ZNF337

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ZNF337
Identifiers
AliasesZNF337, zinc finger protein 337
External IDsHomoloGene: 49427 GeneCards: ZNF337
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

26152

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000130684

n/a

UniProt

Q9Y3M9

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001290261
NM_015655

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001277190
NP_056470

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 20: 25.67 – 25.7 Mbn/a
PubMed search[2]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

ZNF337, also known as zinc finger protein 337, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF337 gene. The ZNF337 gene is located on human chromosome 20 (20p11.21). Its protein contains 751 amino acids, has a 4,237 base pair mRNA and contains 6 exons total.[3] In addition, alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[4] The ZNF337 gene encodes a zinc finger domain containing protein, however, this gene/protein is not yet well understood by the scientific community. The function of this gene has been proposed to participate in a processes such as the regulation of transcription (DNA-dependent), and proteins are expected to have molecular functions such as DNA binding, metal ion binding, zinc ion binding, which would be further localized in various subcellular locations.[5][6] While there are no commonly associated or known aliases, an important paralog of this gene is ZNF875 [7]

Gene[edit]

There are no commonly associated or known aliases beyond Zinc Finger 337, however, some potential ones could include LOC26152.[8] Its locus is found on chromosome 20, positioned 11.21 (20p11.21). Base coordinates are on the negative (minus) strand. There are 6 exons in total. The span of the ZNF337 gene (the start of transcription to the polyA site in base-pairs) is 4,237 base pairs (mRNA).

Transcripts[edit]

The ZNF337 gene contains two transcript variants (both encode the same protein); variant 1 represents the longer transcript (751 aa) while variant 2 differs in the 5’ UTR. There are also three isoforms (X1, X2, and X3). These isoforms represent one of many splice variants of the gene (while the transcript is an expressed sequence).

Proteins[edit]

ZNF337 has a predicted molecular weight of about 86.9 kdal and a predicted isoelectric point of 9.74 pI.[9] It is important to note that these are predictions as post translational modifications could affect these values. As suggested by the protein's name, there are several zinc fingers. There are no high scoring hydrophobic or transmembrane segments/regions and has no positive or negative charge clusters.[10]

Some amino acids found in ZNF337 are seen in unusual amounts as shown below. In amino acid distribution, glutamine (E), methionine (M), and alanine (A) are low while cysteine (C ) and histidine (H) are high. It is rare for cysteine particularly to be highly expressed in amino acid sequences; the ZNF337 protein is an unusually basic protein. Because of its basic properties, it is DNA or RNA loving (i.e. able to bind to DNA or RNA fairly easily).

Domains and Motifs[edit]

As found through the MyHits program (found on ExPasy), there are about 6 different motifs (or pfams) present in ZNF337.[11]

Motif Type Amino Acid Sequence Position e-value
KRAB (KRAB box) 12-52 6.6e-26
PHD (PHD-finger) 349-412 0.0032
Rpr2 (RNAse P Rpr2/Rpr21/SNM1 domain) 472-551 0.00088
Zf-C2H2 (Zinc finger, C2H2 type) 208-230 4.3e-06
236-258 3.8e-09
264-286 6e-07
292-314 2.4e-08
320-342 4.6e-07
348-370 1.9e-09
376-398 2.8e-07
404-426 5.9e-09
432-454 1.2e-07
460-482 1.8e-08
488-510 3.1e-07
516-538 3.8-07
544-566 2.1e-06
572-594 2.2e-06
600-622 5e-07
628-650 1.3e-08
656-679 0.00014
685-707 2.4e-07
713-735 1.2e-07
Zf-C3HC4 (Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger)) 210-269 0.00083
Zf-FCS (MYM-type zinc finger with FCS sequence motif) 342-385 0.02

Table 1. Six different motifs within the ZNF337 protein. The KRAB box, PHD finger, Rpr2, Zinc finger (C2H2 type), Zinc finger (C3HC4 type - RING finger), and Zinc finger (MYM-type zinc finger with FCS sequence motif) all play different functions and roles.

Secondary & Tertiary Structures[edit]

The secondary structure of ZNF337 is predicted to have many helices, sheets, turns and coils (especially random coils) as shown below.[12][13]

Secondary Structure Composition
Type of Secondary Structure Number of Amino Acids Percent Composition
Alpha Helix 169 22.50%
Extended Strand 154 20.51%
Random Coil 428 56.99%

Both the H. Sapiens and P. troglodyte secondary structures are extremely similar; however, it is interesting to compare to S. dumerili where there is a stronger presence of sheets and coils between both 200-300 bp and 400-500 bp positions instead of sheets and helices. Additionally, comparing the beginning of the secondary structure (0-14 bp) of all species/orthologs shows that coils and turns make up the majority of the beginning, but not as much in some species such as S. dumerili (more helices and sheets instead).

P. troglodytes (95.6% identical to human protein) secondary structure
S. dumerili (30.9% identical to human protein) secondary structure
C. japonica (1.9% identical to human protein) secondary structure


H. Sapiens ZNF337 secondary structure

Several tertiary structure modeling programs were unable to construct a model for ZNF337. When using the SWISS-model program, some models were constructed, however, to ZNF568. The ZNF568 protein sequence is 45.20% identical to that of ZNF337, has a sequence similarity of 0.44, and coverage of 0.37 with a range between the 345-623 bp amino acids in the ZNF337 protein sequence.[14] The predicted tertiary structure is shown in Figure 1. In this figure, there are several zinc ion ligands.

Figure 1. Predicted tertiary structure of ZNF568, which is 45.20% identical to the ZNF337 protein sequence. Created using SWISS-MODEL.

ZNF568 is a protein coding gene, associated with diseases such as transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. It has transcriptional repression activity, partially through the recruitment of the co-repressor TRIM28, but also has repression activity independently of this interaction. It is specifically important during embryonic development, where it acts as a direct repressor of a placental-specific transcript of IGF2 in early development and regulates convergent extension movements required for axis elongation and tissue morphogenesis in all germ layers. It is also crucial for normal morphogenesis of extraembryonic tissues including the yolk sac, extraembryonic mesoderm and placenta. Interestingly, it may enhance proliferation or maintenance of neural stem cells [15]

Gene Level Regulation[edit]

Promoter[edit]

The promoter region was chosen using ElDorado at Genomatrix, which assessed the ZNF337 gene locus for possible promoter regions. Out of the six possible promoter regions and sets, promoter set 6 (GXP_8991829) was chosen as it is the one best supported by transcripts (has six transcript ID's). Its start position is 25696627, its end position is 25697904 and its length is 1278 base pairs. Within GXP_8991829 (-), coding transcript GXT_26235925 was chosen as it has 5 exons, 37,403 CAGE tags, and corresponds with accession number XM_006723558 in NCBI (see Figure 2).

The promoter sequence contains a CpG island with a CpG count of 138. There is also a DNAse cluster (score =1000) present within the promoter sequence.

Transcription Factor Binding Sites[edit]

Possible transcription factors for the ZNF337 promoter region were determined using ElDorado at Genomatrix. These are listed below in Table 2.

Transcription Factor Detailed Matrix Information Anchor Base/Position Matrix Similarity Sequence
TF2B Transcription factor II B (TFIIB) recognition element 984 1.0 ccgCGCC
VTBP Avian C-type LTR TATA box   21 0.814 ctatagtTAAGaacaat
Avian C-type LTR TATA box   743 0.825 ttttattTAGGtagccc
Lentivirus LTR TATA box 314 0.83 gtgTATAatatgctgat
Cellular and viral TATA box elements 177 0.961 ccctaTAAAtatgtaca
Cellular and viral TATA box elements 275 0.911 aaataTAAAgtctacgt
CAAT Cellular and viral CCAAT box 553 0.909 taaaCCATtgagaga
CAAT Nuclear factor Y (Y-box binding factor) 114 0.939 taccCCAAtcaccct
CEBP CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), epsilon 289 0.974 gtggtttgGCAAgcc

Table 2. Possible transcription factors for ZNF337 promoter region.

There are 340 factors from 129 cell types of Transcription Factor ChIP-seq Clusters (from Encode3).[16] With that said, only the strong ones (indicated as black or dark grey) that also contain peaks within the promoter or enhancer regions are shown in Table 3.

Location Transcription Factor – ChIP Cell Type(s)
Promoter CTCF GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid), H1-hESC (human embryonic stem cells), K562 (myelogenous leukemia cells)
Promoter RFX5 GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid)
Promoter STAT1 GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid)
Promoter TAF1 GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid)
Promoter TRIM22 GM12878 (human lymphoblastoid)
Promoter REST H1-hESC (human embryonic stem cells)
Promoter GABPA HeLa-S3 (cervical cancer cell line)
Promoter MAFK HeLa-S3 (cervical cancer cell line)
Promoter TBP HeLa-S3 (cervical cancer cell line)
Promoter FOXA1 HepG2 (human liver cancer cell line)
Promoter SIN3A HepG2 (human liver cancer cell line)
Promoter SP1 HepG2 (human liver cancer cell line)
Promoter GATA2 K562 (myelogenous leukemia cells)
Promoter MYC K562 (myelogenous leukemia cells)
Promoter POLR2A Body of Pancreas
Promoter FOS Endothelial Cell of Umbilical Vein

Table 3. Transcription Factor-ChIP Clusters associated with specific cell types.

According to ORegAnno (literature curated TFBSs), there is no TF-ChIP signal overlap within the promoter/enhancer regions. Most of the ORegAnno citations correlate with a “NANP” gene, while transcription factors CTCF and CEBPA are confirmed in the enhancer region for the ZNF337 gene.[16]

Expression Patterns[edit]

Both RNA sequence data from the Gene database records at NCBI and the Human Protein Atlas [17] using immunohistochemical staining to determine protein in various tissues show that the ZNF337 protein is expressed in many tissues. While ZNF337 mRNA tissue specificity is expressed in low tissue specificity levels, the mRNA is notably expressed in the cerebellum (brain) but is also more highly expressed in all tissues (distribution in all) compared to protein expression, especially higher in female tissues.

An antibody was developed against a recombinant protein corresponding to amino acids: ESSQGQRENPTEIDKVLKGIENSRWGAFKCAERGQDFSRKMMVIIHKKAHSRQKLFTCRECHQGFRDESALLLHQN. The specificity of human ZNF337 antibody was verified on a Protein Array containing target protein plus 383 other non-specific proteins. This isotype is IgG, its clonality is polyclonal, its host is rabbit, and its purity is immunogen affinity purified. This staining of human cerebellum shows cytoplasmic positivity in Purkinje cells (which regulate and coordinate motor movements through inhibitory functions and neurotransmitters).[18]

While there is little-some expressivity in a wide range of tissues, together, these results indicate a trend that expressivity is highest and most present in the brain, particularly the cerebellum. A few experiments and results also indicate expressivity in female (and some male) reproductive tissues.

Transcript Level Regulation[edit]

Multiple sequence alignments were created to observe conservation between different species. Specifically, a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of the ZNF337 promoter region in primates and marsupial (opossum, chimpanzee, human, and rhesus monkey), or closely related species, shows little to no conservation in the beginning of sequences.

There are highly conserved regions in the beginning of both the 5’ UTR and 3’ UTR multiple sequence alignments. These could be functionally important based on stem-loop formations, miRNA binding capacity, or RNA binding protein binding capacity.

Protein Level Regulation[edit]

Localization[edit]

The prediction for localization of ZNF337 is highest in the nucleus (nuclear) at 95.7% followed by 4.3% in the mitochondria (mitochondrial).[19]

Post-Translational Modifications[edit]

ZNF337 contains many predicted post-translational domains such as phosphorylation (serine and tyrosine kinases),[20] PEST motifs,[21] O-GlcNAc sites,[22] SUMOylation,[23] and glycation[24] as seen below:

Modification Amino Acid Number (in sequence)
Phosphorylation 46, 109, 127, 155, 287, 446, 474, 483, 672, 695, 708, 743, 745, 751
PEST motif 598-612
O-GlcNAc sites 109, 142, 231, 384, 750, 751
SUMOylation 633
Glycation 94, 123, 125, 199, 206, 234, 248, 309, 339, 374, 388, 407, 430, 449, 486, 547, 556, 617, 668, 730

Table 4. Different post-translation modifications. Modifications can alter protein structure, thus affecting overall protein function and viability.

  • PEST motifs are high in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T). PEST motifs are linked to a reduced half-life of proteins and are potential targets for proteolytic degradation/cleavage sites.
  • O-GlcNAc modifications may compete with phosphorylation for control of a protein's activation state.
  • SUMOylation can interfere with the interaction between the target and its partner, can provide a binding site for an interacting partner, result in a conformational change of the modified target, or facilitate or antagonize ubiquitination.
  • Glycation sites indicate the potential for a nonenzymatic process to occur, in which proteins react with reducing sugar molecules and therefore impair the function and change the characteristics of the protein. Because there are quite a few of these glycation sites, there could be a somewhat high probability that it is easy to change the function or characteristic of the protein.

Predicted transmembrane domains, new signal peptides, N-terminal signal peptides, and cytoplasmic predictions[edit]

No predicted transmembrane domains were identified from tests run through SOSUI.[25] A prediction for a new signal peptide is very low and negative at -3.83. The GvH is also very negative at -8.69 (with a possible cleavage site between amino acids 56 and 57), indicating a low possibility that it has a cleavable signal sequence. Thus, ZNF337 is predicted to have no N-terminal signal peptide. Also, Reinhardt's method for cytoplasmic/nuclear discrimination has a cytoplasmic prediction for ZNF337 with a reliability score of 94.1.[19]

The nuclear localization signal is somewhat low at 0.75. Orthologs (P. troglodytes, S. dumerili, and C. asiatica ) were used to confirm the significance of these predictions. Likewise, there were no predictions of no N-terminal peptide signals and transmembrane domains. All these ZNF337 orthologous proteins confirmed the prediction of nuclear location at 95.7%.

Homology/Evolution[edit]

An important paralog of the ZNF337 gene is ZNF875.[7]

ZNF337 has many orthologs shown in a wide variety of species (vertebrates and invertebrates), such as primates, bony fishes, rodents, and even some plants as seen in Table 6 below. There are no orthologs found outside plants. Highly conserved amino acids and regions are shown in the middle-end of the ZNF337 protein sequence, suggesting that functions may differ due to less conservation in the beginning of ZNF337 sequences between species.

Phylogenetic trees highlight the evolution of species (specifically in relation to the evolution of the ZNF337 gene). Primates are clumped together closest to humans, while other species such as the megabat and mouse deviate from the cape golden mole or the zig zag eel and flier cichlid deviate from the greater amberjack. Species whose date of divergence from the human lineage (measured in units of millions of years ago) are greater show less sequence similarity and identity, which is also demonstrated through distance shown through phylogenetic trees.

Genus and Species Common Name Taxonomic Group Date of Divergence from Human Lineage (Million Years Ago - MYA) Accession Number Sequence Length (aa) Sequence Identity to Human Protein (%) e-value
Homo sapiens Human Primates 0 NP_056470 751 aa 100% 0
Gorilla gorilla gorilla Western gorilla Primates 8.6 XP_004061979.1 751 aa 99.5% 0
Pongo pygmaeus Bornean orangutan Primates 15.2 XP_009231663.1 753 aa 98.3% 0
Colobus angolensis palliates Angola colobus Primates 15.2 XP_011807556.1 758 aa 96.7% 0
Aotus nancymaae Nancy Ma's night monkey Primates 42.9 XP_012324051.1 751 aa 94.4% 0
Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Primates 6.4 XP_009435254.1 751 aa 95.6% 0
Macaca mulatta Rhesus macaque Primates 28.81 XP_028683917.1 751 aa 81.4% 0
Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating macaque Primates 28.81 XP_015313198.1 751 aa 81.2% 0
Cebus capucinus imitator Panamanian white-faced capuchin Primates 42.9 XP_017376089.1 751 aa 80.4% 0
Pan paniscus Bonobo Primates 6.4 XP_014198483.1 827 aa 76.8% 0
Tupaia chinensis Chinese tree shrew Scandentia 85 XP_006163813.1 876 aa 50.7% 0
Carlito syrichta Philippine tarsier Primates 69 XP_021573536.1 807 aa 52.5% 0
Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole Afrosoricida 102 XP_006877795.1 764 aa 45.0% 0
Echinops telfairi Lesser hedgehog tenrec Afrosoricida 102 XP_030742187.1 1487 aa 26.1% 0
Seriola dumerili Greater amberjack Carangidae ("Bony fishes") 433 XP_022604330.1 763 aa 30.9% 0
Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia Cichildae ("Bony fishes") 433 XP_019222635.1 1033 aa 10.2% 0
Archocentrus centrachus Flier cichlid Cichildae ("Bony fishes") 433 XP_030603298.1 794 aa 28.6% 0
Mastacembelus armatus Zig-zag eel Synbrachiformes 433 XP_026164592.1 760 aa 28.7% 0
Pteropodidae Megabat Chiroptera 94 751 aa 35.4% 0
Mus musculus Mouse Rodentia 89 751 aa 26.5% 3.00e-153
Ciona intestinalis Sea squirt Enterogona 603 1278 aa 15.6% 3.00e-96
Petromyzontiformes Sea lamprey Lamprey 599 751 aa 7.1% 4.00e-35
Drosophila sechellia Fruit fly Fly 736 751 aa 6.9% 4.00e-35
Pristionchus pacificus Roundworm Rhabditida 736 751 aa 2.9% 6.00e-15
Caenorhabditis briggsae Nematode Rhabditida 736 751 aa 1.9% 2.00e-08
Camellia japonica Japanese camellia Plants 1275 751 aa 1.9% 2.00e-08

Table 5. Orthologs to ZNF337.

ZNF337 is evolving at the molecular level very quickly. When compared to fibrinogen protein rate of evolution, the ZNF337 appears to be accumulating the same amount amino acid changes in the same amount of time. It is evolving faster than cytochrome C protein, which is known to evolve slowly, as well as hemoglobin.

Divergence rate of ZNF337 compared to known fast diverging gene, fibrinogen, and slowly diverging gene, CytC. This graph shows the percent change in amino acid sequence over the date of divergence of the sequence from humans.

Function/Biochemistry[edit]

The ZNF337 gene encodes a zinc finger domain containing protein, however, this gene/protein is not yet well understood by the scientific community.

The function of this gene has been proposed to participate in a processes such as the regulation of transcription (DNA-dependent), and proteins are expected to have molecular functions such as DNA binding, metal ion binding, zinc ion binding, which would be further localized in various subcellular locations.[5][6]

Because ZNF337 has several post-translational modification sites, alternative protein states may be present that permit ZNF337 to have different forms.

ZNF337 also has a variety of interactions with other proteins as discussed above, suggesting it may have a broad range of action. The different transcription factors demonstrate roles in transcription regulation. The KRAB box in the beginning of the sequence may play an important role in cell differentiation and development as well as regulating viral replication and transcription.[26] PHD fingers are found in nuclear proteins involved in epigenetics and chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation.[27] Zinc finger C2H2 transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that regulate transcription. They possess DNA-binding domains that are formed from repeated Cys2His2 zinc finger motifs.[28] Also, many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

Interacting proteins[edit]

Only the CEBPA transcription factor within the strongest DNAse HS cluster was also detected by GenoMatix. GenoMatix determined that potential transcription factors could include the following: TF2B, VTBP, CAAT, and CEBP. This is confirmed to be associated with the ZNF337 gene by the TF-ChIP ENCODE data and ORegAnno. The cluster score for this overlapping transcription factor, CEBPA, is 1000.[16] Transcription Factors that might bind to regulatory sequences, specifically the enhancer region, includes CEBPA (chr20:25670005-25670302) and CTCF (chr20:25670168-25670507).

Clinical significance[edit]

Diseases associated with the ZNF337 gene include the development of adult astrocytic tumors,[29] which is the most common glial (brain cell) tumor occurring within the brain and spinal cord.[30] This observation and association could make sense as there is a high expression of the ZNF337 gene in various parts of the brain (specifically the cerebellum).

There are several notable SNPs in the coding sequence of ZNF337. These mutations include mostly missense and nonsense mutations.[31][32]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130684 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ^ "ZNF337 zinc finger protein 337 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  4. ^ "Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 337 (ZNF337), transcript variant 2, mRNA". 2019-08-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ a b Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, Burton J, Gilbert JG, Jones M, et al. (20–27 December 2001). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20". Nature. 414 (6866): 865–71. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..865D. doi:10.1038/414865a. PMID 11780052.
  6. ^ a b "AceView: Gene:ZNF337, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  7. ^ a b "ZNF337 Gene - GeneCards | ZN337 Protein | ZN337 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  8. ^ "ZNF337 Gene - GeneCards | ZN337 Protein | ZN337 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  9. ^ "ExPASy - Compute pI/Mw tool". web.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  10. ^ "SAPS < Sequence Statistics < EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  11. ^ "Motif Scan". myhits.isb-sib.ch. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  12. ^ "CFSSP: Chou & Fasman Secondary Structure Prediction Server". www.biogem.org. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  13. ^ "(...)use HTTP POST method and not GET(...)". Archived from the original on 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2020-05-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  14. ^ "SWISS-MODEL". swissmodel.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  15. ^ "ZNF568 Gene - GeneCards | ZN568 Protein | ZN568 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  16. ^ a b c "Human hg38 chr20:25,618,436-25,683,311 UCSC Genome Browser v397". genome.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  17. ^ "The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  18. ^ "ZNF337 Antibody". Novus Biologicals. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  19. ^ a b "PSORT WWW Server". psort.hgc.jp. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  20. ^ "GPS 5.0 - Kinase-specific Phosphorylation Site Prediction". gps.biocuckoo.cn. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  21. ^ "EMBOSS: epestfind". emboss.bioinformatics.nl. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  22. ^ "YinOYang 1.2 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  23. ^ "SUMOplot™ Analysis Program | Abcepta". www.abcepta.com. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  24. ^ "NetGlycate 1.0 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  25. ^ "SOSUIsignal: Result". harrier.nagahama-i-bio.ac.jp. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  26. ^ "SMART: KRAB domain annotation". smart.embl.de. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  27. ^ "SMART: PHD domain annotation". smart.embl.de. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  28. ^ "Gene Group: C2H2 ZINC FINGER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS". flybase.org. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  29. ^ "ZNF337 Gene - GeneCards | ZN337 Protein | ZN337 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  30. ^ "Astrocytoma Tumors – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments". www.aans.org. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  31. ^ "Home - SNP - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  32. ^ "SNP linked to Gene (geneID:26152) Via Contig Annotation". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-03.

Suggested Readings[edit]

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