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STM image (left) and structural model (right) of the 1D single strand nanoribbons with penta-silicene structure. 2,5x2,1nm2.
Fig. 2: Zoom in of the pentagonal rings including the Si-Si bond distances (in Å) and bond angles (in red), and perspective views of the 1D pentagonal structures
Fig 3: Upper part 3,8x1,8nm2 STM experimental double-strand NRs and lower part simulated structural model for a 5x2 grating of double-strand penta-silicene NRs.

Penta-silicene denotes a silicon-based two-dimensional (2D) structure, a cousin of silicene, composed entirely of Si pentagons, in analogy with Penta-graphene,a hypothetical variant of graphene. To date, such a striking structure has only been obtained synthetically as one-dimensional nanoribbons (1D-NRs) grown on a silver (110) substrate. These NRs adopt a highly ordered chiral arrangement in single- and/or double-strands (SNRs and DNRs, respectively) [1]. They were discovered in 2005 upon depositing Si onto the Ag(110) surface held at room temperature or at about 200°C, and observed in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy [2], [3]. However, their unique atomic structure was unveiled only in 2016 through thorough Density Functional Theory calculations and simulations of the STM images. It consists of alternating Si pentagons residing along a missing row formed at the silver surface during the growth process [4] (see Fig. 1). In the Penta-silicene NRs each Si pentagonal moeity displays an envelope conformation whereby four atoms are coplanar and a fifth flap atom protudes out of the surface [5]. The pentagons, nevertheless, do not deviate much from regular ones (see Fig. 2). DNRs consist of two SNRs with the same handedness running in parallel along two missing rows separated by two Ag lattice constants (aAg = 4.1 Å) (see Fig. 3). These theoretical results were further corroborated later in a detailed surface X-Ray Diffraction study [6]. The uniqueness of Penta-silicene NRs resides in the fact that pentagonal Si motifs are hardly found in nature. Despite large efforts devoted to design Si-based structures analogous to those of carbon, the existence of Si pentagonal rings had only been reported in clathrate bulk phases [7] or in Si surface reconstructions, like, typically, for the cleaved Si(111)2x1 surface [8]. Moreover, the discovery of 1D-Penta-silicene NRs puts hope on the future isolation of this new low dimensional Si allotrope, provided these epitaxial NRS can be detached from the silver surface. The possibilities offered by this unprecedented 1D pentagonal structure are manyfold, ranging from enlarged spin–orbit effects to Si-based nano-wires.

References

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  1. ^ Jorge I. Cerdá; Jagoda Sławinska; Guy Le Lay; Antonela C. Marele; José M. Gómez-Rodríguez; María E. Dávila (2016). "Unveiling the pentagonal nature of perfectly aligned single-and double-strand Si nano-ribbons on Ag(110)". Nature Communications. 7: 13076. doi:10.1038/ncomms13076.
  2. ^ C. Leandri; G. Le Lay; B. Aufray; C. Girardeaux; J. Avila; María E. Dávila; M.C. Asensio; C. Ottaviani; A. Cricenti (2005). "Self-aligned silicon quantum wires on Ag(110)". Surf. Sci. 574: L9–L15.
  3. ^ H. Sahaf; L. Masson; C. Leandri; F.Ronci; B.Aufray; G. Le Lay (2007). "Formation of a one-dimensional grating at the molecular scale by self-assembly of straight silicon nanowires". Appl. Phys. Lett. 90: 263110.
  4. ^ R. Bernard; T. Leoni; A. Wilson; T. Lelaidier; H. Sahaf; E. Moyen; L. Assaud; L. Santinacci; F. Leroy; F. Cheynis; A. Ranguis; H. Jamgotchian; A. Ranguis; C. Becker; Y. Borensztein; M. Hanbücken; G. Prévot; L. Masson (2013). "Growth of Si ultrathin films on silver surfaces: evidence of an Ag(110) reconstruction induced by Si". Phys. Rev. B. 88: 121411. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  5. ^ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook Last update: 2014-02-24; version: 2.3.3.
  6. ^ G. Prévot; C. Hogan; T. Leoni; R. Bernard; E. Moyen; L. Masson (2016). "Si Nanoribbons on Ag(110) Studied by Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, and Density-Functional Theory: Evidence of a Pentamer Chain Structure". Phys. Rev. Lett. 117: 276102.]
  7. ^ K. C. Pandey (1981). "New π-Bonded Chain Model for Si(111)-(2xl) Surface". Phys. Rev. Lett. 47: 1913.]
  8. ^ P. Melinon; P. Keghelian; X. Blase; J. Le Brusc; A. Perez; E. Reny; C. Cros; M. Pouchard (1998). "Electronic signature of the pentagonal rings in silicon clathrate phases: comparison with cluster-assembled films". Phys. Rev. B. 58: 12590–12593.]