range of scientists than just virologists. The method he described in 1962 for the successful cryopreservation of tissue culture cells in DMSO, for example, is still standard today throughout the world.

Education

Wade Deacon Grammar School, Widnes.
King’s School Chester
University of Liverpool: M.B., Ch.B. (1947) (Distinctions in Anatomy & Pharmacology)
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (1947)
M.D. (1949), University of Liverpool. Thesis: The streptococci of subacute bacterial endocarditis

Appointments

1947 House Physician, Liverpool Royal Infirmary
1947 – 1949 Assistant Lecturer in Bacteriology, University of Liverpool
1949 – 1977 Member of Scientific Staff, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA
1949 – 1951 Bacteriologist and Virologist, MRC Common Cold Research Unit, Harvard hospital, Salisbury, Wilts
1952 – 1953 Bacteriologist, Royal Air Force Institute of Pathology and Tropical Medicine, Halton, Aylesbury, Bucks
1953 – 1957 Seconded from NIMR to West African Council for Medical Research Laboratories, Lagos, Nigeria.
1957 Seconded to the Rockefeller Institute, New York
1965- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses Reference Expert on Arboviruses, Public Health Laboratory Service
1967-* Chairman, Arbovirus Study Group, International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses.
1977 – 1988 Reader in Bacteriology, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford
1977 – 2010 Professorial Fellow, Wadham College, Oxford (and Emeritus Fellow from 1989)

Societies

British Society for Cell Biology
1955 – 2006 Member, Society of General Microbiology
1955 - Fellow, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1967-1972 Member of Editorial Board, Journal of General Virology,
1970 – 1972 Group Convenor for Virology, Society of General Microbiology
1971 – 1972 Member of Council, Society of General Microbiology
1972 – 1977 Meetings Secretary, Society for General Microbiology
1973 – 1978 Secretary and Vice-President, Royal Institution
1973 – 1976 Councillor, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1975- Member of Editorial Board, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,
1976- Member of Editorial Board, Archives of Virology
1980 – 1981 Vice-President, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Publications

. McEntegart, M.G. and J.S. Porterfield, Bacteraemia following dental extractions. Lancet, 1949. 254(6579): p. 596 - 598.
(2). Porterfield, J.S., The streptococci of subacute bacterial endocarditis. 1949, University of Liverpool: Liverpool.
(3). Porterfield, J.S., Classification of the streptococci of subacute bacterial endocarditis. J Gen Microbiol, 1950. 4(1): p. 92 - 101.
(4). Lovelock, J.E. and J.S. Porterfield, Blood coagulation; its prolongation in vessels with negatively charged surfaces. Nature, 1951. 167(4236): p. 39-40.
(5). Lovelock, J.E., et al., Further studies on the natural transmission of the common cold. Lancet, 1952. 2(6736): p. 657-60.
(6). Porterfield, J.S., The haemagglutination-inhibition test in the diagnosis of yellow fever in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1954. 48(3): p. 261 - 266.
(7). MacDonald, T.C., et al., Impregnation of handkerchiefs, ultra-violet lighting, and other control methods in prevention of upper respiratory disease. Br J Prev Soc Med, 1955. 9(1): p. 33 - 38.
(8). Boorman, J.P. and J.S. Porterfield, A simple technique for infection of mosquitoes with viruses; transmission of Zika virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1956. 50(3): p. 238-42.
(9). Porterfield, J.S., Further studies on the yellow fever haemagglutination test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1956. 50(4): p. 344 - 353.
(10). Boorman, J.P. and J.S. Porterfield, A small outbreak of yellow fever in the Gold Coast. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1957. 51(5): p. 439 - 449.
(11). Porterfield, J.S., Use of goose cells in haemagglutination tests with arthropod-borne viruses. Nature, 1957. 180(4596): p. 1201 - 1202.
(12). Boulger, L.R. and J.S. Porterfield, The isolation of a virus from Nigerian fruit bats. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1958. 52(5): p. 421-4.
(13). Porterfield, J.S., D.E. Hill, and A.D. Morris, The isolation of a virus from the brain of a horse with 'staggers' in Nigeria. British Veterinary Journal, 1958. 114: p. 425-434.
(14). Macnamara, F.N., D.W. Horn, and J.S. Porterfield, Yellow fever and other arthropod-borne viruses; a consideration of two serological surveys made in South Western Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1959. 53(2): p. 202-12.
(15). Porterfield, J.S., Plaque production with yellow fever and related arthropodborne viruses. Nature, 1959. 183(4667): p. 1069-70.
(16). Porterfield, J.S., A plaque technique for the titration of yellow fever virus and antisera. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1959. 53: p. 458-66.
(17). Porterfield, J.S., A simple plaque inhibition test for antiviral agents: application to assay of interferon. Lancet, 1959. 274(7098): p. 326 - 327.
(18). Porterfield, J.S., A simple plaque-inhibition test for the study of arthropod-borne viruses. Bull World Health Organ,

1960. 22: p. 373-80.

(19). Porterfield, J.S. Tissue culture techniques applied to viruses of the tick-borne encophalitis complex: an approach through the study of other Group B viruses. in Biology of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex. 1960. Smolenice: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague.
(20). Porterfield, J.S. The application of the plaque inhibition test to viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex. in Biology of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex. 1960. Smolenice: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague.
(21). Porterfield, J.S. and A.C. Allison, Studies with poxviruses by an improved plaque technique. Virology, 1960. 10: p. 233-44.
(22). Porterfield, J.S., D.C. Burke, and A.C. Allison, An estimate of the molecular weight of interferon as measured by its rate of diffusion through agar. Virology, 1960. 12: p. 197-203.
(23). Porterfield, J.S. and C.E. Rowe, Hemagglutination with arthropod-borne viruses and its inhibition by certain phospholipids. Virology, 1960. 11: p. 765-70.
(24). Porterfield, J.S., M.C. Williams, and J.P. Woodall, A plaque technique for the primary isolation of arthropod-borne viruses. Nature, 1960. 188: p. 252-3.
(25). Baron, S., J.S. Porterfield, and A. Isaacs, The influence of oxygenation of virus growth I. Effect on plaque formation by different viruses. Virology, 1961. 14: p. 444-9.
(26). Hitchcock, G. and J.S. Porterfield, The production of interferon in brains of mice infected with an arthropod-borne virus. Virology, 1961. 13: p. 363-5.
(27). Isaacs, A., J.S. Porterfield, and S. Baron, The influence of oxygenation on virus growth. II. Effect on the antiviral action of interferon. Virology, 1961. 14: p. 450-5.
(28). Porterfield, J.S., Israel-Turkey meningo-encephalitis virus. Vet Rec, 1961. 73: p. 392 - 393.
(29). Porterfield, J.S., Studies with Tahyna virus. Acta Virol, 1961. 5: p. 274 - 277.
(30). Porterfield, J.S., Cross-neutralization studies with group A arthropod-borne viruses. Bull World Health Organ, 1961. 24: p. 735 - 741.
(31). Porterfield, J.S., The nature of serological relationships among arthropod-borne viruses. Adb Virus Research, 1962. 9: p. 127 - 156.
(32). Porterfield, J.S., Titration of some common cold viruses (rhinoviruses) and their antisera by a plaque method. Nature, 1962. 194: p. 1044-7.
(33). Porterfield, J.S. and M.J. Ashwood-Smith, Preservation of cells in tissue culture by glycerol and dimethyl sulphoxide. Nature, 1962. 193: p. 548 - 552.
(34). Williams, M.C., J.P. Woodall, and J.S. Porterfield, O'nyong-nyong fever; an epidemic virus disease in East Africa. V. Human antibody studies by plaque inhibition and other serological tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1962. 56: p. 166-72.
(35). Bearcroft, W.G., J.S. Porterfield, and R.N. Sutton, The Isolation and Identification of Ukauwa, a Bunyamwera Group Virus, from Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1963. 57: p. 308-12.
(36). Porterfield, J.S., The plaque inhibition test. , in Immunological Methods, J.A. Ackroyd, Editor. 1964, Blackwell Scientific: Oxford. p. 341-362.
(37). Porterfield, J.S., Interference and Interferon, in Techniques in Experimental Virology, R.J.C. Harris, Editor. 1964, Academic Press: London.
(38). Porterfield, J.S. and J.S. Ash, Arbovirus antibodies in avian sera. Nature, 1966. 212(60): p. 431-2.
(39). Porterfield, J.S., Animal Tissue Culture. Methods in Virology, 1967. 1: p. 525 - 536.
(40). De Madrid, A.T. and J.S. Porterfield, A simple micro-culture method for the study of group B arboviruses. Bull World Health Organ, 1969. 40(1): p. 113-21.
(41). Wolff, H.L., et al., Yellow fever neutralization tests carried out on blood samples collected on filter paper strips. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1970. 64(4): p. 474.
(42). Armstrong, J.A., J.S. Porterfield, and A.T. De Madrid, C-type virus particles in pig kidney cell lines. J Gen Virol, 1971. 10(2): p. 195-8.
(43). Porterfield, J.S. Arbovirus sensitivity of cloned Aedes aegypti cells. in 3rd International Colloquium on Invertebrate Tissue Culture. 1971. Smolenice, Bratislava: Slovak Academy of Sciences.
(44). Salim, A.R. and J.S. Porterfield, A serological survey on arbovirus antibodies in the Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1973. 67(2): p. 206-10.

(45). David-West, T.S. and J.S. Porterfield, Dugbe virus: a tick-borne arbovirus from Nigeria. J Gen Virol, 1974. 23(3): p. 297-307.
(46). De Madrid, A.T. and J.S. Porterfield, The flaviviruses (group B arboviruses): a cross-neutralization study. J Gen Virol, 1974. 23(1): p. 91-6.
(47). Fenner, F., et al., Family and generic names for viruses approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, June 1974. Intervirology, 1974. 3(3): p. 193-8.
(48). Holliday, R., J.S. Porterfield, and D.D. Gibbs, Premature ageing and occurance of altered enzyme in Werner's syndrome fibroblasts. Nature, 1974. 248(5451): p. 762-3.
(49). Porterfield, J.S., et al., Bunyaviruses and bunyaviridae. Intervirology, 1974. 2(4): p. 270-2.
(50). Bailey, L., J.F. Newman, and J.S. Porterfield, The multiplication of Nodamura virus in insect and mammalian cell cultures. J Gen Virol, 1975. 26(1): p. 15-20.
(51). Porterfield, J.S., The basis of arbovirus classification. Med Biol, 1975. 53(5): p. 400-5.
(52). Porterfield, J.S., et al., Bunyaviruses and Bunyaviridae. Intervirology, 1975. 6(1): p. 13-24.
(53). Mitchell, D.N., et al., Isolation of an infectious agent from bone-marrows of patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 1978. 2(8086): p. 387-91.
(54). Porterfield, J.S., et al., Togaviridae. Intervirology, 1978. 9(3): p. 129-48.
(55). Mitchell, D.N., et al., Failure to isolate a transmissible agent from the bone-marrow of patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 1979. 2(8139): p. 415-6.
(56). Peiris, J.S. and J.S. Porterfield, Antibody-mediated enhancement of Flavivirus replication in macrophage-like cell lines. Nature, 1979. 282(5738): p. 509-11.
(57). Bishop, D.H., et al., Bunyaviridae. Intervirology, 1980. 14(3-4): p. 125-43.
(58). Halstead, S.B., J.S. Porterfield, and E.J. O'Rourke, Enhancement of dengue virus infection in monocytes by flavivirus antisera. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1980. 29(4): p. 638-42.
(59). Porterfield, J.S., [Arboviruses - structure and classification (author's transl)]. Med Trop (Mars), 1980. 40(5): p. 493-8.

(60). Peiris, J.S., et al., Monoclonal anti-Fc receptor IgG blocks antibody enhancement of viral replication in macrophages. Nature, 1981. 289(5794): p. 189-91.
(61). Peiris, J.S. and J.S. Porterfield, Antibody-dependent enhancement of plaque formation on cell lines of macrophage origin - a sensitive assay for antiviral antibody. J Gen Virol, 1981. 57(Pt 1): p. 119-25.
(62). Porterfield, J.S., Antibody-mediated enhancement of rabies virus. Nature, 1981. 290(5807): p. 542.
(63). Millican, D. and J.S. Porterfield, Relationship between glycoproteins of the viral envelope of bunyaviruses and antibody-dependent plaque enhancement. J Gen Virol, 1982. 63 (Pt 1): p. 233-6.
(64). Peiris, J.S. and J.S. Porterfield, Antibody-dependent plaque enhancement: its antigenic specificity in relation to Togaviridae. J Gen Virol, 1982. 58(Pt 2): p. 291-6.
(65). Peiris, J.S., J.S. Porterfield, and J.T. Roehrig, Monoclonal antibodies against the flavivirus West Nile. J Gen Virol, 1982. 58(Pt 2): p. 283-9.
(66). Porterfield, J.S., Immunological enhancement and the pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever. J Hyg (Lond), 1982. 89(3): p. 355-64.
(67). Porterfield, J.S. and M.J. Cardosa, The role of heterologous antibody in producing enhanced replication of dengue virus, in Arbovirus Research in Australia, T.D. St. George and B.H. Kay, Editors. 1982, CSIRO & QIMR: Australia. p. 121 - 124.
(68). Porterfield, J.S., et al., Antibody mediated enhancement of dengue virus yields in mouse macrophages using human sera, in Viral Diseases in South East Asia and the Western Pacific, J.S. Mackenzie, Editor. 1982, Academic Press: Australia. p. 515 - 520.
(69). Cardosa, M.J., J.S. Porterfield, and S. Gordon, Complement receptor mediates enhanced flavivirus replication in macrophages. J Exp Med, 1983. 158(1): p. 258-63.
(70). Halstead, S.B., et al., Comparison of P388D1 mouse macrophage cell line and human monocytes for assay of dengue-2 infection-enhancing antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1983. 32(1): p. 157-63.
(71). Gollins, S.W. and J.S. Porterfield, Flavivirus infection enhancement in macrophages: radioactive and biological studies on the effect of antibody on viral fate. J Gen Virol, 1984. 65 ( Pt 8): p. 1261-72.
(72). King, A.A., J.J. Sands, and J.S. Porterfield, Antibody-mediated enhancement of rabies virus infection in a mouse macrophage cell line (P388D1). J Gen Virol, 1984. 65 ( Pt 6): p. 1091-3.
(73). Porterfield, J.S. and M.J. Cardosa, Host range and tissue tropism: Antibody dependent mechanisms, in Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis, A.L. Notkins and M.A.B. Oldstone, Editors. 1984, Springer-Verlag: New York. p. 117 - 122.
(74). Porterfield, J.S. and J.O. Tobin, Viral and bacterial infectious diseases. Br Med Bull, 1984. 40(3): p. 283-90.
(75). Gollins, S.W. and J.S. Porterfield, Flavivirus infection enhancement in macrophages: an electron microscopic study of viral cellular entry. J Gen Virol, 1985. 66 ( Pt 9): p. 1969-82.
(76). Phillpotts, R.J., J.R. Stephenson, and J.S. Porterfield, Antibody-dependent enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus infectivity. J Gen Virol, 1985. 66 ( Pt 8): p. 1831-7.
(77). Porterfield, J.S., Antibody enhanced viral growth in macrophages. Immunol Lett, 1985. 11(3-4): p. 213-7.
(78). Westaway, E.G., et al., Flaviviridae. Intervirology, 1985. 24(4): p. 183-92.
(79). Westaway, E.G., et al., Togaviridae. Intervirology, 1985. 24(3): p. 125-39.
(80). Cardosa, M.J., et al., Interaction of West Nile virus with primary murine macrophages: role of cell activation and receptors for antibody and complement. J Virol, 1986. 57(3): p. 952-9.
(81). Gollins, S.W. and J.S. Porterfield, A new mechanism for the neutralization of enveloped viruses by antiviral antibody. Nature, 1986. 321(6067): p. 244-6.
(82). Gollins, S.W. and J.S. Porterfield, pH-dependent fusion between the flavivirus West Nile and liposomal model membranes. J Gen Virol, 1986. 67 ( Pt 1): p. 157-66.
(83). Gollins, S.W. and J.S. Porterfield, The uncoating and infectivity of the flavivirus West Nile on interaction with cells: effects of pH and ammonium chloride. J Gen Virol, 1986. 67 ( Pt 9): p. 1941-50.
(84). Kimura, T., S.W. Gollins, and J.S. Porterfield, The effect of pH on the early interaction of West Nile virus with P388D1 cells. J Gen Virol, 1986. 67 ( Pt 11): p. 2423-33.
(85). Porterfield, J.S., Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infectivity. Adv Virus Res, 1986. 31: p. 335-55.
(86). Gelber, R.H., et al., Viral challenge in leprosy: viraemia, interferon, and specific antibody production. Lepr Rev, 1987. 58(2): p. 155-64.
(87). Kimura, T., et al., [Early interaction of the flavivirus West Nile virus with mouse macrophage cell line P 388D1: pH-dependent fusion between the virus particles and cell membranes]. Uirusu, 1987. 37(1): p. 103-9.
(88). Phillpotts, R.J., J.R. Stephenson, and J.S. Porterfield, Passive immunization of mice with monoclonal antibodies raised against tick-borne encephalitis virus. Brief report. Arch Virol, 1987. 93(3-4): p. 295-301.
(89). Calisher, C.H., et al., Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera. J Gen Virol, 1989. 70 ( Pt 1): p. 37-43.
(90). Porterfield, J.S., Yellow fever in West Africa: a retrospective glance. BMJ, 1989. 299(6715): p. 1555-7.
(91). Shiu, S.Y., et al., Envelope protein sequences of dengue virus isolates TH-36 and TH-Sman, and identification of a type-specific genetic marker for dengue and tick-borne flaviviruses. J Gen Virol, 1992. 73 ( Pt 1): p. 207-12.
(92). Porterfield, J.S., The National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill. Arch Virol, 1995. 140(7): p. 1329-36.