User:Noktonissian/sandbox/Tone
Tone mark conjugation[edit]
There are six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai dialect of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal stop, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising. Tones in Chiang Mai dialect are very close to the standard Thai five tones systems and the equivalence can be drawn between the two. Lanna–Thai dictionaries often equate Chiang Mai tones with standard Thai tones, shown in a table below.
| Chiang Mai Tone[1] | Thai Tone Equivalence[1] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Tone letters | Name | Tone letters | ||
| mid-level | 33 or ˧˧ | สามัญ | saman | mid | 33 or ˧˧ |
| low-falling | 21 or ˨˩ | เอก | ek | low | 21 or ˨˩ |
| high-falling | 42 or ˦˨ | โท | tho | falling | 43 or ˦˧ |
| high-level, glottalized | 44ʔ or ˦˦ʔ | โทพิเศษ[a] | special tho[a] | - | - |
| high-rising | 45 or ˦˥ | ตรี | tree | high | 44 or ˦˦ |
| low-rising | 24 or ˨˦ | จัตวา | chattawa | rising | 323 or ˧˨˧ |
Tone mark conjugation system of Tai Tham highly correlates with the system used by Thai script. Despite the difference in tone quality between Northern Thai, Tai Khuen, Thai, and Lao; equivalent words in each language are, in large part, marked with the same (or equivalent) tone mark. For example, the word ᨣ᩶ᩤ (Northern Thai pronunciation: [kaː˦˥]; Khuen: [kaː˦˩]) which is equivalent to Thai ค้า (Thai pronunciation: [kʰaː˦˥]), and Lao ຄ້າ (Lao pronunciation: [kʰaː˥˨]) all has the same meaning "to trade" and is expressed with the same or equivalent tone mark mai tho/mai kho jang but is pronounced with different tones differed by the languages.
Tone mark conjugation in Tai Tham follows the same model used for Thai script. Consonants are divided into 3 classes: high, mid, low; with some degree of variation form Thai script due to the phonological differences between Northern Thai and standard Thai. Consonants in each class are combined with these tone marks to give a different tonal pattern. Similar to standard Thai, the tonal pattern for each consonant class also differs by vowel length and final consonant sounds, which can be divided into the "checked" and "unchecked" syllables. Checked syllables are a group of syllables with the obstruent coda sounds p̚, t̚, k̚, and ʔ (short vowel with no final consonant actually ends with the glottal stop). The unchecked syllables are a group of syllables with the sonorant coda sound, n, ŋ, j, and w.
Only two tone marks mai yo (᩵) and mai kho jang (᩶) are mainly used. Low class and High class consonants only have one tone per one tone mark. Hence, to achieve the 6 tones while using only 2 tone marks (and one case of no tone mark), they are conjugated as a couple of the same sound.[2]
| IPA | High class | Low class |
|---|---|---|
| [k] | ᨠ | ᨣ |
| [x] | ᨡ, ᨢ | ᨤ, ᨥ |
| [ŋ] | ᨦ | ᩉ᩠ᨦ |
| [t͡ɕ] | ᨧ | ᨩ |
| [s] | ᨨ, ᩆ, ᩇ, ᩈ | ᨪ, ᨫ |
| [ɲ] | ᨬ, ᨿ | ᩉ᩠ᨿ |
| [t] | ᨭ, ᨲ | ᨴ |
| [tʰ] | ᨮ, ᨳ | ᨰ, ᨵ |
| [n] | ᨱ, ᨶ | ᩉ᩠ᨶ |
| [p] | ᨷ[a] ᨸ | ᨻ |
| [pʰ] | ᨹ | ᨽ |
| [f] | ᨺ | ᨼ |
| [m] | ᩉ᩠ᨾ | ᨾ |
| [r] | ᩉᩕ | ᩁ |
| [l] | ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ, ᩉᩕ | ᩃ, ᩊ, ᩁ |
| [h] | ᩉ, ᩉᩕ | ᩌ, ᩁ |
| [w] | ᩉ᩠ᩅ | ᩅ |
- Notes
- ^ Pali derived words.
Mid class consonants do not have a couple for tone conjugation. Hence, different tones can be expressed with the same tone mark. Readers have to rely on the context in order to know the correct tone pronunciation. Therefore, to solve this ambiguity, three new tone marks: mai ko nuea (᩷), mai song nuea (᩸), and mai sam nuea (᩹) were invented for the mid class consonants in Khuen language. However, these three new tone marks aren't used in Lanna spelling convention and even in Khuen, they are rarely used. The use of these new three tone marks is also not standardized and may also differ between the dialects of Khuen language.[3]
The full tone conjugation table is shown below. Color codes are assigned in the table to each tone mark: cyan - no tone mark; yellow - mai yo (equi. Thai mai ek); pink - mai kho jang (equi. Thai mai tho). Low class and high class rows are paired together to show the system of the consonant couples.
| final consonant sound |
Vowel length |
Consonant class |
Chiang Mai Tone | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mid-level | low-falling | high-falling | high-level, glottalized |
high-rising | low-rising | |||
| Thai Tone Equivalence | ||||||||
| สามัญ
(saman) |
เอก
(ek) |
โท
(tho) |
โทพิเศษ
(special tho)[a] |
ตรี
(tree) |
จัตวา
(chattawa) | |||
| mid | low | falling | - | high | rising | |||
| m, n, ŋ, j, w
coda (unchecked syllables) (sonorant) |
long
& short |
Low | ᨴᩣ /taː˧˧/ "to smear" |
ᨴ᩵ᩣ /taː˦˨/ "port" |
ᨴ᩶ᩣ /taː˦˥/ "to challange" |
|||
| High | ᨲ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ /taːŋ˨˩/ "to carry" |
ᨲ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶ /taːn˦˦ʔ/ "to oppose" |
ᨲᩣ /taː˨˦/ "eye" | |||||
| Mid | ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ /ʔuj˧˧/ "soft hair" |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ /ʔuj˨˩/ "to scatter" |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿᩌᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ[b][4] /ʔuj˦˨.huj˦˨/ "greenish" |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[4] /ʔuj˦˦ʔ/ "thigh" |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[b][4][5] /ʔuj˦˥/ "grand parents" |
ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ[b][6] /ʔuj˨˦/ "breast" | ||
| ʔ, p̚, t̚, k̚
coda[c] (checked syllables) |
long | Low | ᨴᩣ᩠ᨠ /taːk̚˦˨/ "slug" |
ᨶᩰ᩠᩶ᨴ[b][d][7]
/noːt̚˦˥/ "note" |
||||
| High | ᨲᩣ᩠ᨠ /taːk̚˨˩/ "to dry" |
|||||||
| Mid | ᨯᩣ᩠ᨷ /daːp̚˨˩/ "sword" |
ᩋᩪ᩶ᨯ[b][8] /ʔuːt̚˦˨/ "to swell" |
ᩋ᩶ᩬᨷ[b][9] /ʔɔːp̚˦˥/ "bottle neck" |
|||||
| short | Low | ᨴᩢ᩠ᨠ /tak̚˦˥/ "to greet" |
||||||
| High | ᨲᩢ᩠ᨷ /tap̚˨˦/ "liver" | |||||||
| Mid | ᩋᩩ᩶ᨠ[b][10] /ʔuk̚˦˥/ "to ferment" |
ᨯᩢ᩠ᨷ /dap̚˨˦/ "to distinguish (fire)" | ||||||
- Notes
- ^ Not exist in standard Thai, but often approximated as the special falling tone (โทพิเศษ) in many grammar books and the academic circle in Thailand.
- ^ a b c d e f g Secondary form for mid class consonants. This form is less frequently found, and not listed in some grammar book. However, there are dictionary records of words in this form, especially the word start with ᩋ /ʔ/.
- ^ Some linguists consider this class as separated tones group.
- ^ Mostly the borrow words from Thai and English.
- ^ a b The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. pp. ต. ISBN 9789747793567.
- ^ Watcharasastr, Boonkid (2005). แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา ᨷᩯ᩠ᨷᩁ᩠ᨿᩁᨽᩣᩇᩣᨾᩮᩬᩨᨦᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Thara Thong Publishing. ISBN 9748547205.
- ^ Owen, R. Wyn (2017). "A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 10.1: 140–164. hdl:10524/52403.
- ^ a b c Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. p. 625. ISBN 9789747793567.
- ^ Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "รายงานสัมมนา แนวทางการเขียนศัพท์วิชาการด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา" [Seminar report: guidelines for writing technical terms using Lanna script.] (PDF). The Center for the Promotion of Arts and Culture, Chiang Mai University. 17 January 2004. p. 44. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ^ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. p. 628. ISBN 9789747793567.
- ^ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. p. 612. ISBN 9789747793567.
- ^ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. p. 624. ISBN 9789747793567.