Kazakhstan–Poland relations

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Kazakhstan–Poland relations
Map indicating locations of Kazakhstan and Poland

Kazakhstan
Poland

Kazakhstan–Poland relations refer to bilateral relations between Kazakhstan and Poland. Relations focus on growing trade and politicial cooperation. Both countries are members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, World Trade Organization and United Nations.

History[edit]

Kazakh postal stamp from 2017 commemorating the Polish Anders' Army

Poland and Kazakhstan have a shared history rooted in the mass deportation of ethnic Poles to the former Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union.[1] Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the destinations for the deportations of Poles from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland.[2] After the Sikorski–Mayski agreement, Polish diplomatic posts were established Almaty, Semey, Shymkent, Kostanay, Astana, Pavlodar and Petropavl in 1941–1942.[3] In early 1942, a portion of the Polish Anders' Army along with civilians was relocated to southern Kazakhstan, whereas the remainder was moved to the Uzbek and Kyrgyz SSRs.[4] The 1st Uhlan Regiment, the 8th Infantry Division and 10th Infantry Division were stationed in Otar, Shokpak and Lugovoy, respectively.[5] The Poles suffered from epidemics and famine and many died.[6] In 1942, the army with many civilians was evacuated to Iran. As of 1943, there were still nearly 77,000 Polish citizens in Kazakhstan, according to Soviet data.[7] After the war, over 62,000 Poles were repatriated from the Kazakh SSR to Poland in 1946–1948.[8]

Poland and Kazakhstan established formal diplomatic relations in 1992.[9] A double tax avoidance agreement was signed between the countries in 1995.[10] Several cooperation agreements were signed between the two countries, concerning economy (2006), tourism (2007), defense (2012), education (2014) and agriculture (2016).[11][12][13][14][15]

State visits[edit]

Poland President Andrzej Duda hosted Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev in Poland in 2016 for the Polish - Kazakh Economic Forum.[16] Polish presidents Kwaśniewski and Kaczyński visited Kazakhstan in 1999[17] and 2007[18] respectively.

Economic relations[edit]

Trade turnover between the two countries exceeded $2.2 billion in 2014.[19] More than 200 Polish businesses are operating in Kazakhstan that have invested about $130 million in Kazakhstan operations.[20] Both countries' foreign trade agencies together established the Polish-Kazakh Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation to build commercial ties between businesses.[21]

Transport links[edit]

LOT Polish Airlines operates a service from Warsaw to Astana.

Diplomatic missions[edit]

  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in Almaty.
  • Embassy of Kazakhstan in Warsaw
    Embassy of Kazakhstan in Warsaw

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Iglicka, Krystyna (1998). "Are They Fellow Countrymen or Not? The Migration of Ethnic Poles from Kazakhstan to Poland". The International Migration Review. 32 (Winter): 995–1014. JSTOR 2547669.
  2. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi" (in Polish). Łódź: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 2012. p. 28. ISBN 978-83-63695-00-2.
  3. ^ Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. pp. 26, 34, 111, 203, 310, 312, 356. ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
  4. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi". p. 46.
  5. ^ "Tworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRS w 1941–1942" (PDF). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  6. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi". p. 48.
  7. ^ Masiarz, Władysław (1997). "Przesiedlenie i repatriacja Polaków z Azji Środkowej w 1946 r.". Zesłaniec (in Polish). No. 2. Warszawa. p. 109.
  8. ^ Masiarz, p. 113
  9. ^ "Poland Foreign Policy". Polish Foreign Ministry.
  10. ^ Konwencja między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu w sprawie unikania podwójnego opodatkowania i zapobiegania uchylaniu się od opodatkowania w zakresie podatków od dochodu i majątku, sporządzona w Ałmaty dnia 21 września 1995 r., Dz. U. z 1995 r. Nr 121, poz. 586
  11. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy gospodarczej, sporządzona w Astanie dnia 6 lipca 2005 r., M.P. z 2006 r. Nr 13, poz. 173
  12. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie turystyki podpisana w Astanie dnia 29 marca 2007 r., M.P. z 2008 r. Nr 6, poz. 68
  13. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie obronności, podpisana w Astanie dnia 11 lipca 2012 r., M.P. z 2018 r. poz. 957
  14. ^ Porozumienie między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie edukacji, podpisane w Astanie dnia 15 września 2014 r., M.P. z 2016 r. poz. 649
  15. ^ Porozumienie między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie rolnictwa, podpisane w Warszawie dnia 22 sierpnia 2016 r., M.P. z 2017 r. poz. 331
  16. ^ "Poland - Kazakhstan. Potential of cooperation is enormous". Polish Investment & Trade Agency.
  17. ^ "POLISH PRESIDENT STARTS OFFICIAL TRIP TO KAZAKHSTAN". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 October 1999.
  18. ^ "President of Kazakhstan visits Poland". csm.org.pl. Center for International Relations. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  19. ^ "Polish Ambassador to Kazakhstan Strongly Supports Silk Road Project". The Astana Times.
  20. ^ "Focus on Kazakhstan". Polish Investment & Trade Agency.
  21. ^ "PAIiIZ and Kaznex signed a cooperation agreement". Polish Investment & Trade Agency.
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