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Subpages[edit]

User:Noktonissian/sandbox/Mai Sam

Consonants table[edit]

Group	Consonant		Subjoined form	Transliteration		IPA		Class	Equivalence in relating scripts
Group	Consonant		Subjoined form	Initial	Final	Initial	Final	Class	Burmese	New Tai Lue	Khmer	Thai	Lao
Ka (ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ ᨠ)		ᨠ	-᩠ᨠ	k	k	/kǎ/	[k̚]	high	က	ᦂ	ក	ก	ກ
		ᨡ	-᩠ᨡ	x	k	/xǎ/	[k̚]	high	ခ	ᦃ	ខ	ข	ຂ
		ᨢ	–	x	–	/xǎ/	[k̚]	high	ခ	-	ខ	ฃ	-
		ᨣ	-᩠ᨣ	k	k	/ka᷇/	[k̚]	low	ဂ	ᦅ	គ	ค	ຄ
		ᨤ	–	x	–	/xa᷇/	[k̚]	low	ဂ	ᦆ	គ	ฅ	-
		ᨥ	-᩠ᨥ	x	k	/xa᷇/	[k̚]	low	ဃ	-	ឃ	ฆ	(modern: ຄ)
		ᨦ	-᩠ᨦ	ng	ng	/ŋa᷇/	[ŋ]	low	င	ᦇ	ង	ง	ງ
Cha (ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ ᨧ)		ᨧ	-᩠ᨧ	j	t	/t͡ɕǎ/	[t̚]	high	စ	ᦈ	ច	จ	ຈ
		ᨨ	-᩠ᨨ	s	–	/sǎ/	–	high	ဆ	-	ឆ	ฉ	(modern: ສ)
		ᨩ	-᩠ᨩ	j	t	/t͡ɕa᷇/	[t̚]	low	ဇ	ᦋ	ជ	ช	ຊ
		ᨪ	–	s	t	/sa᷇/	[t̚]	low	ဇ	ᦌ	ជ	ซ	-
		ᨫ	-᩠ᨫ	s	–	/sa᷇/	–	low	ဈ	-	ឈ	ฌ	(modern: ຊ)
		ᨬ	-᩠ᨬ	y	n	/ɲa᷇/ or /ja᷇/^[1]	[n]	low	ည	-	ញ	ญ	(modern: ຍ)
Rata (ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ ᨭ)		ᨭ	-᩠ᨭ	t	t	/tǎ/	[t̚]	high	ဋ	-	ដ	ฏ	(modern: ຕ)
		ᨮ	-᩠ᨮ, -ᩛ	th	t	/tʰǎ/	[t̚]	high	ဌ	-	ឋ	ฐ	(modern: ຖ)
		ᨯ	-᩠ᨯ	d or th	t	/dǎ/	[t̚]	mid	ဍ	ᦡ	ឌ	ฑ, ด	(modern: ທ, ດ)
		ᨰ	-᩠ᨰ	th	t	/tʰa᷇/	[t̚]	low	ဎ	-	ឍ	ฒ	(modern: ທ)
		ᨱ	-᩠ᨱ	n	n	/na᷇/	[n]	low	ဏ	-	ណ	ณ	(modern: ນ)
Ta (ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ ᨲ)		ᨲ	-᩠ᨲ	t	t	/tǎ/	[t̚]	high	တ	ᦎ	ត	ต	ຕ
		ᨳ	-᩠ᨳ	th	t	/tʰǎ/	[t̚]	high	ထ	ᦏ	ថ	ถ	ຖ
		ᨴ	-᩠ᨴ	t	t	/ta᷇/	[t̚]	low	ဒ	ᦑ	ទ	ท	ທ
		ᨵ	-᩠ᨵ	th	t	/tʰa᷇/	[t̚]	low	ဓ	ᦒ	ធ	ธ	(modern: ທ)
		ᨶ	-᩠ᨶ	n	n	/na᷇/	[n]	low	န	ᦓ	ន	น	ນ
Pa (ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ ᨷ)		ᨷ	-᩠ᨷ	b or p	p	/bǎ/ or /pǎ/	[p̚]	mid	ပ	ᦢ	ប	บ	ບ
		ᨸ	-᩠ᨸ	p	p	/pǎ/	[p̚]	high	ပ	ᦔ	ប	ป	ປ
		ᨹ	-᩠ᨹ	ph	–	/pʰǎ/	–	high	ဖ	ᦕ	ផ	ผ	ຜ
		ᨺ	-	f	–	/fǎ/	–	high	ဖ	ᦚ	ផ	ฝ	ຝ
		ᨻ	-᩠ᨻ ᩛ	p	p	/pa᷇/	[p̚]	low	ဗ	ᦗ	ព	พ	ພ
		ᨼ	–	f	p	/fa᷇/	[p̚]	low	ဗ	ᦝ	ព	ฟ	ຟ
		ᨽ	-᩠ᨽ	ph	p	/pʰa᷇/	[p̚]	low	ဘ	ᦘ	ភ	ภ	(modern: ພ)
		ᨾ	-᩠ᨾ	m	m	/ma᷇/	[m]	low	မ	ᦙ	ម	ม	ມ
Awak (ᩋᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼)		ᨿ	-᩠ᨿ	y	– or n	/ɲa᷇/ or /ja᷇/	– or [n]	low	ယ	ᦍ	យ	ย ต่ำ	ຍ
		ᩀ	–	y	–	/jǎ/	–	mid	ယ	ᦊ	យ	ย กลาง, อย	ຢ
		ᩁ	-᩠ᩁ -ᩕ	h or l	n	/ha᷇/ or /la᷇/	[n]	low	ရ	ᦣ	រ	ร	ຣ (modern: ລ)
		ᩃ	-᩠ᩃ -ᩖ	l	n	/la᷇/	[n]	low	လ	ᦟ	ល	ล	ລ
		ᩅ	-᩠ᩅ	w	–	/wa᷇/	–	low	ဝ	ᦞ	វ	ว	ວ
		ᩆ	-᩠ᩆ	s	t	/sǎ/	[t̚]	high	ၐ (modern: သ)	-	ឝ (modern: ស)	ศ	(modern: ສ)
		ᩇ	-᩠ᩇ	s	t	/sǎ/	[t̚]	high	ၑ (modern: သ)	-	ឞ (modern: ស)	ษ	(modern: ສ)
		ᩈ	-᩠ᩈ	s	t	/sǎ/	[t̚]	high	သ	ᦉ	ស	ส	ສ
		ᩉ	-᩠ᩉ	h	–	/hǎ/	–	high	ဟ	ᦠ	ហ	ห	ຫ
		ᩊ	-᩠ᩊ	l	n	/la᷇/	[n]	low	ဠ	-	ឡ	ฬ	(modern: ລ)
		ᩋ	-ᩬ	–	–	/ʔǎ/	–	mid	အ	ᦀ	អ	อ	ອ
		ᩌ	–	h	–	/ha᷇/	–	low	-	-	-	ฮ	ຮ

^ In Tai Lue

Consonant table reduced[edit]

Group	Consonant		Subscript form	Name		Transliteration		IPA		Class
Group	Consonant		Subscript form	Translit.	IPA	Initial	Final	Initial	Final	Class
1. Wak Ka	ᨠ		-᩠ᨠ	ka	[kǎ]	k	k	[k]	[k̚]	high
	ᨡ		-᩠ᨡ	xa, kha	[xǎ]	x, kh	k	[x]	[k̚]	high
	ᨢ^[a]		–	xa, kha	[xǎ]	x, kh	–	[x]	[k̚]	high
	ᨣ		-᩠ᨣ	ka	[ka᷇]	k	k	[k]	[k̚]	low
	ᨤ^[a]		–	xa, kha	[xa᷇]	x, kh	–	[x]	[k̚]	low
	ᨥ		-᩠ᨥ	xa, kha	[xa᷇]	x, kh	k	[x]	[k̚]	low
	ᨦ		-᩠ᨦ	nga	[ŋa᷇]	ng	ng	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	low
2. Wak Ja	ᨧ		-᩠ᨧ	ja, ca	[t͡ɕǎ]	j, c	t	[t͡ɕ]	[t̚]	high
	ᨨ		-᩠ᨨ	sa, cha	[sǎ]	s, ch	–	[s]	–	high
	ᨩ		-᩠ᨩ	ja, ca	[t͡ɕa᷇]	j, c	t	[t͡ɕ]	[t̚]	low
	ᨪ^[a]		–	sa	[sa᷇]	s	t	[s]	[t̚]	low
	ᨫ	,	-᩠ᨫ	sa, cha	[sa᷇]	s, ch	t	[s]	[t̚]	low
	ᨬ		-᩠ᨬ	nya	[ɲa᷇]	ny, y	n	[ɲ], [j]^[b]	[n]	low
3. Wak Rata	ᨭ		-᩠ᨭ	rata	[lǎ.tǎ]	t	t	[t]	[t̚]	high
	ᨮ	,	-᩠ᨮ , -ᩛ	ratha	[lǎ.tʰǎ]	th	t	[tʰ]	[t̚]	high
	ᨯ		-᩠ᨯ	da	[dǎ]	d, th^[c]	t	[d], [tʰ]^[c]	[t̚]	mid
	ᨰ		-᩠ᨰ	ratha	[lǎ.tʰa᷇]	th	t	[tʰ]	[t̚]	low
	ᨱ		-᩠ᨱ	rana	[lǎ.na᷇]	n	n	[n]	[n]	low
4. Wak Ta	ᨲ		-᩠ᨲ	ta	[tǎ]	t	t	[t]	[t̚]	high
	ᨳ		-᩠ᨳ	tha	[tʰǎ]	th	t	[tʰ]	[t̚]	high
	ᨴ		-᩠ᨴ	ta	[ta᷇]	t	t	[t]	[t̚]	low
	ᨵ		-᩠ᨵ	tha	[tʰa᷇]	th	t	[tʰ]	[t̚]	low
	ᨶ		-᩠ᨶ	na	[na᷇]	n	n	[n]	[n]	low
5. Wak Pa	ᨷ		-᩠ᨷ , -ᩝ	ba	[bǎ]	b, p	p	[b], [p]^[d]	[p̚]	mid
	ᨸ^[a]		–	pa	[pǎ]	p	p	[p]	[p̚]	high
	ᨹ		-᩠ᨹ	pha	[pʰǎ]	ph	–	[pʰ]	–	high
	ᨺ^[a]		–	fa	[fǎ]	f	–	[f]	–	high
	ᨻ		-᩠ᨻ , -ᩛ	pa	[pa᷇]	p	p	[p]	[p̚]	low
	ᨼ^[a]		–	fa	[fa᷇]	f	p	[f]	[p̚]	low
	ᨽ		-᩠ᨽ	pha	[pʰa᷇]	ph	p	[pʰ]	[p̚]	low
	ᨾ		-᩠ᨾ , -ᩜ	ma	[ma᷇]	m	m	[m]	[m]	low
6. Awak	ᨿ		-᩠ᨿ	nya	[ɲa᷇]	ny, y	–	[ɲ], [j]^[b]	–	low
	ᩀ^[a]		–	ya	[jǎ]	y	–	[j]	–	mid
	ᩁ		-᩠ᩁ , -ᩕ	ra, la	[la᷇]	r,^[e] l, h	n	[r],^[c] [l],^[c] [h]	[n]	low
	ᩃ		-᩠ᩃ , -ᩖ	la	[la᷇]	l	n	[l]	[n]	low
	ᩅ		-᩠ᩅ	wa	[wa᷇]	w	–	[w]	–	low
	ᩆ		-᩠ᩆ	sa	[sǎ]	s	t	[s]	[t̚]	high
	ᩇ		-᩠ᩇ	sa	[sǎ]	s	t	[s]	[t̚]	high
	ᩈ		-᩠ᩈ , -ᩞ	sa	[sǎ]	s	t	[s]	[t̚]	high
	ᩉ		-᩠ᩉ	ha	[hǎ]	h	–	[h]	–	high
	ᩊ		-᩠ᩊ	la	[la᷇]	l	n	[l]	[n]	low
	ᩋ	,	-ᩬ	a	[ʔǎ]	–	–	[ʔ]	–	mid
	ᩌ^[a]		–	ha	[ha᷇]	h	–	[h]	–	low

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Added consonant invented for Tai sound, as an extension to the original chategorized Pali 'vagga' consonants. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subscript form.
^ ^a ^b In Tai Lue language
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages.
^ For Pali and Sanskrit words.
^ Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.

Consonant digraphs and ligatures[edit]

Consonant digraphs	Name		Transliteration		IPA		Class
Consonant digraphs	Translit.	IPA	Initial	Final	Initial	Final	Class
ᩉ᩠ᨦ	nga	[ŋǎ]	ng	–	[ŋ]	–	high
ᩉ᩠ᨶ	na	[nǎ]	n	–	[n]	–	high
ᩉ᩠ᨾ	ma	[mǎ]	m	–	[m]	–	high
ᩉ᩠ᨿ	nya	[ɲǎ]	ny	–	[ɲ], [j]^[a]	–	high
ᩉᩕ	ra, la, ha	[rǎ], [lǎ], [hǎ]	r,^[b] l, h	–	[r],^[c] [l],^[c] [h]	–	high
ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ	la	[lǎ]	l	–	[l]	–	high
ᩉ᩠ᩅ	wa	[wǎ]	w	–	[w]	–	high

Letter		Name			Phonetic value (IPA)
Letter		Tham	Translit.	IPA	Phonetic value (IPA)
ᩓ	, ^[d]	ᩃᩯᩡ, ᩃᩯ	lae	[lɛ̄ː]	[lɛʔ], [lɛ̄ː]
ᨶᩣ	^[e]	ᨶᩣ	naa	[nāː]	[nāː]
ᨬ᩠ᨬ	^[f]	ᨬᨬ	nya nya	[ɲa᷇ʔ ɲa᷇ʔ]	[n.ɲ]
ᩔ		ᩈ ᩈᩬᨦᩉᩬ᩶ᨦ	sa song hong	[sǎː sɔ̌ːŋ hɔ᷇ːŋ]	[t̚.s], [s̚.s]
ᩕ		ᩁᩁᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ	rarong, rahong	la᷇.hōːŋ	[r], [l], [ʰ]

In dictionary, letter ᩂ and ᩄ are often put in the consonant list following the letter ᩁ and ᩃ respectively. However, they are a syllabary (also a vowel) and not a consonant letter.

Superscript final consonants[edit]

ᩁᩪ᩠ᨷ	ᨳᩬᨯᩋᨠ᩠ᨡᩁ	ᨳᩬᨯᨩᩨ᩵	ᩈ᩠ᨿᨦ	ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᩀ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ	ᩋ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨶᩅ᩵ᩤ
	ก	ไม้กั๋ก, กะปู๋ยาด	/k/	ᨧᩢ ᨯᩬᩢᩡ ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣᩢ	ᨧᩢ᩠ᨠ ᨯᩬᨠ ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ᩠ᨠ
	ง		/ŋ/	ᨩ᩠ᨿᩙᨲᩩᨦ	ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᨲᩩᨦ
	ร, น		/n/	ᨡ᩠ᨿ᩺	ᨡ᩠ᨿᩁ
ᩚ				ᨣᨻᩚ	ᨣᩢᨻ᩠ᨻ
				ᨯ᩠ᨿᩴ	ᨯ᩠ᨿᩅ

Tones conjugation[edit]

A couple of high-class and low-class consonant letters are used for conjugating the 6 tones. Unlike standard Thai, Northern Thai has 8 tones: 6 for live syllable, 2 for dead syllable. Each character

IPA	High class	Low class
[k]	ᨠ	ᨣ
[x]	ᨡ, ᨢ	ᨤ, ᨥ
[ŋ]	ᨦ	ᩉ᩠ᨦ
[t͡ɕ]	ᨧ	ᨩ
[s]	ᨨ, ᩆ, ᩇ, ᩈ	ᨪ, ᨫ
[ɲ]	ᨬ, ᨿ	ᩉ᩠ᨬ, ᩉ᩠ᨿ
[t]	ᨭ, ᨲ	ᨴ
[tʰ]	ᨮ, ᨳ	ᨰ, ᨵ
[n]	ᨱ, ᨶ	ᩉ᩠ᨶ
[p]	ᨸ	ᨻ
[pʰ]	ᨹ	ᨽ
[f]	ᨺ	ᨼ
[m]	ᩉ᩠ᨾ	ᨾ
[r]	ᩉᩕ	ᩁ
[l]	ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ, ᩉᩕ	ᩃ, ᩊ, ᩁ
[h]	ᩉ, ᩉᩕ	ᩌ, ᩁ
[w]	ᩉ᩠ᩅ	ᩅ

Relation with other scripts[edit]

Group	Tai Tham		Burmese	New Tai Lue	Khmer	Thai	Lao
Group	Unicode	Lanna style	Burmese	New Tai Lue	Khmer	Thai	Lao
1. Wak Ka	ᨠ		က	ᦂ	ក	ก	ກ
	ᨡ		ခ	ᦃ	ខ	ข	ຂ
	ᨢ		–	–	–	ฃ	–
	ᨣ		ဂ	ᦅ	គ	ค	ຄ
	ᨤ		–	ᦆ	–	ฅ	–
	ᨥ		ဃ	–	ឃ	ฆ	(modern: ຄ)
	ᨦ		င	ᦇ	ង	ง	ງ
2. Wak Ja	ᨧ		စ	ᦈ	ច	จ	ຈ
	ᨨ		ဆ	–	ឆ	ฉ	(modern: ສ)
	ᨩ		ဇ	ᦋ	ជ	ช	ຊ
	ᨪ		–	ᦌ	–	ซ	–
	ᨫ		ဈ	–	ឈ	ฌ	(modern: ຊ)
	ᨬ		ည	–	ញ	ญ	(modern: ຍ)
3. Wak Rata	ᨭ		ဋ	–	ដ	ฏ	(modern: ຕ)
	ᨮ		ဌ	–	ឋ	ฐ	(modern: ຖ)
	ᨯ		ဍ	ᦡ	ឌ	ฑ, ฎ, ด	(modern: ທ, ດ)
	ᨰ		ဎ	–	ឍ	ฒ	(modern: ທ)
	ᨱ		ဏ	–	ណ	ณ	(modern: ນ)
4. Wak Ta	ᨲ		တ	ᦎ	ត	ต	ຕ
	ᨳ		ထ	ᦏ	ថ	ถ	ຖ
	ᨴ		ဒ	ᦑ	ទ	ท	ທ
	ᨵ		ဓ	ᦒ	ធ	ธ	(modern: ທ)
	ᨶ		န	ᦓ	ន	น	ນ
5. Wak Pa	ᨷ		ပ	ᦢ	ប	บ	ບ
	ᨸ		–	ᦔ	–	ป	ປ
	ᨹ		ဖ	ᦕ	ផ	ผ	ຜ
	ᨺ		–	ᦚ	–	ฝ	ຝ
	ᨻ		ဗ	ᦗ	ព	พ	ພ
	ᨼ		–	ᦝ	–	ฟ	ຟ
	ᨽ		ဘ	ᦘ	ភ	ภ	(modern: ພ)
	ᨾ		မ	ᦙ	ម	ม	ມ
6. Awak	ᨿ		ယ	ᦍ	យ	ย	ຍ
	ᩀ		–	ᦊ	–	อย	ຢ
	ᩁ		ရ	ᦣ	រ	ร	ຣ (modern: ລ)
	ᩃ		လ	ᦟ	ល	ล	ລ
	ᩅ		ဝ	ᦞ	វ	ว	ວ
	ᩆ		ၐ (modern: သ)	–	ឝ (modern: ស)	ศ	(modern: ສ)
	ᩇ		ၑ (modern: သ)	–	ឞ (modern: ស)	ษ	(modern: ສ)
	ᩈ		သ	ᦉ	ស	ส	ສ
	ᩉ		ဟ	ᦠ	ហ	ห	ຫ
	ᩊ		ဠ	–	ឡ	ฬ	(modern: ລ)
	ᩋ		အ	ᦀ	អ	อ	ອ
	ᩌ		–	–	–	ฮ	ຮ
7. Special	ᩂ		ၒ	–	ឫ	ฤ	–
7. Special	ᩄ		ၔ	–	ឭ	ฦ	–

Sanskrit[edit]

Sanskrit possesses a symmetric consonantal phoneme structure based on how the sound is articulated, though the actual usage of these sounds conceals the lack of parallelism in the apparent symmetry possibly from historical changes within the language.^[1]

Sanskrit and Pali consonants in Tai Tham
	sparśa(Plosive)								anunāsika(Nasal)		antastha(Approximant)		ūṣman/saṃgharṣhī(Fricative)
Voicing →	aghoṣa				ghoṣa								aghoṣa
Aspiration →	alpaprāṇa		mahāprāṇa		alpaprāṇa		mahāprāṇa		alpaprāṇa				mahāprāṇa
kaṇṭhya(Guttural)	ᨠ	ka[k]	ᨡ	kha[kʰ]	ᨣ	ga[ɡ]	ᨥ	gha[ɡʱ]	ᨦ	ṅa[ŋ]	ᩉ	ha[ɦ]
tālavya(Palatal)	ᨧ	ca[t͜ɕ]	ᨨ	cha[t͜ɕʰ]	ᨩ	ja[d͜ʑ]	ᨫ	jha[d͜ʑʱ]	ᨬ	ña[ɲ]	ᨿ	ya[j]	ᩆ	śa[ɕ]
mūrdhanya(Retroflex)	ᨭ	ṭa[ʈ]	ᨮ	ṭha[ʈʰ]	ᨯ	ḍa[ɖ]	ᨰ	ḍha[ɖʱ]	ᨱ	ṇa[ɳ]	ᩁ	ra[ɽ]	ᩇ	ṣa[ʂ]
dantya(Dental)	ᨲ	ta[t]	ᨳ	tha[tʰ]	ᨴ	da[d]	ᨵ	dha[dʱ]	ᨶ	na[n]	ᩃ	la[l]	ᩈ	sa[s]
oṣṭhya(Labial)	ᨷ	pa[p]	ᨹ	pha[pʰ]	ᨻ	ba[b]	ᨽ	bha[bʱ]	ᨾ	ma[m]	ᩅ	va[ʋ]

Sanskrit had a series of retroflex stops originating as conditioned alternants of dentals, albeit by Sanskrit they had become phonemic.^[1]

^ In Tai Lue language
^ Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.
^ ^a ^b Influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages.
^ Khuen/Lue style.
^ Ligature of ᨶ and vowel sign ᩣ.
^ Combination between letter ᨱ and ᨬ.

^ ^a ^b Jamison 2008, pp. 9–10.

[In_Tai_Lue-1] In Tai Lue

[added-consonant-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Added consonant invented for Tai sound, as an extension to the original chategorized Pali 'vagga' consonants. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subscript form.

[Lue-Sound-3] In Tai Lue language

[Thai-Influence-4] Influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages.

[Pali-Influence-5] For Pali and Sanskrit words.

[6] Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.

[Lue-Sound-7] In Tai Lue language

[8] Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.

[Thai-Influence-9] Influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages.

[10] Khuen/Lue style.

[11] Ligature of ᨶ and vowel sign ᩣ.

[12] Combination between letter ᨱ and ᨬ.

[FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10-13] Jamison 2008, pp. 9–10.

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[b]

[c]

[d]

[e]

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