User:Zmbro/Nebraska (album)

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Nebraska
Studio album by
Bruce Springsteen
ReleasedSeptember 30, 1982 (1982-09-30)
RecordedDecember 17, 1981, to January 3, 1982, in Colts Neck, New Jersey, except "My Father's House", May 25, 1982
Genre
Length41:02
LabelColumbia
ProducerBruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen chronology
The River
(1980) 		Nebraska
(1982) 		Born in the U.S.A.
(1984)
Singles from Nebraska
  1. "Atlantic City"
    Released: October 8, 1982 (UK only)
  2. "Open All Night"
    Released: November 26, 1982 (UK only)

Nebraska is the sixth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released on September 30, 1982, by Columbia Records. Springsteen recorded the songs as demos on a 4-track recorder, intending to rerecord them with the E Street Band, but decided to release them as they were.[1] Nebraska remains one of the most highly regarded albums in his catalogue.[2]

The songs on Nebraska deal with ordinary, down-on-their-luck blue-collar characters who face a challenge or a turning point in their lives. The songs also address the subject of outsiders, criminals and mass murderers with little hope for the future—or no future at all—as in the title track, where the main character is sentenced to death in the electric chair. Unlike previous albums, which often exude energy, youth, optimism and joy, the vocal tones of Nebraska are solemn and thoughtful, with fleeting moments of grace and redemption woven through the lyrics. The album's reverb-laden vocals and mood combined with dark lyrical content have been described by music critic William Ruhlmann as "one of the most challenging albums ever released by a major star on a major record label".[3]

Background[edit]

Main article: Electric Nebraska
See also: Born in the U.S.A.

Initially, Springsteen recorded demos for the album at his home with a 4-track cassette recorder.[4] The demos were sparse, using only acoustic guitar, electric guitar (on "Open All Night"), harmonica, mandolin, glockenspiel, tambourine, organ, synthesizer (on "My Father's House") and Springsteen's voice.[citation needed] After he completed work on the demos, Springsteen brought the songs to the studio and worked with the E Street Band in April 1982 on rock versions; these sessions are commonly referred to as "the Electric Nebraska Sessions".[4] Only Springsteen and Jon Landau had any decision-making power in this process. They felt certain songs were too personal, and the raw, haunting folk essence present on the home tapes could not be duplicated or equaled in the band treatments; the tracks about which they felt this way made up the album Nebraska. However, eight of the 12 tracks that went on the 1984 album Born in the U.S.A. were composed of "Electric Nebraska" success stories. They were led by "Born in the U.S.A.", which was completed on May 3, 1982; "Downbound Train", recorded April 28, 1982; "Cover Me", recorded at The Hit Factory, New York on January 25, 1982; "I'm On Fire", recorded at The Power Station on May 11, 1982; "Glory Days", recorded at The Power Station on May 5, 1982; "Darlington County", recorded at The Power Station on May 13, 1982; "Working on the Highway", recorded April 30 and May 6, 1982, and "I'm Going Down", recorded on May 12 or 13, 1982.[5]

The demo recording sessions that produced the album actually covered several days, but January 3, 1982, is credited as the "legendary night" when 15 tracks were recorded. They were "Starkweather" ("Nebraska"), "Atlantic City", "Mansion on the Hill", "Johnny 99", "Highway Patrolman", "State Trooper", "Used Cars", "Wanda" ("Open All Night"), "Reason to Believe", "Born in the U.S.A.", "Downbound Train", "Child Bride", "Losin' Kind", "My Father's House" (May 25, 1982), and "Pink Cadillac", a total of 15 songs; 10 ended up on Nebraska and the demo for "Born in the U.S.A." would appear later on the Tracks compilation.[6] The remaining four unreleased demos circulate among Springsteen fans. Two of these, "Downbound Train" (Born in the U.S.A.) and "Pink Cadillac" (Tracks), were officially released in band format, leaving "Child Bride" and "Losin' Kind" as truly unreleased. There was another demo, "The Big Payback" recorded later in spring 1982, and "Johnny Bye-Bye", which Springsteen confused with a live version recorded July 1981, that was actually never recorded during this period, that brings the total to the often-cited 17.[7] [8]

In an interview with Rolling Stone, Springsteen said, "I was just doing songs for the next rock album, and I decided that what always took me so long in the studio was the writing. I would get in there, and I just wouldn't have the material written, or it wasn't written well enough, and so I'd record for a month, get a couple of things, go home write some more, record for another month—it wasn't very efficient. So this time, I got a little Teac four-track cassette machine, and I said, I'm gonna record these songs, and if they sound good with just me doin' 'em, then I'll teach 'em to the band. I could sing and play the guitar, and then I had two tracks to do somethin' else, like overdub a guitar or add a harmony. It was just gonna be a demo. Then I had a little Echoplex that I mixed through, and that was it. And that was the tape that became the record. It's amazing that it got there, 'cause I was carryin' that cassette around with me in my pocket without a case for a couple of weeks, just draggin' it around. Finally, we realized, 'Uh-oh, that's the album.' Technically, it was difficult to get it on a disc. The stuff was recorded so strangely, the needle would read a lot of distortion and wouldn't track in the wax. We almost had to release it as a cassette."[9] Another problem arose during mastering of the tapes because of low recording volume, but that was resolved with sophisticated noise reduction techniques.[4]

Springsteen fans have long speculated whether the full-band recordings of the Nebraska session tracks, nicknamed Electric Nebraska, that took place in the last week of April 1982, will ever surface.[4] Of the theoretical 17 tracks, 5 were not recorded with the band ("Losin' Kind", "Child Bride", "The Big Payback", "State Trooper" and "My Father's House"), and "Born in the U.S.A.", "Downbound Train" and "Pink Cadillac" have been released, leaving nine in the vaults.[10] In a 2006 interview, manager Jon Landau said that the release of the remaining tracks is unlikely, and that "the right version of Nebraska came out".[11] But in a 2010 interview with Rolling Stone, E Street Band drummer Max Weinberg praised the full band recording of the album as "killing".[12]

Music and lyrics[edit]

Genres: Folk[13][14] folk rock[13] heartland rock[15] lo-fi[16]

Several songs on The River foreshadowed the direction Springsteen took for Nebraska,[17][18] including "Stolen Car", "The River", and "Wreck On the Highway".[19]

"folk, country, and early rock influences"[20]

The album begins with "Nebraska", a first-person narrative based on the true story of 19-year-old spree killer Charles Starkweather and his 14-year-old girlfriend, Caril Ann Fugate, and ends with "Reason to Believe", a complex narrative that offers a small amount of hope to counterbalance the otherwise dark nature of the album.[3] The remaining songs are largely of the same bleak tone, including the dark "State Trooper", influenced by the vocal stylings of Alan Vega and Suicide's "Frankie Teardrop".[21] Criminal behavior continues as a theme in the song "Highway Patrolman": even though the protagonist works for the law, he lets his brother escape after he has shot someone.[3] "Open All Night", a Chuck Berry-style lone guitar rave-up, does manage a dose of defiant, humming-towards-the-gallows exuberance.[3]

Springsteen stated that the stories in this album were partly inspired by historian Howard Zinn's book A People's History of the United States.[22]

Side one[edit]

"Nebraska"

"Atlantic City"

"Mansion on the Hill"

"Johnny 99"

"Highway Patrolman"

"State Trooper"

Side two[edit]

"Used Cars"

"Open All Night"

"My Father's House"

"Reason to Believe"

Release[edit]

Date: September 30, 1982

Because of the album's somber content, Springsteen chose not to tour in support of the album, making it Springsteen's first major release that was not supported by a tour, and his only such release until 2019's Western Stars.[23]

Singles:

  • "Atlantic City" – October 8, 1982 (UK only)
  • A music video was produced; it features stark, black-and-white images of the city, which had not yet undergone its later economic transformation.[24]
  • "Open All Night" – November 26, 1982 (UK only)

Critical reception[edit]

Initial[edit]

Professional ratings
Initial reviews
Review scores
SourceRating
Record Mirror[25]
Rolling Stone[13]
Smash Hits6½/10[26]
The Village VoiceA−[27]

Joel Selvin, San Francisco Chronicle[28]

Record Mirror[25]

  • "'THE BOSS' is back with a solo album in the true sense of the term, 10 songs played with a sparse guitar and harmonica backing onto a four-track tape machine."
  • "The subjects travel along well furrowed ground juxtaposing the American dream of escape into cars, desperate love and never-ending nights with the American reality of factory working and Catholic repression."
  • "Springsteen's gift for making epic aural stories out of such material is

turned on its head by the simple backing. Those that think his power comes from the deft arrangement of the E Street Band's rock 'n' roll panache will find it a shock. There can be no doubt that the songs work well without the sometimes overblown bluster of the at times unwieldy outfit."

  • "If you already like peering through the windscreen of Springsteen's odyssey through America you'll probably enjoy this journey. If not, why not take a ride?"

Smash Hits[26]

  • "A completely unexpected album, recording in his front room on a four-track machine, Nebraska is an all-acoustic effort that focuses on the darker, more introspective side of Springsteen's music. The bleak pessimism of the songs and their rather ponderous delivery is likely to ensure that this one will find favor with fans only"

Billboard[14]

  • spotlight
  • "downbeat, intensely personal collection"
  • "spare acoustic guitar, harmonica, and occasional vocal overdubs leave room for his gripping lyrics to take center stage"
  • "radio may balk...but his fans will be moved"

Cash Box[20]

  • "an intensely personal, passionate work"
  • "Sparse, acoustical musical context"
  • "the entire LP's powerful depth demands attention"

Jon Young, Trouser Press[29]

Steve Pond, Rolling Stone[13]

Robert Palmer, The New York Times[30]

Writing in 1984, Robert Hilburn described Nebraska as "one of the most bold uncompromising artistic statements since John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band album in 1970"[31]

Robert Christgau[27]

  • "Literary worth is established with the title tune, in which Springsteen's Charlie Starkweather becomes the first mass murderer in the history of socially relevant singer-songwriting to entertain a revealing thought--wants his pretty baby to sit in his lap when he gets the chair. Good thing he didn't turn that one into a rousing rocker, wouldn't you say, though (Hüsker Dü please note) I grant that some hardcore atonality might also produce the appropriate alienation effect. But the music is a problem here--unlike, er, Dylan, or Robert Johnson, or Johnny Shines or Si Kahn or Kevin Coyne, Springsteen isn't imaginative enough vocally or melodically to enrich these bitter tales of late capitalism with nothing but a guitar, a harmonica, and a few brave arrangements. Still, this is a conceptual coup, especially since it's selling. What better way to set right the misleading premise that rock and roll equals liberation?"

In the Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll, Nebraska was voted the third best album of 1982.[32] In 1989, it was ranked 43rd on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s.[33] That same year, Richard Williams wrote in Q magazine that "Nebraska would simply have been a vastly better record with the benefit of the E Street Band and a few months in the studio."[34]

Retrospective[edit]

Professional ratings
Retrospective reviews
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[3]
Chicago Tribune[35]
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music[36]
MusicHound Rock3.5/5[37]
Pitchfork10/10[38]
Q[34]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[39]
Tom HullB+[40]

UCR[4]

Consequence of Sound[1]

In 2003, Nebraska was ranked number 224 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time,[33] and 226 in a 2012 revised list,[41] and 150 in a 2020 reboot of the list.[42] Pitchfork listed it as the 60th greatest album of the 1980s.[43] In 2006, Q placed the album at number 13 in its list of "40 Best Albums of the '80s".[44] In 2012, Slant Magazine listed the album at number 57 on its list of "Best Albums of the 1980s".[45] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[46]


lists

[47][48][49][50][51][52]

Legacy[edit]

Covers[edit]

Being a highly influential album, the songs of Nebraska have been covered numerous times.[53] Notably, country music icon Johnny Cash's 1983 album Johnny 99 featured versions of two of Springsteen's songs from Nebraska: "Johnny 99" and "Highway Patrolman".[54] Cash also contributed to a widely praised tribute album, Badlands: A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska, which was released on the Sub Pop label in 2000 and produced by Jim Sampas.[53] It featured covers of the Nebraska songs recorded in the stripped-down spirit of the original recordings by a wide-ranging group of artists including Hank Williams III, Los Lobos, Dar Williams, Deana Carter, Ani DiFranco, Son Volt, Ben Harper, Aimee Mann, and Michael Penn.[53] Three additional tracks covered other Springsteen songs in the same vein: Johnny Cash's contribution was "I'm on Fire", a track from Springsteen's best-selling album Born in the U.S.A..[53]

Kelly Clarkson compared her effort to move away from mainstream to edgier and more personal music on her third studio album My December to Springsteen's Nebraska.[55]

On December 7, 2022, singer-songwriter Ryan Adams released a full track-by-track cover of the album.

The Indian Runner[edit]

The song "Highway Patrolman" would provide the inspiration for the motion picture The Indian Runner released in 1991. The film follows the same plot outline as the song, telling the story of a troubled relationship between two brothers; one is a deputy sheriff, the other is a criminal. The Indian Runner was written and directed by Sean Penn, and starred David Morse and Viggo Mortensen.

Deliver Me from Nowhere[edit]

The short stories in Deliver Me from Nowhere, a book written by Tennessee Jones published in 2005, were inspired by the themes of Nebraska.[56] The book takes its title from a line in "Open All Night" (the line is also the last in "State Trooper").

Pressure Machine[edit]

The Killers frequently cited Nebraska as an influence for their 2021 album Pressure Machine.[57] Brandon Flowers in an interview would describe recording the track "Terrible Thing" on a Tascam microphone as a direct nod to the album's recording process.[58]

Deliver Me from Nowhere film[edit]

In January 2024 it was announced that a film based on the making of Nebraska was being made with Springsteen involved along with Scott Cooper serving as the director and writer.[59]

On March 26, 2024, it was announced that Scott Stuber, former chairman of Netflix Films, would be teaming with Ellen Goldsmith-Vein and Eric Robinson to produce the movie for A24. The movie will be based on the 2023 book, Deliver Me from Nowhere: The Making of Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska, which was written by Warren Zanes. Springsteen and his manager Jon Landau will also be involved with the making of the film and Jeremy Allen White is being considered to play Springsteen in the movie.[60]

Track listing[edit]

All tracks are written by Bruce Springsteen[61]

Side one
No.TitleLength
1."Nebraska"4:27
2."Atlantic City"3:54
3."Mansion on the Hill"4:03
4."Johnny 99"3:38
5."Highway Patrolman"5:39
6."State Trooper"3:15
Side two
No.TitleLength
1."Used Cars"3:05
2."Open All Night"2:55
3."My Father's House"5:43
4."Reason to Believe"4:09
Total length:41:02

Personnel[edit]

Charts[edit]

Certifications[edit]

Sales certifications for Nebraska
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[76] Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[77] Gold 50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[78] Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[79] Platinum 1,000,000^

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

References[edit]

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Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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