User talk:Smassaro24/sandbox

Review comments: Anna Nelson

Good morning Suzanna! This was a very good article, the topic is clearly covered and it looks like the section you are adding will be a nice addition. There was nothing major to change but here are a few suggestions and things I noticed along the way:

The intro did a good job of covering the topic briefly and the way that the first section was broken up was very helpful. It was a lot of information and having it divided made it easier to read.

In the #3 of the first section: The 2nd sentenence "This impaired..." had some matching issues with the list that followed. Specifically, stress syllables and sound monotone... I think these could be fixed by adding an s to the end. So it would be the speech "stresses syllables" and "sounds monotone"? I'm not sure, but it seemed like something was off with the sentence structure that made it hard to understand.

Throughout the article I noticed some inconsistency with capitalization. In 2nd paragraph you use "Apraxia of Speech"... is this supposed to be capitalized? I don't know the rules on that. Also, when talking about acquired AOS, acquired was capitalized at times and then not at others. I would choose one and use it throughout the paper/paragraph.

I took a look at your sources, they seem like they are all reliable sources and have a good amount of variability between them.

Let me know if you have any questions or want me to look over the section that you are adding later! Anna Anelso (talk) 14:18, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Caroline's Review comments

Your article flows really well! The language especially - I can't really tell where the differences are between the original article and your additions.

In the Intro paragraph, I'm not really sure what "poor motor planning" means

Under the Characteristics section, define prosody (for the people who are not linguistically trained). Also, before you go into detail about each of the characteristics, I'm unclear as to whether peoples with AOS can't talk at all or if they can talk but with great difficulty and many errors. It might be helpful just to briefly state their abilities.

In the 4th characteristic, I realize that the example that you gave is most likely from an article, but I'm not sure it was the best example. I understand how "baby" requires not a lot of adjustment, but I don't understand how it requires less adjustment than "dog" which is only one syllable and I don't think I move my lips when I say it. Is there a different word that you could use to make this differentiation clearer? (Let me know if this explanation doesn't make sense)

Overall, the characteristics section was very clear/easy to understand and very helpful!

In the causes section, are there any other causes of AOS? Your percentages only add up to 85% of explained causes. Also, under the stress heading, do you think Post Traumatic Stress Disorder could cause some AOS?

Under Treatment, does spontaneous recovery happen overnight or does it take some time (but not therapy)?

Really good article and I definitely learned some things! Lino08 (talk) 14:36, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

/Apraxia of speech

The update of this existing article on Speech Apraxia will expand and rearrange the content of the article. The proposed order of topics is: Definition, Symptoms & Characteristics, Terminology, Causes and Types, Diagnosis, Treatment. The “Causes and Types” category will contain the previous information regarding childhood, stroke-associated, and stress-induced apraxia of speech.

Apraxia of Speech (AOS) is a motor speech disorder affecting an individual's ability to translate conscious speech plans into motor plans and is caused by illness or injury in adults or poor motor planning in children. Like other apraxias, it only affects volitional movement patterns.

The speech disorder, Apraxia of Speech, can be divided into two specific types: acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Acquired apraxia of speech is a loss of prior speech ability resulting from a brain illness or injury which occurs in both children and adults. Childhood apraxia of speech is an inability to utilize motor planning to perform movements necessary for speech during a child's language learning process. Although the age of onset differs between the two forms, the main characteristics and treatment are similar. For the purpose of this article, both terms will be referred to as 'apraxia of speech (AOS).'

Characteristics

Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a neurogenic communication disorder affecting the motor programming system for speech production. Individuals with AOS demonstrate difficulty in the speech production specifically with the sequencing and forming of sounds. The individual knows exactly what they want to say, however there is a disruption in the part of the brain that sends the signal to the muscle for the specific movement. Individuals with acquired AOS demonstrate hallmark characteristics of articulation and prosody errors. Coexisting characteristics may include groping and effortful speech production with self-correction, difficulty initiating speech, abnormal stress, intonation and rhythm, and inconsistency with articulation errors.

Wertz et al, (1984) describe the following as speech characteristics that an individual with apraxia of speech can exhibit:

1) Effortful trial and error with groping
2) Self correction of errors
3) Abnormal rhythm, stress and intonation
4) Inconsistent articulation errors on repeated speech productions of the same utterance
5) Difficulty initiating utterance

• Utilization of vowels
• Variable error patterns
• Specific difficulties
• Acoustic characteristics
• Physiologic characteristics

History & Terminology

The term Apraxia was first defined by Hugo Karl Liepmann in 1908 as the "inability to perform voluntary acts despite preserved muscle strength." In 1969, Frederic L. Darley initiated the term 'apraxia of speech,' replacing Liepmann's original term ‘apraxia of the glosso-labio-pharyngeal structures.’ Paul Broca had also identified this speech disorder in 1861, which he referred to as 'aphemia': a disorder involving difficulty of articulation despite having intact language skills and muscular function.

The disorder is currently referred to as 'apraxia of speech,' but was also formerly termed 'verbal dyspraxia.' The term apraxia comes from the Greek root “praxis,” meaning the performance of action or skilled movement. Adding the prefix 'a,' meaning absence, or 'Dys,' meaning partial, to the root 'praxis,' both function to imply speech difficulties related to movement.

Causes and Types

• Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
  • Motor Skill Learning
• Brain damage
  • Stroke-associated
• Stress-induced
• Broca’s Aphasia

Diagnosis

• Testing of Apraxia
• Age of onset
• Differential Diagnosis
  • How is Apraxia different from other speech disorders?
    • Broca’s Aphasia
    • Conduction Aphasia
    • Dysarthria

Treatment

• Process
• Goals of treatment

References

Varley, R. (2011). Apraxia of speech: From psycholinguistic theory to the conceptualization and management of an impairment. In J. Guendouzi, F. Loncke, M. J. Williams, J. Guendouzi, F. Loncke, M. J. Williams (Eds.) , The handbook of psycholinguistic and cognitive processes: Perspectives in communication disorders (pp. 535-549). New York, NY US: Psychology Press.

Brain, W. Russell Brain. (1965). Speech disorders: aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia. 2d ed. Washington: Butterworths.

Dalton, P., Hardcastle, W. J. (1977). Disorders of fluency and their effects on communication. London: E. Arnold.

Tomblin, J. Bruce., Bishop, D. V. M., Norbury, C. (2008). Understanding developmental language disorders: from theory to practice. Hove [England]: Psychology Press.

"Childhood Apraxia of Speech" American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

Ballard, K. J., Robin, D. A., McCabe, P., & McDonald, J. (2010). A treatment for dysprosody in childhood apraxia of speech. Journal Of Speech, Language, And Hearing Research, 53(5), 1227-1245. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0130)

Wambaugh, J. L. (2009). Understanding and management of acquired apraxia of speech: Contribution of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Aphasiology, 23(9), 1127-1145. doi:10.1080/02687030701855739