Trade policy of China
 |
As of at least early 2024, China is the largest trading partner of over 120 countries.[1]: 147
History[edit]
In 1999, the Chinese government began promoting investment abroad through the Go Out policy[2] and Jiang Zemin formally announced it as a national strategy in March 2000.[3]: 56 The policy was implemented top-down from central government leadership.[4]: 123 During Jiang's tenure, the policy greatly expanded China's investment and influence in global South countries, especially those in Africa and Asia.[4]: 124
After its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, China began pursuing export-led growth and became a key link in global supply chains.[5]: 235–236 Chinese businesses were encouraged to trade directly with foreign companies (instead of working through SOEs as previously). with the exception of certain state monopoly sectors deemed critical to national security.[6]: 39 China's industrious and cheap labor also proved attractive to foreign investments.[5]: 235–236 China accumulated large trade surpluses and foreign currency reserves, which greatly increased government resources.[5]: 235–236
In 2016, China joined the Transports Internationaux Routiers Convention (TIR Convention), a multilateral treaty reducing administrative boundaries for international transportations of goods in customs-sealed containers.[1]: 149 The majority of TIR members also participate in China's Belt and Road Initiative and membership significantly facilitates China's trade.[1]: 149
China is a member of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).[1]: 148 In January 2022, RCEP became the world's largest trade bloc (in economic terms) and continues to be the world's largest as of at least early 2024.[1]: 148
In 2020, China signed major free trade agreements with the European Union as well as fifteen different Asia-Pacific countries.[7]: 259 As of at least 2023, China is the world's largest exporter, a status it has maintained continuously since 2010.[8]: 88
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300266900.
- ^ 更好地实施“走出去”战略 2006年03月15日
- ^ Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.2915805. ISBN 9780674271913. JSTOR jj.2915805. S2CID 259402050.
- ^ a b Garlick, Jeremy (2024). Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-25231-8.
- ^ a b c Zhao, Suisheng (2023). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-3415-2. OCLC 1332788951.
- ^ Jin, Keyu (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-1-9848-7828-1.
- ^ Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022-11-15). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. S2CID 253067190.
- ^ Brown, Kerry (2023). China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-26724-4.