William John Young (biochemist)
William John Young | |
|---|---|
 Professor William John Young during his time at the University of Melbourne | |
| Born | 26 January 1878 Withington, Manchester, England |
| Died | 14 May 1942 (aged 64) East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Citizenship | British |
| Education | Owens College, Manchester B.Sc. (1898), M.Sc. (1902)); University of London, D. Sc. (1910) |
| Known for | Discovery of Harden–Young ester (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Metabolic biochemistry |
| Institutions | Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, London; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine; University of Melbourne |
William John Young (26 January 1878 – 14 May 1942) was an English biochemist.
Early life
[edit]William John Young was born on 26 January 1878 in Withington, Manchester, England. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1898 and a Master of Science degree in 1902, both at Owens College, Manchester. Young began his research early in his career, and was granted the Levinstein and Dalton research exhibitions for 1899-1900 and 1900-1901 respectively.[1]
In 1910, Young received his D.Sc. from the University of London.[1]
Yeast fermentation experiment
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From 1900 to 1912, Young held the title of Assistant Biochemist at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in London. He worked with Sir Arthur Harden on fermenting enzymes in yeast extract, extending the work of Eduard Buchner on cell-free alcoholic fermentation. In 1906, they found that heat-stable substances were necessary in addition to heat-sensitive enzymes, by observing that the rate of alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts increased when boiled yeast extract was added.[2] They soon discovered that salts of orthophosphoric acid stimulate fermentation.[1] They developed an apparatus to collect and measure the gases that evolved during fermentation. This model employed a volumetric measurement of CO2, while former apparatuses used a gravimetric measurement.[3]
Using this apparatus, Harden and Young inadvertently discovered the sugar diphosphate in the system.[4] That compound, which was initially called the Harden-Young ester, was later shown to be fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.[5] This compound was the first chemical intermediate discovered in fermentation. Its discovery led to the ultimate description of fermentation in terms of molecular intermediates. Harden's and Young's general findings can be summarized as:[3]
- 2C6H12O6 + 2Na2HPO4 = C6H10O4(PO4Na2)+2H2O + CO2 +2C2H6O;
- C6H10O4(PO4Na2)2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + 2Na2HPO4
Research in Australia
[edit]In 1913, Young and his family migrated to Queensland, Australia, where he was appointed Biochemist at the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Townsville. In 1920, Young became a lecturer at the University of Melbourne. He was promoted to associate professor in 1924 and Foundation Professor in 1938 . During these years, his interests extended to the applied biochemistry of food preservation. He was a forerunner in refrigeration techniques, and some of his methods are still used with bananas.[3]
While in Australia, Young conducted experiments related to blood biochemistry. In 1915, he performed experiments to compare the effects of salvarsan and neosalvarsan to the behavior of atoxyl in animal blood.[6] He found that they were very similar, and all led to a form of arsenic associated with blood proteins. This arsenic was found to be localized to the plasma and the red blood cells.[citation needed]
In response to previous studies of the anti-tryptic action of blood serum, Young's experiments in 1918 investigated the possible mechanism of this anti-tryptic effect. His research led him to the tentative conclusion that trypsin was not a protein.[7][full citation needed][6] In later research this conclusion was refuted. He did, however, provide valuable improvements to the techniques utilized in related research.[citation needed]
In 1920, Young embarked on an investigation of the pigment melanin found in the skin and hair of animals and humans.[8][9] He found that it could be extracted by treatment with dilute alkali. This research provided insight into the structure of melanin and its role in hair and skin.
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c "Young, William John (1878 - 1942)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
- ^ Harden & Young 1906.
- ^ a b c Harden & Young 1910.
- ^ Harden & Young 1913.
- ^ Korman, E. F. (1974). "The discovery of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (Harden–Young ester) in molecularization of fermentation and of bioenergetics". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 5 (1–2): 65–68. doi:10.1007/BF01874174. PMID 4610358.
- ^ a b Young 1918.
- ^ Young 1915b.
- ^ Young 1914.
- ^ Young 1921.
References
[edit]- "Young, William John (1878 - 1942)". Bright Sparcs.
- Harden, A.; Young, W. J. (12 April 1906). "The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-Juice". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character. 77 (519): 405–420. doi:10.1098/rspb.1906.0029. JSTOR 80032.
- Harden, Arthur; Young, William John (10 May 1910). "The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-Juice. Part V.-The Function of Phosphates in Alcoholic Fermentation". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character. 82 (556): 321–330. Bibcode:1910RSPSB..82..321H. doi:10.1098/rspb.1910.0023. JSTOR 80249.
- Harden, A; Thompson, J; Young, W. J. (1911). "Apparatus for Collecting and Measuring the Gases evolved during Fermentation". Biochemical Journal. 5 (5): 230–235. doi:10.1042/bj0050230. PMC 1276362. PMID 16742158.
- Harden, A; Young, W. J. (1913). "The Enzymatic Formation of Polysaccharides by Yeast Preparations". Biochemical Journal. 7 (6): 630–636. doi:10.1042/bj0070630. PMC 1276534. PMID 16742282.
- Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M., eds. (2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7167-4339-2.
- Young, W. J. (1914). "A Note on the Black Pigment in the Skin of an Australian Black". Biochemical Journal. 8 (5): 460–462. doi:10.1042/bj0080460. PMC 1276596. PMID 16742333.
- Young, W. J. (1921). "The Extraction of Melanin from Skin with Dilute Alkali". Biochemical Journal. 15 (1): 118–122. doi:10.1042/bj0150118. PMC 1258964. PMID 16742962.
- Young, W. J. (1918). "Studies in the Antitryptic Action of Blood Serum". Biochemical Journal. 12 (4): 499–515. doi:10.1042/bj0120499. PMC 1258838. PMID 16742777.
- Young, W. J. (1915a). "The Fixation of Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan by the Blood after Intravenous Injection". Biochemical Journal. 9 (4): 479–484. doi:10.1042/bj0090479. PMC 1258633. PMID 16742393.
- Young, W. J. (1915b). "Observations upon the body temperature of Europeans living in the tropics". The Journal of Physiology. 49 (4): 222–32. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1915.sp001706. PMC 1420579. PMID 16993292.
