Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Typhoid fever
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Definition[edit]
Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial illness caused by Salmonella typhi.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Salmonella_typhi_typhoid_fever_PHIL_2215_lores.jpg/100px-Salmonella_typhi_typhoid_fever_PHIL_2215_lores.jpg)
Onset of illness[edit]
Symptoms typically begin, six to thirty days after exposure to food or water, contaminated with the feces of an infected person.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_Navy_090715-N-9689V-008_Republic_of_Singapore_Navy_Maj._Boon_Hor_Ho_examines_a_local_man_suffering_from_abdominal_pain_during_a_Pacific_Partnership_2009_medical_civic_action_project_at_Niu%27ui_Hospital.jpg/100px-thumbnail.jpg)
Symptoms[edit]
Early symptoms may vary from mild to severe.[3][4] Usually, there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days;[3] weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting.[4][5]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Man_suffering_from_typhoid._Baumgartner%2C_1929_Wellcome_L0074316.jpg/100px-Man_suffering_from_typhoid._Baumgartner%2C_1929_Wellcome_L0074316.jpg)
Other symptoms[edit]
Some people will develop a skin rash, with rose colored spots.[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PHIL_2214.tif/lossy-page1-100px-PHIL_2214.tif.jpg)
Severe cases and carriers[edit]
In severe cases there may be confusion.[5] Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months.[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Confused_man.jpg/100px-Confused_man.jpg)
Carriers[edit]
Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Food_Photography_1.jpg/100px-Food_Photography_1.jpg)
Causes[edit]
The cause is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, that grows in the intestines and blood.[4][5]
Spread[edit]
Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Drain_in_Kalibari_community_%283682826791%29.jpg/100px-Drain_in_Kalibari_community_%283682826791%29.jpg)
Risk factor[edit]
Risk factors include poor sanitation and poor hygiene.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Poor_sanitation_situation%2C_Tanzania_%283233304175%29.jpg/100px-Poor_sanitation_situation%2C_Tanzania_%283233304175%29.jpg)
Risk factor 2[edit]
Those who travel in the developing world are also at risk.[5]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IMF_Developing_Countries_Map_2014.png/100px-IMF_Developing_Countries_Map_2014.png)
Diagnosis[edit]
Because symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases,[5] diagnosis requires either culturing the bacteria, or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow.[4][1][6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/US_Navy_070905-N-0194K-029_Lt._Paul_Graf%2C_a_microbiology_officer_aboard_Military_Sealift_Command_hospital_ship_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH_20%29%2C_examines_wound_cultures_in_the_ship%27s_microbiology_laboratory.jpg/100px-thumbnail.jpg)
Bone marrow testing[edit]
Culturing the bacterium can be difficult, so [7] bone marrow testing is the most accurate.[6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg/100px-Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg)
Prevention[edit]
The chlorination of public drinking water led to the sharp reduction of typhoid in developed nations.[8] In typhoid-endemic countries,
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fresh_water_fountain.jpg/100px-Fresh_water_fountain.jpg)
Typhoid vaccines have been shown to prevent 40 to 90% of cases during the first two years,[9] and may have some effect for up to seven years.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Typhoid_inoculation2.jpg/100px-Typhoid_inoculation2.jpg)
Travel to endemic areas[edit]
Vaccination is recommended for those at high risk, or people traveling to areas where the disease is common.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/US_Navy_060105-N-6060O-015_Hospital_Corpsman_3rd_Class_Matthew_D._Petersen%2C_assigned_to_Strike_Fighter_Squadron_Two_%28VFA-2%29%2C_administers_a_bi-annual_Typhoid_vaccination.jpg/100px-thumbnail.jpg)
Other efforts[edit]
Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, and handwashing.[4][2]
Infected persons quarantine[edit]
Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others.[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Do_not_handle_food_vegetable.png/100px-Do_not_handle_food_vegetable.png)
Treatment[edit]
The disease is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, or third generation cephalosporins.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Generic_amoxicillin-clavulanic_acid_tablets_with_875mg_amoxicillin.jpg/100px-Generic_amoxicillin-clavulanic_acid_tablets_with_875mg_amoxicillin.jpg)
Resistance[edit]
Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult.[1][10]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fighting_Antibiotic_Resistance_%288696040154%29.jpg/100px-Fighting_Antibiotic_Resistance_%288696040154%29.jpg)
Epidemiology[edit]
In 2015, there were 12.5 million new cases worldwide.[11]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fievre_typhoide.png/100px-Fievre_typhoide.png)
Epidemiology - geography[edit]
The disease is most common in India.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India-locator-map-blank.svg/100px-India-locator-map-blank.svg.png)
Epidemiology - demographic[edit]
Children are most commonly affected.[1][2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Khost_children_in_2009.jpg/100px-Khost_children_in_2009.jpg)
Prognosis[edit]
Rates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s, as a result of improved sanitation, and use of antibiotics to treat the disease.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0029%2C_Bonn%2C_Gesundheitsamt%2C_Schutzimpfung.jpg/100px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0029%2C_Bonn%2C_Gesundheitsamt%2C_Schutzimpfung.jpg)
Risk of death[edit]
The risk of death may be as high as 20% without treatment, and 1 to 4% with treatment.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Typhoid_facies.jpg/100px-Typhoid_facies.jpg)
History[edit]
The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mallon-Mary_01.jpg/100px-Mallon-Mary_01.jpg)
History 2[edit]
In 1907, she was the first typhoid carrier identified and traced, while working as a cook in New York. She was associated with 53 cases and three deaths.[12]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg/100px-Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg)
History 3[edit]
She died of pneumonia after 26 years in quarantine.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mary_Mallon_in_hospital.jpg/100px-Mary_Mallon_in_hospital.jpg)
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wain, J; Hendriksen, RS; Mikoleit, ML; Keddy, KH; Ochiai, RL (21 March 2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMID 25458731.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 83 (6): 49–59. February 8, 2008. PMID 18260212. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015.
- ^ a b Anna E. Newton (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. ISBN 9780199948499. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ a b Crump, JA; Mintz, ED (15 January 2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (2): 241–6. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951.
- ^ Alan J. Magill (2013). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (9th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 568–572. ISBN 9781455740437. Archived from the original on 2017-02-28.
- ^ Leal, John L. (1909). "The Sterilization Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company at Boonton, N.J." Proceedings American Water Works Association. pp. 100–9.
- ^ Milligan, R; Paul, M; Richardson, M; Neuberger, A (31 May 2018). "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD001261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMID 29851031.
- ^ Chatham-Stephens, K; Medalla, F; Hughes, M; Appiah, GD; Aubert, RD; Caidi, H; Angelo, KM; Walker, AT; Hatley, N; Masani, S; Nash, J; Belko, J; Ryan, ET; Mintz, E; Friedman, CR (11 January 2019). "Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (1): 11–13. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3. PMC 6342547. PMID 30629573.
- ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
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