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Your submission at Articles for creation: Climate Change in India (June 21)

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Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Firefly was:
The proposed article does not have sufficient content to require an article of its own, but it could be merged into the existing article at Effects of global warming on South Asia. Since anyone can edit Wikipedia, you are welcome to add that information yourself. Thank you.
 The comment the reviewer left was:
Please start by merging this into Effects of global warming on South Asia, with which there is a fair amount of overlap. If sufficient content is found for a separate article, it can always be split out later. Thanks!
Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.
ƒirefly ( t · c · who? ) 23:43, 21 June 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Welcome to Wikipedia! Need a hand?

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Hello, Pic CLI 2018! Having an article declined at Articles for Creation can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! ƒirefly ( t · c · who? ) 23:43, 21 June 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Climate Change Action in India

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Climate Change Action in India refers to consequences of anthropogenic Climate Change and its mitigation and adaption efforts in India. India being a tropical country is predicted to be severely affected at many levels like changes in sea level, water resources, weather patterns and degradation or loss of ecosystems due to Climate Change..[1] India is known to be one of the disaster-prone countries in the world and its economy, health and security will be largely affected by Climate Change.[2] In a recent study by HSBC, India was listed as the most vulnerable country to Climate Change in terms of exposure to its physical impacts, sensitivity to extreme weather events, implications risks associated with energy transition and ability to respond to all these stresses.[3] In 2016, India was the 4th largest emitters of CO2 in the world accounting for 7.1% of the total global CO2 emissions. The per capita emissions are much lower than the global average at 1.9 ton CO2/capita/year.[4] However, according to one study, urban areas including small towns and cities contribute to 2/3rd emissions in India.[5]

The current percentage of Indian population living in urban areas is 31.16% according to 2011 census and is expected to rise to 40% by 2030. A rapid rise in urbanization leads to complex issues like slums, decreased standard of living, pollution, socio-economic stress, degradation of resources and environmental damage.


Mitigation and Adaptation

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The government of India estimated that it will need $206 billion between 2015-2030 apart from the investments concerning disaster management to mitigate and adapt Climate change impacts.[6] India is witnessing a fastest rural-to-urban transition in human history, with increase of 300 million by 2030 causing expansive infrastructure development.[7] [8] 70% of the projected infrastructure in 2030 providing for the expected population of more than 1.4 billion people is yet to be built.[9] The Indian energy consumption will increase to at least double or double-and-a-half by 2030. Thus the sources of energy India utilizes will play a significant role in global Climate Mitigation efforts. India faces an immense challenge of abolishing energy crisis and increasing its economic growth while being environmentally responsible and judicious. It is necessary to rapidly reduce fossil fuel consumption and opt for clean and renewable energy options. India needs to be assertive in promoting renewable energy technologies for a sustainable future.[2][10]

There has been a dramatic decrease in renewable energy prices in the last few years. The costs have fallen faster than anyone predicted with record-low prices for solar and wind energy.[11] It will be more economical for State Governments to adopt clean energy than they pay more for new coal power. And their efforts and success will largely determine India's greenhouse gas emissions. [12] There are many obstacles for India to pursue the green path into the future. The investment in the coal industry has lead to intensified lobbying against renewable energy due to which they have received a backlash in recent years. It is also a huge challenge to optimize and channelize the old and upcoming infrastructure and transport systems in cities to be more energy efficient.[10]The climate mitigation measures will also help India to deal with its environmental issues like pollution, deforestation and waste management.

India is one of the strongest proponents of Climate Justice which advocates considering the large influence of historical responsibilities and current capabilities of a nation when determining climate governance regime.[13] Indian Government put forth a well-balanced Climate action plan along with addressing critical issues like poverty, food security, public health and education and adhering to its strong development plan. Thus it needs to overcome implementation challenges and create judicious policies for Climate Change Action and social justice.

UNFCCC Report 2015

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The First Biennial Update Report[14] submitted by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change states that the government recognizes the urgency and importance of collective actions for stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere so as to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with global climate system. The greenhouse gas emissions increased from 1,301.2 Mt in 2000 to 1,884.3 Mt during 2010 which implies an increase of 583.1 Mt during the 10-year period. The Government of India set up a National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF)[15] in 2010 supported projects, programmes and policies that promote clean energy technologies by imposing a cess on coal, lignite and peat. As on 31st March 2015, installed capacity of renewable energy based grid-interactive power generating units was 35,777 MW. In addition, installed capacity of captive power (off-grid) was 1,174 MWeq. Cumulative achievement target for renewable energy based power generation set by the government is 175,000 MW by the year 2022, comprising 100,000 MW Solar, 60,000 MW Wind, 10,000 MW Biomass and 5,000 MW Small Hydro. The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), a voluntary code, developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), prescribes a minimum standard for energy use in new buildings and major retrofits.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India adopted a mega project called the National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) in 2011 with four main modules – natural resource management, improving soil health, improving crop production and livestock to make the farmers self-reliant for adaptation under changing climate patterns. Under Green India Mission (GIM)[16], forest restoration, afforestation, agroforestry and urban forestry are being promoted. The Central Government has over 21 development programmes relevant to climate change adaptation, covering areas such as forests, agriculture, water, ecosystems, infrastructure, livelihoods and health. However, these policies are limited by various Constraints, Gaps and related Technical, Financial and Capacity Needs.

Paris Agreement

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Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has put forth some of the most ambitious climate targets at the Paris Conference. India committed to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33%–35% by 2030 below 2005 levels. To achieve 40% of electric power installed capacity from 'non-fossil fuel' energy sources like solar, wind and biomass by 2030. To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tones of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.[17]

The nation aims to adopt a more climate-friendly and cleaner path to achieve economic development than any in adapted in the past. It needs to simultaneously balance expanding electricity access and achieving its climate target.[2] India needs to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing carbon footprint at the individual, community and organizational level and by implementing better climate change mitigation and adaption policies.

COP 23

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The inauguration of India Pavilion focusing on climate actions in adaptation, mitigation, clean technology innovation and renewable energy took place at COP23 (Bonn) in 2017. The theme adopted by India for the conference was- 'Conserving Now, Preserving Future'. India and China along with other developing nations jointly demanded inclusion of the pre-2020 issue referring to completion of existing obligations for mitigation actions by developed nations under Kyoto Protocol in the agenda of the Conference which was resisted by the developed countries.[18]

A report jointly prepared and released by New Climate Institute, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) at COP23 mentioned India as one of the nine countries out of the top 25 emitters who are complying with the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) committed at the Paris Conference. It also predicted that India may over-achieve the targets at 2020 and is likely to achieve the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for the year 2030 if appropriate and adequate policies and actions are implemented.[19]

Impacts

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Environmental

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The IPCC 2007 report predicts highly variable weather with more intense rain, more frequent flash floods and an increase in drought-affected areas and extreme precipitation events in various areas in India.[20][14]

Monsoon

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The India meteorological department has declared that water cycle will be more intense, with higher annual average rainfall as well increased drought in future years.[21] A 20% rise in monsoon over most states is also predicted.[22] A 2°C rise in global average temperature will make Indian monsoon highly unpredictable.[23] At 4°C an extremely wet monsoon which currently has a 1 in 100 year’s chance will occur in every 10 years by 2100. Extremes in maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation will increase particularly over western coast and central and north-east India.[24] The dry years are expected to be drier and wet years wetter due to Climate Change.

Glaciers

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Glaciers are the main source of water for the Himalayan Rivers such as Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus. 67% of Himalayan glaciers have receded in the past decade and continue to diminish with increasing rates. The Ganga and the Indus are likely to become water scarce by 2025.[25] Since 1962, the overall glacier area has reduced by 21% from 2077 km2 to 1628 km2. This will lead to water shortages becoming more acute with time and may endanger food security and energy generation[26]

River Basins

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The per capita availability of freshwater in India is expected to drop below 1000 cubic meters by 2025 because of population growth and climate change. River basins of Cauvery, Penna, Mahi, Sabarmati, Tapi, Luni and few others are already water scarce. Krishna and Subarnarekha may become so by 2025. High population density, coastal flooding and saltwater intrusion and exposure to storm surges makes Ganga, Godavari, Krishna and Mahanadi coastal river deltas "hotspots" of climate change vulnerability. [21]

Sea Level Rise

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Rise in sea temperature and sea level leads to loss of marine ecosystems and biodiversity, salination, erosion and flooding and also increases occurrence and intensity of storms along entire shoreline. Climate Change impacts are already observed in submergence of coastal lands in the Sundarbans[27], loss of wetlands[28] and of coral reefs by bleaching[29], and an estimated sea level rise of 1.06 - 1.75 mm/year.[30] Low end scenarios estimate sea levels in Asia will be at least 40 cm higher by 2100. The IPCC calculates that it would expose 13-94 million people to flooding, with about 60% of this total in South Asia. A sea level rise of 100 cm would inundate 5,763 cubic km of India’s landmass.[31] It will severely affect populations in megacities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai due to land submergence and extreme weather events.[32] Increase in sea surface temperature increases frequency, intensity, scale and destructive power of tropical cyclones.[33]

Heat Waves and Sand Storms

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500Mha land in the Asia Pacific region is already experiencing land degradation.[34] The summers have already become more intense in India with some regions regularly reporting temperatures around 45°C.[35] In the last four years, India has seen as many as over 4,620 deaths caused by heat waves, according to data published by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India.[36] Indian Meteorological Department declared that the storm that hit northern India in May 2018 was severe and their frequency could increase due to global warming. This is due to increase in the intensity of the wind and dryness of the soil which increases the intensity of dust storms. The rise in land surface temperature will be more pronounced in the northern part of India. A recent study reports that summers could last up to 8 months in the Gangetic plain by 2070 if the global temperature increases beyond 2°C.[37] Increasingly severe and frequent Heat waves may substantially increase mortality and death incidences.[38]

Socio-economic

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As the majority of Indian agriculture is rain-fed, change in monsoon will affect crop production. Increasing temperatures along with water stress are already reducing crop yield. Even under the most conservative climate change scenarios, net cereal production for South Asian countries is expected to tumble by at least 10%. At 2°C by 2050, India may need to import more than twice the amount of food-grains than would be required in absence of climate change.[39] Glacial retreat, unpredictable rainfall patterns, increased flooding and drought will threaten water availability, access and quality. The decline in water volume of rivers will add stress to intrastate water management and relations.[25] Overuse of groundwater will force the water table lower which will increase the arsenic content of groundwater.[40] The degradation of water resources affects water security of the nation.

More areas all around the world are prone to desertification due to global warming. This is especially critical in countries like India where the population is not equipped or adapted to survive in water scarce situations.[41] Currently, the majority Indian population occupying rural areas directly depends on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture, forests and fisheries. These sectors are heavily dependent on natural resources such as water, biodiversity, mangroves, coastal zones and grasslands. Thus the projected climate change will have various implications in food production, water supply, biodiversity and livelihoods.[42]

Climate change may have major health impacts in India and increase malnutrition and related health disorders such as child stunting to 35% by 2050. Increase in temperatures will lead to increase in frequency of Malaria, Diarrhea and other vector-borne diseases in colder regions which were earlier protected by low temperatures.[43] The damage and health hazards caused because of all these extreme weather events are likely to drastically increase as well.[24]

  1. ^ EPA,OA, US. "International Climate Impacts". 19january2017snapshot.epa.gov.
  2. ^ a b c (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Climate change - India battles to balance economy and environment - DW - 06.11.2017". DW.COM.
  3. ^ "HSBC: India Is The Country Most Vulnerable To Climate Change - CleanTechnica". cleantechnica.com.
  4. ^ http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2017/CO2_and_GHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_online.pdf
  5. ^ IANS (22 October 2015). "Higher carbon footprint linked to urbanisation, rurban areas" – via Business Standard.
  6. ^ http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/10/5-key-takeaways-india%E2%80%99s-new-climate-plan-indc
  7. ^ "Urbanisation in India faster than rest of the world". 27 June 2007.
  8. ^ "India in transition: Urban migration and exclusion".
  9. ^ Friedman, Uri (29 June 2014). "'70% of India Has Yet to Be Built'".
  10. ^ a b Carrington, Damian; Safi, Michael (6 November 2017). "How India's battle with climate change could determine all of our fates". the Guardian.
  11. ^ Dudley, Dominic. "Renewable Energy Will Be Consistently Cheaper Than Fossil Fuels By 2020, Report Claims".
  12. ^ https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/paris-climate-conference-India-IB.pdf
  13. ^ Venkat, Vidya (17 November 2016). "India demands 'climate justice'" – via www.thehindu.com.
  14. ^ a b https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts.pdf
  15. ^ http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=National_Clean_Energy_Fund_(NCEF)
  16. ^ http://www.moef.nic.in/division/introduction-22
  17. ^ "Pledges And Targets- Climate Action Tracker". climateactiontracker.org.
  18. ^ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/stalemate-over-inclusion-of-pre-2020-issues-in-cop23-agenda-continues/articleshow/61618756.cmshttps://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/stalemate-over-inclusion-of-pre-2020-issues-in-cop23-agenda-continues/articleshow/61618756.cms
  19. ^ http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/-india-could-achieve-its-2030-climate-targets--59067
  20. ^ "Chapter 10: Asia - AR4 WGII". www.ipcc.ch.
  21. ^ a b http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/india-climate-5-water-DEFRA.pdf
  22. ^ Sathaye, Jayant; Shukla, Priyadarshi; H. Ravindranath, N (30 November 2005). "Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns". Curr Sci. 90 – via ResearchGate.
  23. ^ http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/cc10.pdf
  24. ^ a b "India: Climate Change Impacts".
  25. ^ a b "India will be the hotspot of water crisis by 2025: UN". www.indiawaterportal.org.
  26. ^ http://www.saded.in/PDF%20Files/Kulkarni_GW_Effect_HimalayanGlaciers_Shrinkage.pdf
  27. ^ "Sinking Sundarbans islands underline climate crisis". 17 January 2018.
  28. ^ Sarkar, uttam; Borah, Bibha (28 June 2017). "Flood plain wetland fisheries of India: with special reference to impact of climate change". Wetlands Ecology and Management. 26: 1. doi:10.1007/s11273-017-9559-6 – via ResearchGate.
  29. ^ Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove; Poloczanska, Elvira S.; Skirving, William; Dove, Sophie (8 June 2018). "Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification". Frontiers in Marine Science. 4. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00158 – via Frontiers.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  30. ^ http://www.ipublishing.co.in/ijesarticles/fourteen/articles/volfive/EIJES51047.pdf
  31. ^ "10.4.3 Coastal and low lying areas - AR4 WGII Chapter 10: Asia". www.ipcc.ch.
  32. ^ https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22062/1/MPRA_paper_22062.pdf
  33. ^ Sun, Yuan; Zhong, Zhong; Li, Tim; Yi, Lan; Hu, Yijia; Wan, Hongchao; Chen, Haishan; Liao, Qianfeng; Ma, Chen; Li, Qihua (15 August 2017). "Impact of Ocean Warming on Tropical Cyclone Size and Its Destructiveness". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08533-6.
  34. ^ Ravindranath, Nijavalli H.; Sathaye, Jayant A. (11 April 2006). "Climate Change and Developing Countries". Springer Science & Business Media – via Google Books.
  35. ^ France-Presse, Agence (20 May 2016). "India records its hottest day ever as temperature hits 51C (that's 123.8F)". the Guardian.
  36. ^ "India's killer heatwaves claim 4620 deaths in last four years". 23 April 2017.
  37. ^ "Effects of climate change: If global warming continues, summers in India could last for 8 months by 2070, say researchers - Firstpost". www.firstpost.com.
  38. ^ "Dust storms may increase in India due to climate change". india.mongabay.com.
  39. ^ https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9789048195152-c2.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1117350-p174009161
  40. ^ Bondu, Raphaël; Cloutier, Vincent; Rosa, Eric; Benzaazoua, Mostafa (3 August 2016). "A Review and Evaluation of the Impacts of Climate Change on Geogenic Arsenic in Groundwater from Fractured Bedrock Aquifers". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 227 (9). doi:10.1007/s11270-016-2936-6.
  41. ^ "Water Scarcity: India's Silent Crisis - Inter Press Service". www.ipsnews.net.
  42. ^ http://www.ssvk.org/climate_change_sustainable_development.pdf
  43. ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822161/

Your draft article, Draft:Climate Change Action in India

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Hello, Pic CLI 2018. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Climate Change Action in India".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply edit the submission and remove the {{db-afc}}, {{db-draft}}, or {{db-g13}} code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Home Lander (talk) 01:31, 21 February 2019 (UTC)[reply]

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