User:1a16/ Nationalist tendencies within the United States government and Constitution of the United States

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Nationalism#References , United States nationalism#References

Nationalist tendencies within the United States government and Constitution of the United States is with regards to the identification of nationalism within the policy of the United States government, as a factor of international relations and politics, and as a source of harm to humanity.

With regards to the nature of the definition of evil, within this article, the identification of nationalism as an evil, presumes the corresponding distortion of perception of morality such that both perception correctly of evil is distorted within and external to the boundaries of the United States, for instance in the case of death by gun-shot of children indicating an evil within the United States, and nationalism the identified governmental cause, indicated by national attitude to legality of tobacco (as indicated by the number of deaths per year directly attributable from tobacco use, according to the World Health organization May 2017) masking other evils within the culture of the United States, gun ownership being the suggested other evil (should child death by gun-shot be thought of as an evil, for instance, since children are innocent and not guilty of crimes, but dead by gun-shot).

The simplistic definition is; good at identifying evil abroad, not very good at identifying evil at home.

Examples might be; the reduction of murder rate as an issue of government, and a responsibility of government (c.f. Responsibility to protect as one example) , and especially with regards to the security and safety of a population - but guns are still made available to people. The need for lower murder rate as an indication - a base indication of a civilization - as opposed to war; or forms of government where anarchy is suggested as a form of freedom.

The United States government promotion of continued use of tobacco for the general population as possible contributory cause of pre-conditions for the United States as a target for activity defined as terrorist.

United States nationalism[edit]

Main article: United States nationalism

Keith Gaddie , Kirby Goidel The American Nationalism Problem - Accessed June 11th, 2017

criteria: United States nationalism

Tobacco use[edit]

Further information:

Definitions of sacred[edit]

sourcing:

spf=1497210298984 criteria: sacred definitions

Is not sacred because there is no God as position (defined: atheism)


http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sacred

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sacred

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sacred

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sacred

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sacred

Reason why Native Americans might have considered tobacco as sacred, excluding sacred as being anything which necessitates connection to worship of any particular defined deity[edit]

posit:death

Tobacco use[edit]

(Lai S, Lai H, Page JB, McCoy CB 2000)

Deaths by tobacco use

Accepting tobacco use by anyone within the world with some restriction, as a factor of the national identity creates a morally bad situation globally because tobacco is a dangerous substance; the nature of which is as being classified as a negative value defined as nationalistic tendencies by the United States government by retention of the 2nd Amendment, which is an additional bad, due to the number of deaths.

People defined as terrorists are defined by various sources as evil, to a therefore good (the United States), because people are killed or injured (as the evil; as the nature and example of the evil - committed to the people, nation of the United States) by individuals defined as terrorist; there-by legitimizing the use of violence against others by people empowered by the United States government to defend the good, when the United States promotes tobacco use, and has an internal policy of gun-ownership, both of which result in a proportionally significant number of deaths, without there being any attention to the nature of evil within the United States government and Constitution of the United States.

70% of people in U.S. polls would stop smoking tobacco (D. Hales 2014)[edit]

In U.S. national polls (circa 2014), of the total number asked in polls the proportion of 70% of the total number of people asked would like to quit smoking tobacco but cannot (D. Hales 2014). [1]

Legality of tobacco compared to legality of restricted drugs[edit]

Main articles: War on Drugs and Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

The nature of the nationalistic tendencies is that tobacco is perceived as acceptable, while other drugs are restricted and perceived as evils, except tobacco is obviously and absolutely proven to be a highly dangerous and harmful, plus addictive drug, causing over 7 million deaths per year, while the nature of evil, both in considerations of evil is defined as harm done to humans, including death, but (to be verified) especially if the humans belong to the United States (or allies).

During 2004 about 5 million people aged thirty years and more than thirty years of age died as direct cause from tobacco (World Health organization). [2]

Tobacco "kills" more than 7 million people each year. (updated values of May 2017 World Health organization) [3]

Posit: Other restricted drugs were restricted for public safety, to preserve order in society by limiting the effects of use on the consciousness of the majority of the population,

to protect citizens of countries, [4]

is indicated by the need for restriction and (to be verified) the lower number of deaths from other psychoactive drugs compared to tobacco.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country

Tobacco#Global_production - tobacco Kills about 5.4 million people a year [5] that these deaths are not significant, important, is the nature of evil, that harm is done to people, to others, and this isn't a problem, is the nature of evil. Good as opposite to evil, is for a thing which is a good - for the benefit of any one person is the same value for all people, to know the nature of evil, is to know it is the opposite of a benefit to any one.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#/media/File:HeroinWorld-en.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine

Crack_cocaine#Legal_status

Evidence of nationalism as an evil within the United States governmental policy on tobacco as a legal drug[edit]

User:1a16/_Nationalist tendencies within the United States government and Constitution of the United States#70.25 of people in U.S. polls would stop smoking tobacco .28D. Hales 2014.29

tobacco is addictive:

Addiction is a brain disorder - Nestler EJ (December 2013), Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016), Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K (October 2008), Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF (February 2013)[edit]

Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. [6][7][8] [9][10][11]

compared to definitions of ill-health shown as the words mental disorder - especially with regards brain chemistry in schizophrenia

Addiction is a brain disorder, "kills" 7 million people a year (W.H.O. May 2017)

- life as opposite to death - death is not preferred, death is perceived as an evil, to cause death - for instance in terrorism is perceived as evil - to take a life against a persons will - 70% would stop smoking tobacco if possible - tobacco is legal.

Economics arguments - for the continued legal status of tobacco is the same as organized crime and nationalism

Comparing definitions of the word mental to definitions of the word mind[edit]
=the word mental=[edit]

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/mental - of or relating to the mind

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mental - of or relating to the mind

=of the word mind=[edit]

the element or complex (see 1complex 1) of elements in an individual that feels, perceives, thinks, wills, and especially reasons •Keep your mind active as you grow older.

the conscious mental events and capabilities in an organism

the organized conscious and unconscious adaptive mental activity of an organism

defined as Criminal negligence "wanton disregard for human life" with regards to number of deaths by tobacco use[edit]

Criminal negligence defined as "wanton disregard for human life"

Economics arguments - for the continued legal status of tobacco is the same as organized crime

Addictiveness as an indicative of need for restriction in other drugs; as an indicative of likelihood of abuse[edit]

Tobacco fulfills all criteria (depending on comparitive similarity of the definition of high potential) for List of Schedule I drugs (US)[12] The following findings are required for drugs to be placed in this schedule:[13]

  1. The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
  2. The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
  3. There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.

Drugs listed in this control schedule include: Heroin, MDMA , GHB, BZP, Etorphine, αMT

In the United States, cocaine is a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Substances Act, indicating that it has a high abuse potential but also carries a medicinal purpose.[14][15]

tobacco fulfills Schedule II (US): Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.[16]

Harmful use http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/definition2/en/

Dinesh Bhugra, Kamaldeep Bhui - Textbook of Cultural Psychiatryp. 244 Cambridge University Press, 17 February 2011 ISBN 1139467727

Use of the word "kills" by the World Health Organisation (W.H.O.) as an indicative of homicidal ideation at unknown source[edit]

Further information: Ideation, Homicide, and Wikt:homicidal

source entitled: Tobacco, the Problem, Tobacco of source: World Health Organisation - Fact sheet June 2009 Accessed June 7th, 2017

United States War against terrorism and drugs[edit]

Further information: Moral relativism

THIS SET OF COMMENTS ARE WRITTEN AT A THEORETICAL VALUE NOT HELD BY THE AUTHOR, IN ORDER TO LOCATE sourcing, and don't represent necessarily the opinions and beliefs, with regards to the individual - Username: 1a16

Considering the lethality of tobacco, except is legal within the United States.

The expression of this lethality as a biochemical inclusion to the human body, suggests gun usage as an expression of the dangerousness, (a characteristic similarity). The obvious continuation is of the two elements of anti-social personality disorder exhibited in the behavior of the United States, with the former - serious irresponsible conduct (the legalization or at least the lack of severe restriction of tobacco use, considering the plethora of evidence against use), coupled with the legality of fire-arms, as the second value, as highly aggressive behaviours not indicated in other populations of countries of the world (ergo defined as the suggested value of abnormally aggressive).

With respect to the War on Drugs, as justified - as a projection and transference of an internal problem to an external.

criteria: Projection in psychiatry

criteria: transference in psychiatry

criterias: return - Just War theory & Justified war

The problem of a polarized morality where a group cannot perceive their own negative situation as being an existant and evil with relation to their situation acts as, not committed, because good acts committed elsewhere (the War against Drugs) seems to create a balance (in the mind) of good and bad (in a suggested bad world, how anyone might do anything more than the basic or absulte minimum necessary to seem good, while ignoring the bad in their own culture).

Supported by evolutionary principles - of merciless and ruthless behaviours (such as commencement of war against other nations; with particular regard to the two factors civilian losses on both sides of the war, and gun-shot deaths in the homeland of the United States, are to non-gun owning nations, indistinguishable) -

Suggests a nation which acts on the basis of merciless and ruthless principles of evolution where-by only the strongest survive; created by a moral vacuum existing due to increased atheism, and corresponding attention to any moral structure from religion.

Citizens are so able to terrorize each other - the nation has invited foreigners to come over to participate also. That there is ipso facto at all a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives with the last value as acts of war against the people of a country, simply included in one Bureau of, ways to control and regulate possible dangers to the people of a country.

To ignore a moral problem as a chronic situation indicates an increasingly probability of entire failure to accept contrary opinions, such that evils committed in a country in the name of good continue to pass without change - is not reason - and indicates acceptance of something which is therefore - not reason, without reason. (c.f. arguments and rationalles of treason, psychosis, anti-social personality disorder)

Number of deaths via Nazi Germany during World War two compered to number of deaths per year according to World Health Organisation figures of May 2017 of direct cause by tobacco use (>7 million per year according to May 2017 statement), with regards to United States strategy on global security; on the basis tobacco is native to the American landmass[edit]

The number of dead are shown on the website of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum:

deaths of people belonging to the ethnic group defined as Jewish - estimates are: a number approximately as 6 million. [17]

Civilians belonging to the population of the then Soviet Union estimates are: a number approximately as 7 million [18]

Non-Jewish Polish civilians - approximately 1.8 million people dead [19]

Further information: Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany
Psychology: the soviet problem in the psychology of United States government, with regards to number of deaths tobacco[edit]

The nature of the soviet problem in the psychology of the United States with special attention to World Health Organisation numbers 7 million deaths by tobacco globally per year compared to 7 million deaths during the entire period defined World War 2 - as an issue of global security

Anti-communism#References


search criteria: types of gases used in concentration camps

User:1a16/ the nature of two impossibilities after Damien Hirst

Comparison of the lethality of gases used by Nazi Germany, on the basis of death by air-borne means, to lethality of tobacco on the basis of artificial additions to tobacco for the purposes of commercial distribution and consuming by the public[edit]
Further information: Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany § References, Zyklon B § References, and Extermination camp § References


primary sourcing: Rabinoff et alia (2007) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040350/ doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078014 American Journal of Public Health Our findings indicated that more than 100 of 599 documented cigarette additives have pharmacological actions that camouflage the odor of environmental tobacco smoke emitted from cigarettes, enhance or maintain nicotine delivery, could increase the addictiveness of cigarettes, and mask symptoms and illnesses associated with smoking behaviors. Whether such uses were specifically intended for these agents is unknown. Our results provide a clear rationale for regulatory control of tobacco additives.


Further - suggested posit (on previous evidences not shown): polarization of individuals involved in governance of the Nazi party, as evil, simply, without the addition of supporting evidence or justification or availability of a for or against argument creating a false morality on the issue of the distribution of tobacco post - World War 2.

Further information: Moral relativism

Comparison of suggested strategy for control of harm to humanity, with regards to responsibilities of a government to its' people[edit]

The problem of the possibility of violent psychopathy as homicide in a nation where guns are legally available[edit]
Further information: violent psychopathy

gun ownership in U.S. as psychopathy

Restricting access to the means of suicide as a strategy for suicide prevention, as indicated by the World Health Organisation[edit]

source: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-043489/en/ (V Ajdacic-Gross, MG Weiss, M Ring, U Hepp, Matthias Bopp d, F Gutzwiller, W Rössler)

Second Amendment to the United States Constitution[edit]

Main article: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution § References

number of deaths - United States. Surgeon-General's Office Publication of 1976[edit]

United States. Surgeon-General's Office Publication of 1976 - death by gun-shot within the boundaries of the United States of America, in a period circa 1979 were the second largest number of deaths, after death by motor vehicle. [20]

(accidental death) 2'100 , (murdered) 12'800 , (suicide) 14'700 , - 1976 [21]


as possibly defined as Criminal negligence "wanton disregard for human life" with regards to number of deaths[edit]

suicide by gun-shot[edit]

Figures (CNN) rounded up or down


approximately 244, 000 (years 2001 - 2013)

source: M. Simon and R. Sanchez (December 4, 2015) - U.S. gun violence: The story in charts and graphs CNN

Difference in - suicide is intentionally to take one's own life, and suicide where alcohol is a secondary factor of the gun-shot cause suicide[edit]

source: definition: Suicide Merriam Webster

Alcohol is a depressant, and alters consciousness[edit]
Main articles: Alcohol intoxication and Altered state of consciousness § References

source: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Iz9pkXPPPEgC&pg=PA70&dq=Alcohol+causes+altered+consciousness&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFvZSn_rDUAhXCK8AKHZXCDn8Q6AEIJzAB#v=onepage&q=Alcohol%20causes%20altered%20consciousness&f=false ISBN 0702051225

source: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GU30W5HfbjwC&pg=PA83&dq=alcohol+is+depressant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWiOra_qvUAhVMB8AKHcsTCjgQ6AEIJzAB#v=onepage&q=alcohol%20is%20depressant&f=false - Accessed June 7th, 2017

source: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ipQmSriMF9sC&pg=PA717&dq=alcohol+is+depressant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiawauV_6vUAhXKJMAKHT53AnYQ6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=alcohol%20is%20depressant&f=false - Accessed June 7th, 2017

Smith, Branas, & Miller, 1999 - more than one third of the most deaths by suicide involved someone under the influence of alcohol[edit]

"The majority of completed suicides involve guns (Branas, Nance, Elliott, Richmond, & Schwab, 2004; Singh & Siahpush, 2002) and over one third of these gun suicides involve alcohol (Smith, Branas, & Miller, 1999)" (source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989496/)

Restricting access to the means of suicide as a strategy for suicide prevention (World Health Organisation - Ajdacic-Gross, MG Weiss, M Ring, U Hepp, Matthias Bopp d, F Gutzwiller, W Rössler)[edit]

source: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-043489/en/ (V Ajdacic-Gross, MG Weiss, M Ring, U Hepp, Matthias Bopp d, F Gutzwiller, W Rössler)

Number of children injured or killed by gun-shot within the United States (as an indicative of a responsible government)[edit]

injured[edit]

United States. Surgeon-General's Office - Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention National Academies, 1979 DHEW publication - Accessed June 15th, 2017:

One hospital in Detroit

  • 1962-65 - less than 2 per year
  • 1966-1971 - more than 20 per year
killed[edit]

--Figures which are contradicted; might be inaccurate; possibly unreliable--

year 2014, 2,549 children (age 0 to 19 years) died by gunshot. (The Children's Hospital of Philidelphia) [22]

2015, 2799 (Children's Defense Fund [23] - Marian Wright Edelman))


Federal data from the Centers for Disease Control indicate that between 2007 and 2011, an average of 62 children age 14 and under were accidentally shot and killed each year. But our analysis of publicly reported gun deaths shows that the federal data substantially undercount these deaths.[24]

In 2008-2009, the number of kids killed by guns was 5,740.[25]

1,337 - The number of American kids under age 18 who died from gunshot wounds in 2010. This is trending down from 1,490 in 2005 and 1,544 in 2000. (CDC) [26]

98 - The number of American kids under age 18 who died from accidental shootings in 2010. This is trending down from 150 deaths in 2000 and 417 deaths in 1990. (CDC)[27]

85 - Roughly the percentage of accidental shootings of children where the shooter was also a child in 2003-2006. (Catherine Barber, MPA, Harvard School of Public Health))[28]

http://www.violencepreventioninstitute.com/gangs.html

http://www.investors.com/politics/perspective/gun-vs-traffic-accident-deaths-getting-the-data-straight/

Congressional Record, V. 146, Pt. 6, May 10, 2000 to May 23, 2000 p.7677 (May 11, 2000)


including source: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/10/14/ap-usa-today-gun-accidents-children/91906700/ - Accessed June 9th, 2017

search return: https://www.google.co.uk/search?sourceid=ie7&q=killing+as+contrary+to+the+species&rls=com.microsoft:en-GB:IE-Address&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&rlz=1I7LENP&gfe_rd=cr&ei=Br83WfzhHLT38AeIvI_YDQ&gws_rd=ssl#q=number+of+deaths+of+children+within+U.S.+due+to+gun-shot&spf=1496855427527

Indicating the culpability of the government of the United States of America[edit]

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/safeguarding-children-and-young-people/safeguarding-children-and-young-people


criteria of search are: definitions of the word Protection with regards to the functions of Government

Further information: Overview of gun laws by nation

The ipso facto existence of violent psychopathy as contributory causal from violent cultures, and the influence of violent cultures on other cultures[edit]

Prevention of violence is a major function of a government (after Tsytsarev & Callahan 1995)[edit]

"Prevention of violence is clearly one of the major functions of a society and its government...(S.V Tsytsarev, C.V. Callahan (1995))" [29]

"Early prevention of risks and crime as well as deaths and injuries resulting from accidents is of key importance in the creation of more secure communities and society as a whole.The goal of prevention is to save lives and reduce harms." [30]


Violence as possible and normailized in domestic settings due to the existence of weapons in the home, in peoples homes, compared to so-called domestic terrorism.

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/09/gun-ownership-america-super-owners/, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/01/myths-about-gun-violence-in-america/

Stated as One in three adult American adults (2015) [31] total population 321,418,820 (2015) [32] is 107'139'606.667 gun owners not including .667 of a person (that person have him in the mortuary somewhere due to blood loss, of .333 of a person, so didn't own the gun)[33]

the influence of violent cultures on other cultures by way of reporting, artistic expression, the media, on the prevalence of violent behaviours in other nations as a result[edit]

Violence in expression in cinema of Hollywood as representing an actual society of ingrained violent psychological predisposition due to the prevalence of firearm weaponry[edit]
Expression of violence in artistic expression within the medium of music[edit]

Definition of normality - with regards to World Health Organisation & Liverpool John Moores University publication 2009 - Violence prevention: the evidence - Changing cultural and societal norms which support Violence[edit]

Main article: Normality

http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/norms.pdf ISBN 978 92 4 159833 0 World Health Organisation & Liverpool John Moores University Centre for Public Health - Accessed June 15th, 2017

Faculty of Public Health of the United Kingdom (October 21st, 2016)[edit]

self-directed, interpersonal & collective violence - http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/Violence%20report.pdf - Accessed June 15th

Criminal negligence further investigative[edit]

The intentional commission of a wrongful act, absent justification, with the intent to cause harm to others; conscious violation of the law that injures another individual; a mental state indicating a disposition in disregard of social duty and a tendency toward malfeasance. source: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/malice

to indicate: a mental state indicating a disposition in disregard of social duty and a tendency toward malfeasance.

the performance by a public official of an act that is legally unjustified, harmful, or contrary to law; wrongdoing (used especially of an act in violation of a public trust). source: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/malfeasance

Negligence[edit]

criteria: negligence - failure to take proper care over something.

Conduct that falls below the standards of behavior established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. A person has acted negligently if he or she has departed from the conduct expected of a reasonably prudent person acting under similar circumstances. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/negligence

indication: law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm

indication: A person has acted negligently if he or she has departed from the conduct expected of a reasonably prudent person acting under similar circumstances. - possible further - the number of other countries which have a third of adults own a gun

See also[edit]

Source[edit]

  1. ^ D. Hales - An Invitation to Health p.452 Cengage Learning, 1 January 2014 ISBN 1285783115 - Accessed June 9th, 2017
  2. ^ http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/fact_sheet_mortality_report.pdf?ua=1 - Accessed June 9th, 2017
  3. ^ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ - Accessed June 9th, 2017
  4. ^ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230618404_2 Accessed June 7th, 2017
  5. ^ http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/fact_sheet_tobacco_en.pdf - Accessed June 7th, 2017
  6. ^ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681 Freely accessible. PMID 24459410. "Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict."
  7. ^ Glossary of Terms Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015. re-Accessed June 11th, 2017
  8. ^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (4): 363–371. PMID 26816013. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. "Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder."
  9. ^ Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K (October 2008). "The disease of addiction: origins, treatment, and recovery". Dis Mon. 54 (10): 696–721. PMID 18790142. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.07.002.
  10. ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–365, 375. ISBN 9780071481274. "The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ... compulsive eating, shopping, gambling, and sex–so-called "natural addictions"– Indeed, addiction to both drugs and behavioral rewards may arise from similar dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system."
  11. ^ Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF (February 2013). "The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans". Subst. Abuse Rehabil. 4: 29–43. PMC 3931688 Freely accessible. PMID 24648786. doi:10.2147/SAR.S39684. "Initial drug use can be attributed to the ability of the drug to act as a reward (ie, a pleasurable emotional state or positive reinforcer), which can lead to repeated drug use and dependence.8,9 A great deal of research has focused on the molecular and neuroanatomical mechanisms of the initial rewarding or reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse. ... At present, no pharmacological therapy has been approved by the FDA to treat psychostimulant addiction. Many drugs have been tested, but none have shown conclusive efficacy with tolerable side effects in humans.172 ... A new emphasis on larger-scale biomarker, genetic, and epigenetic research focused on the molecular targets of mental disorders has been recently advocated.212 In addition, the integration of cognitive and behavioral modification of circuit-wide neuroplasticity (ie, computer-based training to enhance executive function) may prove to be an effective adjunct-treatment approach for addiction, particularly when combined with cognitive enhancers.198,213–216 Furthermore, in order to be effective, all pharmacological or biologically based treatments for addiction need to be integrated into other established forms of addiction rehabilitation, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, individual and group psychotherapy, behavior-modification strategies, twelve-step programs, and residential treatment facilities
  12. ^ 21 CFR 1308.11 (CSA Sched I) with changes through 77 FR 64032 (Oct 18, 2012). Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  13. ^ 21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(1) United States Code via Cornell University's Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
  14. ^ "DEA, Title 21, Section 812". Usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  15. ^ 21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(2) Retrieved 2008-05-01.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference cornell1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10008193
  18. ^ https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10008193
  19. ^ https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10008193
  20. ^ United States. Surgeon-General's Office - Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention National Academies, 1979 DHEW publication
  21. ^ United States. Surgeon-General's Office - Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention National Academies, 1979 DHEW publication
  22. ^ https://injury.research.chop.edu/violence-prevention-initiative/types-violence-involving-youth/gun-violence/gun-violence-facts-and#.WTsVOmex6M8 The Children's Hospital of Philidelphia - Accessed June 9th, 2017
  23. ^ http://www.childrensdefense.org/library/data/2015-protectchildrennotgunsfactsheet.pdf - Accessed June 9th, 2017
  24. ^ https://everytownresearch.org/reports/innocents_lost/
  25. ^ https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/whats-in-name/201212/20-children-in-newtown-116385-kids-killed-1979
  26. ^ http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2014/01/kids-and-guns-by-the-numbers/
  27. ^ http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2014/01/kids-and-guns-by-the-numbers/
  28. ^ http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2014/01/kids-and-guns-by-the-numbers/
  29. ^ S.V Tsytsarev, C.V. Callahan (1995) - Motivational Approach to Violence in (Leonore Loeb Adler, Florence Denmark editors) - Violence and the Prevention of Violence page 7, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 0275948730 - Accessed June 15th, 2017
  30. ^ The Estonia Ministry of the Interior - siseministeerium - Accessed June 15th, 2017
  31. ^ http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/07/gun-owners-study-one-in-three/
  32. ^ https://webappa.cdc.gov/cgi-bin/broker.exe - Accessed June 10th, 2017
  33. ^ https://www.google.co.uk/search?sourceid=ie7&q=google&rls=com.microsoft:en-GB:IE-Address&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&rlz=1I7LENP&gfe_rd=cr&ei=NyE8WfTPLLCn8wfI6q3QCg&gws_rd=ssl#q=321,418,820++divided+by+3&spf=1497142651525 - Accessed June 10th, 2017

Bibliography[edit]

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f2ECpqx0IoEC&dq=Nationalism+within+the+United+States&source=gbs_navlinks_s ISBN 1412832861

criteria : Nationalism within the United States

http://www.jstor.org/stable/20515255

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=abuse

criteria : the nature of evil is to (do) harm to others

http://www.garretwilson.com/education/institutions/usf/law/criminal/outline.html

http://www.antoniocasella.eu/archipsy/Pemment_2012.pdf

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/09/gun-ownership-america-super-owners/, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/01/myths-about-gun-violence-in-america/

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/07/gun-owners-study-one-in-three/

http://www.garretwilson.com/education/institutions/usf/law/criminal/outline.html

R.B. Rhoades photographs of R.K. Walters (died c. 1990) intended referent additional (1a16 - June 11, 2017)

June 14th, 2017[edit]

not viewed before the date shown

criteria: Nationalist tendencies within the United States government

The Economist November 19th 2016 (shows graphic art-work)

Politico magazine (shows a photograph on opening) M. Hirsh June 27, 2016

June 15th, 2017[edit]

search criteria: society functions by less violence (after S.V Tsytsarev, C.V. Callahan (1995) (Leonore Loeb Adler, Florence Denmark editors) - Violence and the Prevention of Violence page 7, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 0275948730 - Accessed June 15th, 2017

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ij1MAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ij1MAQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s

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