User:Taiwantaffy/Taiwanese comparison

There are a number of systems in existence for writing Southern Min languages of the Xiamen/Taiwan/Hokkien variety. By 1999 there were some 64 such systems for Taiwanese. Most are romanizations, but there are also other systems based on Zhuyin Fuhao or katakana, or inspired by Hangul.

Initials

Note that most of the romanizations do not distinguish between [ts] and [tɕ], or between [tsʰ] and [tɕʰ]. However, because these are allophones of each other in Taiwanese, no confusion arises as to what sound is meant in a particular syllable. Note also that Pumindian does not distinguish [l], [n], and [ʑ], rendering all three as <l>. This is not a problem in the Xiamen version of Southern Min where these three phonemes have merged into [l], but for Taiwanese Southern Min, either all three are distinct, or only [l] and [ʑ] have merged into [l], depending on the particular dialect.

IPA	Pe̍h-ōe-jī	Tai-lo	Revised TLPA	Daighi tongiong pingim	Pumindian	MLT	TPS
b	b	b	b	bh	bb	b	ㆠ
p	p	p	p	b	b	p	ㄅ
pʰ	ph	ph	ph	p	p	ph	ㄆ
m	m	m	m	m	m	m	ㄇ
t	t	t	t	d	d	t	ㄉ
tʰ	th	th	th	t	t	th	ㄊ
n	n	n	n	n	l	n	ㄋ
l	l	l	l	l	l	l	ㄌ
g	g	g	g	gh	gg	g	ㆣ
k	k	k	k	g	g	k	ㄍ
kʰ	kh	kh	kh	k	k	kh	ㄎ
ŋ	ng	ng	ng	ng	gg	ng	ㄫ
h	h	h	h	h	h	h	ㄏ
ts	ch	ts	c	z	z	z	ㄗ
tɕ	ch	ts	c	z	z	z	ㄐ
tsʰ	chh	tsh	ch	c	c	zh	ㄘ
tɕʰ	chh	tsh	ch	c	c	zh	ㄑ
s	s	s	s	s	s	s	ㄙ
ʑ	j	j	j	r	l	j	ㆢ

Finals

For Modern Literal Taiwanese, the base form of the final is given, in the seventh tone (fourth tone for syllables ending with a stop).

IPA	Pe̍h-ōe-jī	Tai-lo	Revised TLPA	Daighi tongiong pingim	Pumindian	MLT	TPS
a	a	a	a	a	a	a	ㄚ
aʔ	ah	ah	ah	ah	ah	aq/ah	ㄚㆷ
ai	ai	ai	ai	ai	ai	ai	ㄞ
aiʔ	aih	aih	aih	aih	aih	aih	ㄞㆷ
ak	ak	ak	ak	ak	ak	ak	ㄚㆶ
am	am	am	am	am	am	am	ㆰ
an	an	an	an	an	an	an	ㄢ
aŋ	ang	ang	ang	ang	ang	ang	ㄤ
ap	ap	ap	ap	ap	ap	ap	ㄚㆴ
at	at	at	at	at	at	at	ㄚㆵ
au	au	au	au				ㄠ
auʔ	auh						ㄠㆷ
	aⁿ						ㆯ
	ahⁿ						ㆩㆷ
	aiⁿ						ㆮ
	aihⁿ						ㆮㆷ
	auⁿ						ㆯ

auhⁿ e eh ek eng eⁿ ehⁿ i ia iah iak iam ian iang iap iat iau iauh ih

in io ioh iok iong

it iu iuh iⁿ iaⁿ iahⁿ iauⁿ iauhⁿ ihⁿ io͘ⁿ iuⁿ m mh ng ngh o oa oah oai

oan oang oat oe oeh oh ok

ong

oaⁿ oaiⁿ oaihⁿ oeⁿ oehⁿ o͘ o͘ⁿ o͘h o͘hⁿ u uh ui uih un ut uⁿ uiⁿ

Tones and nasalization

Tone number	IPA	Pe̍h-ōe-jī	Tai-lo	Revised TLPA	Daighi tongiong pingim	Pumindian	MLT	TPS
1	a˥	a	a	a1	a	ā	af	ㄚ
2	a˥˧	á	á	a2	à	ǎ	ar	ㄚˋ
3	˨˩	à	à	a3	â	à	ax	ㄚᒻ
4	aʔ˩	ah	ah	ah4	āh	āh	aq	ㄚㆷ
5	a˧˥	â	â	a5	ǎ	á	aa	ㄚˊ
7	a˧	ā	ā	a7	ā	â	a	ㄚ˫
8	aʔ˥	a̍h	a̍h	ah8	ah	áh	ah	ㄚㆷ̇

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Iûⁿ Ún-giân; Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam (1999). "台灣福佬話非漢字拼音符號的回顧與分析 (Comparison and Analysis of non-Character Transcription Systems for Taiwanese Holo)" (in Chinese). Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. Retrieved 2009-12-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Lin Baoqing. Minnanhua Jiaocheng (Southern Min Textbook). Xiamen, Fujian: Xiamen University Press. ISBN 7-5615-0531-0.
• Tseng Rui-cheng (2009). Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an Shiyong Shouce (Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System) (PDF) (in Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education. ISBN 978-986-01-6637-8.