User talk:Marconoplay242

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Biology

There is a biology page that i think should be removed..To help me with the deletion....go to this link...https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_(disambiguation).

Biology is the science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "logos" (study). Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms. There are generally considered to be at least nine "umbrella" fields of biology, each of which consists of multiple subfields.

Biochemistry: the study of the material substances that make up living things Botany: the study of plants, including agriculture Cellular biology: the study of the basic cellular units of living things Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with their environment Evolutionary biology: the study of the origins and changes in the diversity of life over time Genetics: the study of heredity Molecular biology: the study of biological molecules Physiology: the study of the functions of organisms and their parts Zoology: the study of animals, including animal behavior Adding to the complexity of this enormous idea is the fact that these fields overlap. It is impossible to study zoology without knowing a great deal about evolution, physiology and ecology. You can't study cellular biology without knowing biochemistry and molecular biology as well.

Framework of understanding All the branches of biology can be unified within a framework of five basic understandings about living things. Studying the details of these five ideas provides the endless fascination of biological research:

Cell Theory: There are three parts to cell theory — the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are composed of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells. Energy: All living things require energy, and energy flows between organisms and between organisms and the environment. Heredity: All living things have DNA and genetic information codes the structure and function of all cells. Equilibrium: All living things must maintain homeostasis, a state of balanced equilibrium between the organism and its environment. Evolution: This is the overall unifying concept of biology. Evolution is the change over time that is the engine of biological diversity. Biology and other sciences Biology is often studied in conjunction with other sciences, such as mathematics and engineering, and even social sciences. Here are a few examples:

Biophysics involves matching patterns in life and analyzing them with physics and mathematics, according to the Biophysical Society. Astrobiology is the study the evolution of life in the universe, including the search for extraterrestrial life, according to NASA. Biogeography is the study of the distribution and evolution of life forms and the causes of the distribution, according to Dartmouth College. Biomathematics involves creating mathematical models to better understand patterns and phenomena within the biology world, according to North Carolina State University. Bioengineering is the application of engineering principles to biology principles and vice versa, according the University of California Berkeley. Sociologists often study how biology can shape social structures, cultures, and interactions, according to the American Sociological Association. History of biology Our fascination with biology has a long history. Even early humans had to study the animals they hunted and know where to find the plants they gathered for food. The invention of agriculture was the first great advance of human civilization. Medicine has been important to us from earliest history as well. The earliest known medical texts are from China (2500 B.C.), Mesopotamia (2112 B.C.), and Egypt (1800 B.C.).

In classical times, Aristotle is often considered to be the first to practice scientific zoology. He is known to have performed extensive studies of marine life and plants. His student, Theophrastus, wrote one of the West's earliest known botanical texts in 300 B.C. on the structure, life cycle and uses of plants. The Roman physician Galen used his experience in patching up gladiators for the arena to write texts on surgical procedures in A.D. 158.

During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci risked censure by participating in human dissection and making detailed anatomical drawings that are still considered among the most beautiful ever made. Invention of the printing press and the ability to reproduce woodcut illustrations meant that information was much easier to record and disseminate. One of the first illustrated biology books is a botanical text written by German botanist Leonhard Fuchs in 1542. Binomial classification was inaugurated by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735, using Latin names to group species according to their characteristics.

Microscopes opened up new worlds for scientists. In 1665, Robert Hooke, used a simple compound microscope to examine a thin sliver of cork. He observed that the plant tissue consisted of rectangular units that reminded him of the tiny rooms used by monks. He called these units "cells." In 1676, Anton von Leeuwenhoek published the first drawings of living single celled organisms. Theodore Schwann added the information that animal tissue is also composed of cells in 1839.

During the Victorian era, and throughout the 19th century, "Natural Science" became something of a mania. Thousands of new species were discovered and described by intrepid adventurers and by backyard botanists and entomologists alike. In 1812, Georges Cuvier described fossils and hypothesized that Earth had undergone "successive bouts of Creation and destruction" over long periods of time. On Nov. 24, 1859, Charles Darwin published "On the Origin of Species," the text that forever changed the world by showing that all living things are interrelated and that species were not separately created but arise from ancestral forms that are changed and shaped by adaptation to their environment.

While much of the world's attention was captured by biology questions at the macroscopic organism level, a quiet monk was investigating how living things pass traits from one generation to the next. Gregor Mendel is now known as the father of genetics although is papers on inheritance, published in 1866, went largely unnoticed at the time. His work was rediscovered in 1900 and further understanding of inheritance rapidly followed.

The 20th and 21st centuries may be known to future generations as the beginning of the "Biological Revolution." Beginning with Watson and Crick explaining the structure and function of DNA in 1953, all fields of biology have expanded exponentially and touch every aspect of our lives. Medicine will be changed by development of therapies tailored to a patient's genetic blueprint or by combining biology and technology with brain-controlled prosthetics. Economies hinge on the proper management of ecological resources, balancing human needs with conservation. We may discover ways to save our oceans while using them to produce enough food to feed the nations. We may "grow" batteries from bacteria or light buildings with bioluminescent fungi. The possibilities are endless; biology is just coming into its own.

Thank you for your cooperation in advance.

Science

Fractional Distillation is a process used to separate two miscible liquids. <iscible fluids are fluids that mix completely. Ethanol boils at 78*C, and water boils at 100......continue it.

Information science

Information science, discipline that deals with the processes of storing and transferring information. It attempts to bring together concepts and methods from various disciplines such as library science, computer science and engineering, linguistics, psychology, and other technologies in order to develop techniques and devices to aid in the handling—that is, in the collection, organization, storage, retrieval, interpretation, and use—of information.The transfer of information through time requires the existence of some storage medium, which is designated a document—hence the term documentation. Historically, “documentation” emerged as a distinct discipline in the early 20th century, paralleling the rise of empirical research, which was to provide its main source of subjects. The discipline grew in response to the growth of the periodical and the journal as the prevalent media for scientific reports. Whereas books required control through cataloging and classification, periodicals required indexes and abstracts that would bring together for the researcher primary information originally published in divergent sources. The roots of the discipline of information science lay in three post-World War II developments: the Shannon-Weaver information theory model, Norbert Wiener’s conception of the science of cybernetics, and rapid advances in the design and production of electronic computers. These innovations pointed to a new field of study in which many disciplines could be merged under the unifying idea of “information.” After the Georgia Institute of Technology established the first formal information science program in 1963, the discipline quickly developed at a number of other universities either as an independent field of study or as a specialty within such departments as library science, computer science, or engineering.In its early stages during the 1960s, information science was primarily concerned with applying the then-new computer technology to the processing and managing of documents. Modeling studies were undertaken of the effectiveness of information storage and retrieval; modes of human-machine interaction; the effect of form on the content and comprehension of information; the processes of information generation, transmission, and transformation; and the establishment of general principles that explain and predict information phenomena. The applied computer technologies—and more recently, the theoretical areas of study—of information science have since permeated many other disciplines and have even been appropriated by new fields, each preferring a more descriptive designation of its subject domain. The institutionalization of information science as a discrete discipline thus has not occurred, and the number of its scientist-practitioners is low. Computer science and engineering tend to absorb the theory- and technology-oriented subjects of the field, and management science tends to absorb the information systems subjects. Hundreds of professional associations do exist that are concerned with information-related disciplines, providing a forum where people can exchange ideas about information processing.

Avionics

What are Avionics? The merging of the words aviation and electronics, Avionics are all of the electronic devices and systems which perform individualized functions, used on any aircraft.

Modern avionics is a substantial portion of military aircraft spending, accounting for anywhere between 20-60% of the total cost of an individual aircraft. As technology continues to improve, so does the weight of avionics upon the civilian aircraft industry as well. The cockpit of an aircraft, which hosts the instrument panel, is the home for a significant amount of an aircraft’s avionic equipment. Some of the avionics housed in the cockpit of aircraft include: Communications Systems – connect the flight deck to the ground, and the flight deck to the passengers. On‑board communications are provided by public-address systems and aircraft intercoms.

Navigation Systems – determine the location and direction of an aircraft and automatically calculate its position utilizing Satellite-based or ground-based systems.

Glass Cockpits – the use of computer monitors instead of gauges and other analog displays, which was first found in the Gulfstream G IV private jet in 1985.

Aircraft Flight Control Systems – automated flight controls used to reduce pilot workload and error during landing or takeoff.

Collision Avoidance Systems – traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS) detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision.

Cockpit Data Recorders (black box) – store flight information and audio from the cockpit and can be recovered should an aircraft crash, to determine control settings and other parameters during the incident.

Weather Systems (weather radar or Arinc 708) – provide important weather information, such as impending lightning, should visibility become impaired

Aircraft Management Systems – a centralized control and monitoring system, such as Health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS), which are integrated with aircraft management computers to provide early warnings for part maintenance or replacement.

Next Generation Air Transportation System

The Federal Aviation Administration, in collaboration with its international partners, has developed a modernization roadmap for the future of avionics in the following areas:

Published Routes and Procedures – Improved navigation and routing Negotiated Trajectories – Adding data communications to create preferred routes dynamically Delegated Separation – Enhanced situational awareness in the air and on the ground Low Visibility/Ceiling Approach/Departure – Allowing operations with weather constraints with less ground infrastructure Surface Operations – To increase safety in approach and departure Ø ATM Efficiencies – Improving the ATM process

Avionics Vendors

There are several major vendors of flight avionics, including Panasonic Avionics Corporation, Honeywell (which now owns Bendix/King), Rockwell Collins, Thales Group, GE Aviation Systems, Garmin, Parker Hannifin, UTC Aerospace Systems, and Avidyne Corporation.

MSP Aviation is proud to provide a wide range of precision sheet metal and machined components for the Aerospace industry. Our core competencies are Avionics Mounting and Cooling Systems. MSP is historically known throughout the global avionics market as the premier Instrument Clamp provider. Today MSP Aviation has evolved into more than just a clamp manufacturer. Our capabilities now include manufacturing aerospace grade sheet metal Cases, Boxes, Enclosures, Wiring Harnesses, Avionics Cooling Ducts, Switch Guards, and precision machined components.

MSP Aviation’s avionic mounts can be found on practically every commercial and military aircraft!

<https://www.msp-aviation.com/blog/what-are-avionics/>

Spanish facts

You may think you know everything there is to know about the Spanish language—after all, Spanish is all around us.

Spanish is a language that’s on the rise.

It’s a beautiful language with a wide global influence on business and culture.

It’s spoken in many diverse areas of the world, so Spanish speakers benefit from being able to communicate with all kinds of people in all types of situations in Spanish-speaking countries and beyond.

However, despite its ubiquity, you might still be surprised by some cool details about the Spanish language.

Here are some interesting facts about the Spanish language that will arouse your curiosity.

1. Over 400 million people speak Spanish Spanish is the mother tongue of an estimated 400-450 million people, making it the world’s second most spoken language.

Spanish only falls in second place behind Chinese, which is spoken by over a billion people and far outranks any other language.

Spanish surpasses English in its number of speakers, as English comes in third place with 335 million native speakers around the world.

2. There are 21 countries that have Spanish as the official language Spanish enjoys official language status in 21 countries across Europe, Africa, Central, South and North America, making it a very important global language.

Not only is it the main language for these 21 sovereign states, it also serves as a key language in a handful of dependent territories.

For many people in these places, it’s the only way to communicate and all official correspondence and documents are in Spanish. Spanish is also used in schools to teach the curricula.

Since English is spoken in 112 countries, the English language is the most widespread in terms of the number of countries that speak it. French is second with 60 countries speaking the language and Arabic is third, with 57 countries who communicate in Arabic.

Sure, Spanish only comes in fourth place in this aspect, but that still results in making it one of the most significant languages in the world. Many international companies and organizations, including the United Nations, have adopted Spanish as one of their official languages.

3. Spanish is a Romance language Spanish belongs to the Indo-European languages, which include French, English, Russian, German, the Slavic and Scandinavian languages as well as various languages in India. Indo-European languages initially spread across Europe and many areas of South Asia before reaching other parts of the world through colonization.

The name “Indo-European” has a geographical meaning relating to the languages’ most easterly reaches in the Indian subcontinent and their most westerly reaches throughout Europe.

Spanish is further classified as a Romance language, along with Catalan, Italian, French, Portuguese and Romanian.

You probably already knew about Spanish being a Romance language on some level, but the importance of this goes deeper than you might expect. All these intercontinental connections give Spanish a distinct advantage. Knowing its roots in and relationships with other languages can help you better understand Spanish linguistically, historically and culturally.

4. Spanish has Latin origins The Spanish language derives from a particular type of spoken Latin. This dialect developed in the central-northern region of the Iberian Peninsula following the 5th-century demise of the Western Roman Empire.

From the 13th to the 16th centuries, Toledo developed a written language standard and Madrid followed suit through the 1500s. During the last 1,000 years, the language has become more widespread, moving south towards the Mediterranean.

It was subsequently adopted by the Spanish Empire and, just as importantly, in the Spanish colonies established on the American continents.

5. Spanish has two names: Castellano and Español Spanish speakers often refer to their language as español as well as castellano, which is the Spanish word for “Castilian.”

The terms applied can differ from region to region, and they can also reflect political and social views. In English, the term “Castilian Spanish” can be used to refer to individual dialects of Spanish spoken in the northern and central parts of Spain. Occasionally, the term is used more loosely to refer to the Spanish spoken in Spain, as opposed to Latin American Spanish.

6. Spanish is a phonetic language Most people know a few words of Spanish, such as tapas, siesta, cava and tortilla. Spanish has also borrowed a few words from English, such as los jeans (jeans) and el hotel (hotel).

There are, however, some big differences between English and Spanish. For instance, there’s the fact that Spanish is a phonetic language. This means that you pronounce letters consistently and each letter represents a certain sound. This also means that Spanish is a fairly simple language for novices to learn, especially when it comes to spelling and speaking.

The links between sounds and letters mean that there usually aren’t any spelling surprises.

Of course, you won’t get off that easy. There are a few other tricks for native English speakers to master.

As Spanish originates from Latin, it has gendered language—masculine and feminine words and articles. The genders of adjectives must agree with their accompanying nouns, as well as the articles of those nouns.

Spanish enjoys more tenses and a greater variation in verb parts compared to English. It also has three ways to address people: tú being the informal “you,” usted being the formal “you,” and vosotros being the informal, plural version of tú (much like “you all” or “y’all”) in Spain. These all have an effect on verb forms, possessives and pronouns.

7. The Royal Spanish Academy is “in charge” of the language The Royal Spanish Academy is officially responsible for being the custodian of the Spanish language. It has its home in Madrid and operates numerous language academies through the Association of Spanish Language Academies in the 21 other countries that speak Spanish.

The Academy began its life in the 18th century and since then has published dictionaries and grammar rule books, which have been officially adopted in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries.

The Academy prides itself on inventing the use of the inverted question and exclamation marks, which are unique to the Spanish language. Another unique feature it’s responsible for is the letter ñ, which was introduced to the alphabet during the 18th century.

8. There are many regional nuances of Spanish We know that Spanish descended from Latin and spread from the Iberian Peninsula to Latin America through colonization.

It’s fascinating to know that there are more than a few discrepancies between the Spanish of Spain and that of Latin America. There are also countless differences in the Spanish language within Latin America itself!

That being said, the relatively minor vocabulary, grammar and punctuation differences aren’t terribly extreme, and communication is still very easy. You should be able to travel the Spanish-speaking world with “neutral” Spanish and manage communication with nearly anybody.

The differences originally arose because the colonies developed somewhat independently from one another, and even from Spain itself.

Since communication was limited, with no telephones, airplanes, emails, WhatsApp or Skype, some elements of older Spanish were retained and others abandoned. Plus, you’ll find that many regions have invented their own unique vocabulary, slang, accents and language usage quirks over time.

A good example is the way vos is used in Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. This is used in the Spanish from Spain, and so it was transferred to the Americas. As alluded to before, vosotros means “you” or “you all,” and thus is the second-person plural in Spain, as it was originally intended to be used. However, vos is now used as a polite, second-person singular pronoun in the above three countries.

Spain has long since stopped using it in this way, but if you visit Buenos Aires you’re quite likely to be asked “¿de dónde sos?” (where are you from?) as opposed to “¿de dónde eres?”.

9. Arabic influenced Spanish Arab armies started to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in 711, bringing Arabic art, architecture and language to the region. Arabic gradually mixed with old Spanish to become the language spoken today.

When Spain expelled the Arabs in 1492, the language retained some 8,000 Arabic words. Apart from Latin, Arabic is the largest contributor to Spanish. Many words that you already know in Spanish come from Arabic, such as el alfombra (carpet), la almendra (almond) and la almohada (pillow).

When you travel through Spain, you’ll come across many place, region and historic site names that come from Arabic, such as El Alhambra.

10. The earliest Spanish texts were written over 1000 years ago! Las Glosas Emilianenses (Glosses of Saint Emilianus), written in 964, were long thought to be the first written Spanish texts that survive today. They consist of Spanish and Basque notes made on a religious Latin manuscript.

The unknown author is thought to have been a monk at the Suso monastery. In 2010, however, the Real Academia Española announced that the first examples of written Spanish exist in 9th-century medieval documents known as the “Cartularies of Valpuesta,” from the Burgos province.

11. Spanish is poetic and has long sentences When you translate from English to Spanish, your text is likely to expand by 15-25%. This isn’t because Spanish words are longer than English words (and they’re definitely not as long as German words can be).

The reason for this expansion lies in the fact that Spanish is more detailed, poetic and expressive. It thus uses more words to describe something that English would probably sum up in just one word.

For example, the phrase en el sentido de las agujas del reloj literally means “in the direction of the needles of the clock,” but in English we would simply say “clockwise.” Spanish doesn’t have a word for “clockwise” and has to use the aforementioned phrase!

12. The demand of learning Spanish is increasing Spain has always been a popular travel and foreign study destination. Studying Spanish in schools and universities has also grown in popularity. These days the language is becoming very popular in Asia, signifying its importance in global economic markets.

The use of Spanish online has risen by an incredible 800% in recent years and this means it’s the third most popular language on the Internet, not far behind Mandarin and English.

An estimated 18 million students are currently studying Spanish as a foreign language. Forecasts indicate that, in a few generations from now, 10% of the world’s population will understand Spanish—whereas the number is currently 6%. That’s a big leap coming!

Short briefing...

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