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maruthamnilam மருதம் நில மக்கள் [9ம் நூற்றாண்டு திவாரக நிகண்டு] அருந்திரர் வீரருக்கும் பெருந்திரர் உழவருக்கும் வருந்தகைத்தாகும் மள்ளர் எனும் பெயர்...... [10ம் நூற்றாண்டு திவாரக நிகண்டு] செருமலை வீரரும் திண்ணியோரும் மருத நில மக்களும் மள்ளர் என்பர் ஐய்தவித்தான் ஆற்றல் அகல்விசும்பு ளார்கோமான் இந்திரனே சாலும் கரி. ஐம்புலங்களின் ஆசைகளை கட்டுபடுத்தி ஒப்பற்ற சக்தி பெற்றவருக்கு உலக தலைவனாகிய இந்திரனே மிகச்சிறந்த சான்று திருக்குறள் அதிகாரம் ;3.நீத்தார் பெருமை

09-04-2018

அருந்திறல் வீரர்க்கும் பெருந்திறலுழவர்க்கும் Pallar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Mallar/Devendra Kula Vellalar Immanuvel tiger2.jpg MaaveeranSundaralingaDevendrar8.jpg Devaneya1988.jpg Porali Immanuvel Devendrar , Thalapathi Sundaralinga Devendrar, Devaneya Pavanar Total population 1.5 crore Regions with significant populations Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Sri Lanka Languages

Tamil Religion

Atheism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups

Tamil people

Pallar(Tamil:பள்ளர்) or Mallar(Tamil: மள்ளர்) is a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. They are mostly agriculturalists in Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka and amongst the Tamil diaspora[1]. They are also known as Devendra kula Vellalar. Pallars also suffix the title Kudumban after their names. Contents [hide]

1 Origin
2 Mallar
3 History
4 Marutam land
5 Tamil Literature referring to Mallars
6 List Of Scholars Who Say Pallars Are The Mallars
7 Ongoing Struggle For Name Change
8 In Sri lanka and abroad
9 Genetics
10 Notable people

o 10.1 Cine Field o 10.2 Freedom Fighters o 10.3 Scholars

11 References

o 11.1 Notes o 11.2 External links

[edit] Origin

Devendra Kula Vellalar are an ancient people group belonging to the Marutam land.They claim themselves to be the descendents of Lord Indra(the god of Marutam land).They also claim to be the first cultivators of rice in Tamilnadu.So they call themselves as Devendra Kula Vellalar[2][3]. [edit] Mallar

Mallar is a name which denotes the people of the Marutam land.The name Mallar is present in all Tamil Literature from ancient times.The name Mallar denotes a group of people who are Warriors and Farmers[4][5].This can be proved by the following examples.

An example from Thivagara Nigandu(9th century Tamil dictionary) giving meaning for the word Mallar as Warriors and Farmers: “ "அருந்திறல் வீரர்க்கும் பெருந்திறலுழவர்க்கும் வருந்தகைத்தாகும் 'மள்ளர்' எனும் பெயர்" ”

—-திவாகர நிகண்டு

An example from pingala nigandu(dictionary) giving meaning for Mallar as Warriors and Marutam land(Agriculture land) people: “ "செருமலை வீரரும் திண்ணியோரும் மருதநில மக்களும் 'மள்ளர்' என்ப" ”

—-பிங்கல நிகண்டு [edit] History Mallar and Mallathi

Mallars were the great kings(moovendar) and professional worriors [6]. The word Pallar is a corruption of Tamil word Mallar[7]. It is possible that the Pallava rulers belonged to this people[8]. They also served the Pallava army[9]. Most of the ancient temples in and around Tamilnadu were built and owned by this community. After the invasion of Nayak Kings and Maratha Kings, the Pallars were deprived of their land and were made as agricultural labourers in their own farms for which they were the then owners.

Devendrakulam is the name of a caste in India. The members of the caste claim they have this name because they are the descendents of Lord Indra, King of the Devas. Majority of the people of this caste are involved in agriculture. The people of this caste are also called by Palla, Pallan, Kudumban, kaaladi, Pannadi, Devendrakulla Vellalar. Though People of this caste claim superiority of their origin, the caste is included in the Scheduled Caste and many of its members were held as agriculture slaves and bonded agriculture labourers during the 17th Century until mid 20th Century.

Extensive research done by Dr.K.R.Hanumanthan and Tamil research scholar Deva Asirvatham and later by Dr.Guruswamy Sidhar indicate that the people of this caste are the scions of Chera, Chola, pandiya and Pallavas who ruled the current Tamilnadu, Part of Andhra Pradesh during ancient period and ruled Tamilnadu up to the 16th Century[10]. After the invasion of Vijaynagar Empire and Marata Kings, the Tamil Kings and their community were removed of their title, land and were made as agricultural labourers in their own farms for which they were the then owners. To hide this Historic fact these people who were then called as Mallar (Malla, Mallan) were named as Pallar (Palla, Pallan) and many poems were written during 17,18,19 and beginning of 20th Century in the name of Pallu Poems' with the encouragement from Vijayanagar (Nayak) dynasty[11]. Before that period the People were called as Mallar Meaning warrior, Oolavar meaning plougher (farmer) and Vellalar meaning great gift giver. These people were regular farmers and land lords during peace time (Oolavar) and warriors (Mallars) during war time.

The Sangam poems written before 1 century BC mentions about the Gods Lord Shiva, Goddess Umadevi, Lord Tirumal (Lord Vishnu), Goddess Lakshimi, Lord Brahma, Goddess Saraswati, Lord Muruga (Lord Karthik), Lord Vinayega (Lord Ganesh), Lord Indra were Mallar.

Though the Pallu Poems denigrated the Mallar and called them as Pallar, they also say that Pallar's ancestors were Mallar's. During 16th Century AD, Nayak King passed a law ordering people not to have any contact with the Pandian dynasity (in general with Mallar's) and prevented the 18 communities that supported the Tamil Kings from having contact with one another and from inter-marriage between these communities. (This was the origin of Untouchability and modern caste division in Tamilnadu). The Mallar's were ex-communicated, then gradually over the next 300 years, their lands were removed and given to other new formed upper castes that were loyal to Telugu Kings. The Mallar's were named as Pallar's and were made as agricultural labourers in the land in which they were once owners. Then after a few generations they were made as bonded labourers and then were removed of all basic human rights (Prevented from having education, access to public places and Temples built by their own ancestors, prohibition from wearing Ornaments and dress on the upper part of the body, shoes etc.).

To hide the truth that all Temples built up to 16th Century AD were built by the ancestors of these people, attempts were made to hide Temple Paintings by redrawing new paintings on the old ones (Tanjavur Periya Koyil, Mariamman Koyil). During 1932 when British gave self-autonomy to Indians, 1000s of new castes sprung up claiming superiority on one over the other. Several actions were directed by other communities to keep the Pallar's at a low profile for fear of the other communities (new formed higher castes) losing their claim for high caste and land ownership. In 1957 the Pallar, Devendrakula Vellalar Community was included to the Scheduled Caste by Kamaraj, then Chief minister of Tamilnadu, owing to the poverty of the community.

Day-to-day activity shows evidence of the rich heritage these people had from ancient times. The community people have their own village self government (Panchayat), have special priests for Temples, Barbers, Dobbies, Doctors etc. in villages. These people also have their own temples that are called as King Temples. They are also the priests in village Temples, exclusively owned by these people. In ancient temples like Perur, Samayapuram, Tirunelveli and so on, leaders of this community are brought to the Temple with festivities on Elephant with White Umbrella coverage, playing trumpts and drums and given the first respect during Temple festivals and are asked to touch the TempleCaravan (Thear) first before it comes on procession. These were the privileges only the ancient Tamil Kings had and were passed on to their descendents that still continues. Priests of these ancient Temples accept and agree that the ancestors of DevendraKulathar are the ancient Tamil Kings namely Chera, Chola, Pandiya.There are ownership documents (Pattayam signed during 1500s) that show that the Palani Murugan Temple and numerous ancient Temples belong to people of Devendrakulam. These ancient Temples were built by ancient Tamil Kings thus these documents and respect given to people of this community at these temples bridge the relation between the ancient Kings and the Devendrakula community. [edit] Marutam land Main article: sangam landscape Paddy fields in present day Tamil Nadu

Marutam is one of the five lands of ancient Tamil country.It is a fertile land suitable for Agriculture.It was present near the Rivers.Like all the civilizations around the world which were present near the rivers,the Marutam land gave birth to the Tamil Civilization.Mallars were the people who lived in the Marutam land.Their God was Vendan or Indran.They were Farmers and Warriors[12] . “ மருதம் - தலைவி கூற்று மள்ளர் குழீஇய விழவி னானும் மகளிர் தழீஇய துணங்கை யானும் யாண்டுங் காணேன் மாண்தக் கோனை யானுமோர் ஆடுகள மகளே என்கைக் கோடீ ரிலங்குவளை நெகிழ்த்த பீடுகெழு குரிசிலுமோர் ஆடுகள மகனே ”

—-ஆதிமந்தியார்(குறுந்தொகை). [edit] Tamil Literature referring to Mallars See also: Tamil literature See also: Sangam literature

Mallars are mentioned in Tamil literature from the ancient Sangam Literature to the recent 19th century poems, including Purananuru, Kamba Ramayanam, Thirumurukkatruppatai, Silapathigaram, Agananuru, Pathirtrupattu, Kurunthogai, Aingurunooru, Kalithogai, Natrinai, and Paripaadal.

The name Pallar is mentioned only in pallu poems and later poems.Both the names Pallar and Mallar denotes the same people.This can be proved by the following example.[13].

An example from mukoodar pallu: “ "மள்ளர் குலத்தில் வரினும் இரு பள்ளியர்க்கோர் பள்ளக் கணவன்" ”

—-முக்கூடற்பள்ளு(பாடல்-13)

The Tamil poems which says that both the names Pallar and Mallar denotes the same people are mukoodar pallu,vaiyapuri pallu,sengottu pallu,peerur puranam and thandigai kanagaraayan pallu. [edit] List Of Scholars Who Say Pallars Are The Mallars

M.Srinivasa Iyangar[14].

Dr.Winslow[15].

T.K.Velupillai[16].

Dr G.Hobart[17].

Mozhignayiru Devaneya pavanar[18].

Pandit savarirai[19].

Dr K.R.Hanumanthan[20].

A.V.Subramaniya Iyer[21].

Thiru R.Deva Asirvatham[22].

veeramamunivar[23].

Thiru Prabhanjan[24].

The following books are written about Mallars. [show]

Reference Books

Dev Veel.jpgMallaram Mannar.jpg Moovendar.jpg Tamil Elakia Malar.jpgVella yaar.jpgDevendrarmeel.jpgMaruthamallar.jpg [edit] Ongoing Struggle For Name Change

The people of this caste does not want themselves to be called by the name Pallar.Because the name Pallar which is used to denote these people nowadays was introduced in the 17th century by the nayak kings to discriminate them.Before that they were called by the name Mallar.The people of this caste want their name to be called as Devendra Kula Vellalar.In order to make the Government change their name from Pallar to Devendra Kula Vellalar the people of this caste are undertaking many peaceful struggles in Tamilnadu like hunger strike,peaceful rally,etc.The people of this caste are also demanding the Tamilnadu government to change the name Adi Dravidar(which is used to denote the people of Scheduled caste in Tamilnadu) to Pattiyal Saathiyinar(which is the Tamil Translation for the English word Scheduled caste).Because Adi Dravidar is the name of a caste which is present in the Scheduled caste list.In the list many other caste are also present including Pallar caste. [edit] In Sri lanka and abroad

In Sri Lanka, M(P)allar are currently found in Jaffna and eastern Batticalo region and were primarily agricultural workers. But there is evidence that some have assimilated with the dominant Vellala caste over the last 100 years. They have played and important role in the formation many Tamil nationalistic militant groups namely EPRLF that was eventually eclipsed by the more militant LTTE. Today amongst the Tamil diaspora across the world M(P)allars are found as part of the greater Tamil community and caste distinctions are minimal.[25] In Sri Lanka, M(P)allar have formed an important component in rebel groups after the civil war. [edit] Genetics

According to Sengupta et al., 2006 study M(P)allars have Y-chromosome-Haplogroups that show a curious mix of South Asian haplogroups. Their biggest lineage is R1a1 which forms 24% of their male population. This Y-chromosome lineage predominates North-West of the Indian subcontinent. They also have L1 and L3 where L1 is one of the most common Haplogroup in South India with an appreciable presence in North India and Pakistan, L3 is mostly observed among Pakistanis and almost absent among South Indians. Other pan-Indian Haplogroups like H, R2 and J2 are observed at frequencies greater than 10%.[26] [edit] Notable people

Samuga Urimai Porali Tyagi Immanuel Sekaran

Thekkampattu Balasundararaju

M.Arunachalam(an Indian politician and former Member of Parliament)

A.Tamilarasi(present Minister for Adi-Dravidar and Tribal Welfare in Tamil Nadu state of India)

Dr K.Krishnasamy(Founder of Puthiya Thamizhagam Party)

Thalapathy John Pandiyan(Founder of Tamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam)

C.Pasupathi Pandiyan(Founder of Tamil Nadu Devendra Kula Velalar Kootamaippu)

Justice L.Thamburaju M.A;B.L; SENIOR JUDGE

Justice S. Ashok Kumar

[edit] Cine Field

John Kennedy Victor aka Vikram, Tamil film star

Ponnambalam, actor

[edit] Freedom Fighters

Maaveeran Sundaralinga Kudumbanar

Tyagi Mohanavalli vadivu

Maaveeran Venni Kaaladi

[edit] Scholars

Mozhinayiru Devaneya Pavanar

Thiru R.Deva Asirvatham

Thiru Gurusamy Siddhar

[edit] References

1. ^ Edgar Thurston, The Tribes and Castes of Southern India (7 vols) 2. ^ Mannar Uruvana 'Mallar' Varalaru 3. ^ http://www.tamilagaarasiyal.com/ActionPages/Content.aspx?bid=844&rid=45 4. ^ Pallar alla Mallar aam Mannar (Not Pallas but Mallas, Yes Kings) by Thiru.R.Deva Asirvatham 5. ^ Tamil Elakiyathil Pallar yendra Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar ( Adipadai Saandrugal). (Tamil Literature portraying Pallar alias Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar (Basic Facts)) by Thiru Gurusamy siddhar 6. ^ Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils 7. ^ Dalits in Dravidian land: Frontline reports on Anti-Dalit violence in Tamil by S. Viswanathan (Journalist) 8. ^ Caste system: myths, reality, challenge by Sachchidanand Sinha 9. ^ Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India 10. ^ Moovendar Yar (Who are the Three Kings) by Thiru.R.Deva Asirvatham 11. ^ Pallar alla Mallar aam Mannar by Thiru.R.Deva Asirvatham 12. ^ Tamil Elakiyathil Pallar yendra Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar ( Adipadai Saandrugal). (Tamil Literature portraying Pallar alias Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar (Basic Facts)) by Thiru Gurusamy siddhar 13. ^ Thiru Gurusamy Siddhar. Tamil Elakiyathil Pallar yendra Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar (Adipadai Saandrugal) [Tamil Literature portraying Pallar alias Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar (Basic Facts)]. 14. ^ Tamil Studies By M.Srinivasa Iyangar 15. ^ Dr.Winslow Dictionary,PP.745 16. ^ Travancore State Manual,1940 By T.K.Velupillai 17. ^ Dravidans,The Original Inhabitants of India,PP.101 By Dr G.Hobart 18. ^ Senthamizh Selvi 1975 April Release 19. ^ N.C.Kanthaiyapillai,Tamilar Sarithiram,Page 206 20. ^ Untouchability,A Historical Study,PP.100 By Dr K.R.Hanumanthan 21. ^ Tamil Studies,Part 2,PP.67 By A.V.Subramaniya Iyer 22. ^ Pallar alla Mallar aam Mannar (Not Pallas but Mallas, Yes Kings) by Thiru.R.Deva Asirvatham 23. ^ Thembhavani,Naatupadalam,cheyul 32 24. ^ Mannar Uruvana 'Mallar' Varalaru 25. ^ Caste, the last frontier by Prof. S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole 26. ^ Mitochondrial unity of India’s castes

http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/qehwp/qehwps82.pdf

[edit] Notes

1. Moovendar Yar (Who are the Three Kings) 2. Pallar alla Mallar aam Mannar (Not Pallas but Mallas, Yes Kings) 3. Tamil Elakiyathil Pallar yendra Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar ( Adipadai Saandrugal). 4. India’s Religious Pluralism by Barbarra Harris White

[edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mallar