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Congenital anosmia

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Congenital Anosmia
Other namesIsolated Congenital Anosmia
Olfactory bulbs and olfactory tracts outlined in red. These structures, which are critical for the sense of smell, are missing or underdeveloped in individuals with congenital anosmia.
SpecialtyOtorhinolaryngology
SymptomsComplete inability to perceive smell from birth[1]
ComplicationsSafety risks (e.g., inability to detect smoke or gas leaks), potential nutritional issues[2]
Usual onsetBirth[1]
DurationLifelong[1]
TypesIsolated, Syndromic (e.g., Kallmann syndrome)[3]
CausesGenetic mutations, developmental defects of the olfactory bulbs and tracts[3]
Risk factorsGenetic predisposition[3]
Diagnostic methodMedical history, physical examination, smell tests, brain imaging (MRI/CT), nasal endoscopy, olfactory nerve testing[1][4]
Differential diagnosisAcquired anosmia, other olfactory disorders[5]
PreventionNone[1]
TreatmentNo cure; management includes safety precautions and coping strategies[2][6]
MedicationNone[1]
PrognosisLifelong condition with management of associated risks[1]
FrequencyApproximately 1 in 10,000 individuals[4]

Congenital anosmia is a rare condition characterized by the complete inability to perceive smell from birth. It affects approximately 1 in 10,000 individuals and is often diagnosed later in life due to its subtle presentation and lack of associated symptoms.[7]

Details[edit]

The cause of congenital anosmia is not fully understood, but it is often linked to the underdevelopment or absence of the olfactory bulbs and tracts.[8] Diagnosis typically involves clinical evaluation, smell tests, and imaging studies to identify any structural abnormalities in the olfactory system.[9] This condition can occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome, such as Kallmann syndrome or CHARGE syndrome.[10]

There is no known cure for congenital anosmia. Management focuses on safety precautions to mitigate risks associated with the inability to smell, such as not detecting smoke or gas leaks.[9] Despite the challenges, individuals with congenital anosmia can lead normal lives with appropriate support and counseling.[7]

Diagnosis[edit]

There is no single test to definitively diagnose congenital anosmia. Instead, the diagnosis is made through a combination of clinical evaluations, smell tests, imaging studies, and the exclusion of other potential causes of smell loss.[1][11] This comprehensive approach ensures that other conditions that might interfere with the sense of smell are ruled out before confirming a diagnosis of congenital anosmia.[12]

Diagnosing congenital anosmia involves a comprehensive evaluation to confirm the condition and rule out other potential causes of smell loss. The diagnostic process typically includes the following steps:

  • Detailed medical history: Physicians will inquire about the patient's history of smell loss, focusing on whether the patient has ever been able to smell. A history of never having the ability to smell is indicative of congenital anosmia.[13]
  • Physical examination: A thorough ear, nose, and throat (ENT) examination is performed to check for any structural abnormalities or conditions that could affect the sense of smell.[13]
  • Smell tests: Standardized olfactory tests are used to assess the patient's ability to detect and identify odors. Common tests include the Sniffin' Sticks test[14] and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). These tests help determine the severity of smell loss and can differentiate between partial (hyposmia) and complete (anosmia) loss of smell.[15]
  • Nasal endoscopy: This procedure allows the physician to examine the nasal cavity and look for any abnormalities that might be causing smell loss.[15]
  • Imaging studies: Brain imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans are used to evaluate the olfactory bulbs, tracts, and related brain structures. In congenital anosmia, these scans may reveal aplasia (absence) or hypoplasia (underdevelopment) of the olfactory bulbs or tracts.[16]
  • Genetic testing: In some cases, especially when congenital anosmia is suspected to be part of a syndrome (e.g., Kallmann syndrome), genetic testing may be recommended to identify any associated genetic mutations.[17]
  • Exclusion of other causes: The diagnosis of isolated congenital anosmia is often made by ruling out other potential causes of smell loss, including head trauma, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases.[13]

Many individuals with congenital anosmia are unaware of their condition until later in childhood or adolescence when they begin to realize they cannot smell things that others can. Therefore, diagnosis may not occur until well after birth, despite the condition being present from birth.[16]

A multidisciplinary approach involving ENT specialists, neurologists, and geneticists may be necessary for a comprehensive diagnosis, especially in complex cases or when congenital anosmia is suspected to be part of a broader syndrome.[18][12]

Challenges of living with congenital anosmia[edit]

Living with congenital anosmia presents several significant challenges that impact daily life and overall well-being.

Safety concerns[edit]

The inability to detect odors poses significant safety risks:

  • Inability to smell smoke or gas leaks: This can prevent individuals from recognizing potentially life-threatening situations such as fires or gas leaks.[7]
  • Difficulty identifying spoiled food: Without the ability to smell, individuals may consume spoiled or rancid food, leading to food poisoning.[5][4]
  • Challenges in detecting harmful chemicals or fumes: Exposure to toxic substances may go unnoticed, increasing the risk of health hazards.[19]

Social and psychological impact[edit]

Congenital anosmia can affect social interactions and psychological well-being:

  • Social challenges: Anosmic individuals may feel isolated or misunderstood, particularly in social situations involving food or scents.[20]
  • Hygiene concerns: Individuals may worry about their body odor and personal hygiene, as they cannot detect these smells themselves.[21]
  • Eating challenges: Many people with congenital anosmia often do not enjoy food as much as others because they cannot smell it.[failed verification] The sense of smell is closely linked to the sense of taste, making the experience of eating less enjoyable for some. Additionally, the sense of smell often triggers hunger or the desire to eat more food when smelling it, but such triggers do not exist for congenital anosmics. This can lead to eating problems and make social situations, like meals with family and friends, less enjoyable. However, a few individuals with congenital anosmia learn to enjoy food despite the lack of smell or aroma, finding ways to appreciate the texture and flavor of food through other means.[22]

Memory and emotional impact[edit]

The sense of smell is closely linked to memory and emotions because the olfactory system is connected to the brain's limbic system, which is involved in emotional processing and memory formation. This connection means that specific scents can trigger vivid memories and strong emotional responses. For example, the smell of a particular perfume might remind someone of a loved one, or the scent of freshly baked cookies could evoke childhood memories. Without the sense of smell, individuals with congenital anosmia may miss out on these powerful sensory experiences that enhance and enrich their emotional lives and memories.[23][24][25][26]

Treatment[edit]

Currently, there is no definitive treatment for congenital anosmia, as the condition involves the absence or underdevelopment of the olfactory bulbs and tracts, which are critical for the sense of smell. Management primarily focuses on safety precautions and coping strategies to mitigate the risks associated with the inability to smell.[4] Management primarily focuses on safety precautions and coping strategies to mitigate the risks associated with the inability to smell.[2][5]

Safety precautions[edit]

Individuals with congenital anosmia are advised[by whom?] to take several safety measures to protect themselves from potential hazards:

  • Smoke and gas detectors: Installing and maintaining smoke detectors and carbon monoxide alarms in the home is essential, as individuals with anosmia cannot rely on their sense of smell to detect smoke or gas leaks.[4]
  • Food safety: Properly labeling foods with expiration dates and being cautious with food storage can help prevent the consumption of spoiled food, which individuals with anosmia may not be able to detect by smell.[citation needed]
  • Use of electric appliances: Using electric appliances instead of gas-powered ones can reduce the risk of undetected gas leaks.

Coping strategies[edit]

While there is no cure for congenital anosmia, individuals can adopt various strategies to improve their quality of life:

  • Counseling and support: Psychological counseling and support groups can help individuals cope with the emotional and practical challenges of living without a sense of smell.[4]

Research and future directions[edit]

Research into potential treatments for congenital anosmia is ongoing. Gene therapy has shown promise in animal models, where scientists have successfully restored the sense of smell in mice with congenital anosmia.[6] Additionally, identifying the genetic causes of congenital anosmia could lead to the development of targeted gene therapies for humans in the future.[27]

Clinical trials and research studies are being conducted to explore new treatments and improve the understanding of congenital anosmia. Individuals with congenital anosmia may consider participating in these studies to contribute to scientific advancements and potentially benefit from emerging therapies.[28]

Epidemiology[edit]

Congenital anosmia is a rare condition, with limited large-scale epidemiological studies available. The exact prevalence is difficult to determine due to underreporting and challenges in early diagnosis.[18] However, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 10,000 individuals.[4]

Research institutes working on congenital anosmia[edit]

Several research institutes are actively studying congenital anosmia to better understand its causes and develop potential treatments:

  • Monell Chemical Senses Center: Located in Philadelphia, USA, the Monell Center is a leading research institute focused on the senses of smell and taste. The lab of Dr. Joel Mainland at Monell has been studying genetic inheritance patterns to identify genes that cause congenital anosmia. This research is part of a broader effort to understand the mechanisms of smell and develop effective treatments for smell disorders.[11]
  • NYU Langone Health Anosmia Center: Based in New York City, the Anosmia Center at NYU Langone Health specializes in diagnosing and treating anosmia, including congenital anosmia. The center's team of otolaryngologists conducts comprehensive evaluations and research to improve understanding and management of smell disorders.[29]
  • University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste (UFCST): Located in Gainesville, FL, the UFCST coordinates and promotes research on taste and smell. Researchers at UFCST are exploring gene therapy approaches to restore the sense of smell in individuals with congenital anosmia. Recent studies have shown promising results in animal models.[30]
  • Fifth Sense: A UK-based charity dedicated to supporting people with smell and taste disorders, Fifth Sense collaborates with researchers and institutions to advance the understanding of congenital anosmia. They provide resources, support, and advocacy for individuals affected by the condition.[1]
  • University of Dresden Smell and Taste Center: Under the direction of Professor Thomas Hummel, this center in Germany conducts fundamental and clinical research on the diagnosis, consequences, and treatments of anosmia, including congenital anosmia.[31]
  • Smell and Taste Association of North America (STANA): STANA is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing research, education, and advocacy for individuals affected by smell and taste disorders, including congenital anosmia. While not a research institute itself, STANA plays a crucial role in connecting researchers, clinicians, and patients. The organization is actively involved in promoting research initiatives and raising awareness about chemosensory disorders.[32] STANA collaborates with various research institutions and is involved in organizing conferences that bring together scientists, clinicians, and individuals with smell and taste disorders to further research and understanding of conditions like congenital anosmia.[33]

Notable people with congenital anosmia[edit]

In popular media[edit]

Congenital anosmia has been featured in various films and short films that explore the condition and its impact on individuals' lives:

  • This Is What It's Like to Live in a World Without Smell: A short film that showcases the experiences of individuals living with congenital anosmia. It provides a personal perspective on how the absence of smell affects daily life and emotional experiences.[39]
  • Anosmia by Jacob LaMendola: A documentary short film that delves into the life of the filmmaker, who has congenital anosmia. The film explores the sensory experiences and challenges faced by those who cannot smell.[40][41]
  • Let's Talk Smell and Taste: A short film produced by Fifth Sense, featuring members of the anosmia community sharing their stories and the impact of the condition on their lives. The film highlights the emotional and social aspects of living without the sense of smell.[42]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Congenital Anosmia". Fifth Sense. Archived from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  2. ^ a b c "Anosmia (Loss of Sense of Smell)". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 2024-07-05. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  3. ^ a b c "Isolated congenital anosmia". Orphanet. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Saw, Chia; Friesen, Noel David; Bartley, Anthony (2022-07-07). "An Extremely Rare Cause of Isolated Congenital Anosmia". Case Reports in Pediatrics. 2022 (4): 5253121. doi:10.7171/3fc1f5fe.87a00931. PMC 9283015. PMID 35837270.
  5. ^ a b c "Loss of Smell (Anosmia)". Yale Medicine. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  6. ^ a b "Can't smell anything? Discovery may give you hope". ScienceDaily. 2012-09-02. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  7. ^ a b c Saw, Chia; Friesen, Noel David; Bartley, Anthony (2022-07-07). "An Extremely Rare Cause of Isolated Congenital Anosmia". Case Reports in Pediatrics. 2022 (4): 1–4. doi:10.7171/3fc1f5fe.87a00931. PMC 9283015. PMID 35837270.
  8. ^ Arshamian, A.; Iravani, B.; Lundström, J.N. (2022-11-10). "Is congenital anosmia protective for Parkinson's disease triggered by pathogenic entrance through the nose?". npj Parkinson's Disease. 8 (1): 152. doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00425-5. PMC 9649011. PMID 36357427.
  9. ^ a b Boesveldt, Sanne; Postma, Elbrich M.; Boak, Duncan; Welge-Luessen, Antje; Schöpf, Veronika; Mainland, Joel D.; Martens, Jeffrey; Ngai, John (2017-05-22). "Anosmia—A Clinical Review". Chemical Senses. 42 (7): 513–523. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjx025. PMC 5863566. PMID 28531306.
  10. ^ Karstensen, H.; Tommerup, N. (2021-01-26). "Human olfactory dysfunction: causes and consequences". Cell and Tissue Research. 383 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1007/s00441-020-03381-9. PMC 7835667. PMID 33496882.
  11. ^ a b "Anosmia FAQ". Monell Chemical Senses Center. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  12. ^ a b Weiss, T.; Knaapila, M.; Knaapila, J.; Keller, A. (2017-11-13). "Next-generation sequencing of patients with congenital anosmia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 25 (11): 1195–1203. doi:10.1038/s41431-017-0014-1. PMC 5865213. PMID 29087314.
  13. ^ a b c Arshamian, A.; Iravani, B.; Lundström, J.N. (2022-11-10). "Is congenital anosmia protective for Parkinson's disease triggered by pathogenic entrance through the nose?". npj Parkinson's Disease. 8 (6): 152. doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00425-5. PMC 9649011. PMID 36412812.
  14. ^ Hummel, T.; Sekinger, B.; Wolf, S.R.; Pauli, E.; Kobal, G. (1997). "'Sniffin' Sticks': Olfactory Performance Assessed by the Combined Testing of Odour Identification, Odor Discrimination and Olfactory Threshold". Chemical Senses. 22 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1093/chemse/22.1.39.
  15. ^ a b Hummel, T.; Rissom, K.; Reden, J.; Hähner, A.; Weidenbecher, M.; Huttenbrink, K.B. (2020-05-11). "Diagnosis of isolated congenital anosmia using simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and olfactory event-related potentials: Our experience in six patients". Clinical Otolaryngology. 45 (3): 337–343. doi:10.1111/coa.13533. PMID 33725416.
  16. ^ a b Hummel, T.; Rissom, K.; Reden, J.; Hähner, A.; Weidenbecher, M.; Huttenbrink, K.B. (2016-11-29). "A case of congenital anosmia". Clinical Otolaryngology. 41 (6): 703–707. doi:10.1111/coa.12657. PMID 27895246.
  17. ^ Balasubramanian, R.; Dwyer, A.; Min, L.; Quinton, R.; Hall, J.; Hughes, I.; Owen, C.; Mehta, A.; Kirk, J. (2020-02-20). "Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism with Anosmia and Gorlin Features Caused by a PTCH1 Mutation Reveals a New Candidate Gene for Kallmann Syndrome". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 105 (3): 99–114. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz230. PMID 32074614.
  18. ^ a b Karstensen, H. G.; Tommerup, N. (March 2012). "Isolated and syndromic forms of congenital anosmia". Clinical Genetics. 81 (3): 210–215. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01776.x. PMID 21895634.
  19. ^ "Smell Disorders". National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. 2023-07-31. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  20. ^ Koren, Marina (2022-07-29). "COVID Smell Loss Made Anosmia Famous. But Some People Were Born Without the Ability to Smell". Slate. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  21. ^ Burges Watson, Duika; Lewis, Susan; Bryant, Vincent; Patterson, Joanne; Kelly, Caroline; Deary, Vincent (2023-10-19). "Experiences of living without a sense of smell: Like "Being Behind Glass"". PLOS ONE. 18 (10): 16–25. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292866. PMC 10586628. PMID 37857139.
  22. ^ Croy, I.; Nordin, S.; Hummel, T. (2014-03-01). "Olfactory Disorders and Quality of Life—An Updated Review". Chemical Senses. 39 (3): 185–194. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjt072. PMID 24429163.
  23. ^ Herz, R. S.; Engen, T. (1996). "Odor memory: Review and analysis". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 3 (3): 300–313. doi:10.3758/BF03210754. PMID 24213931.
  24. ^ Soudry, Y.; Lemogne, C.; Malinvaud, D.; Consoli, S. M.; Bonfils, P. (2011). "Olfactory system and emotion: Common substrates". European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases. 128 (1): 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2010.09.007. PMID 21277664.
  25. ^ Chu, S.; Downes, J. J. (2000). "Odour-evoked autobiographical memories: Psychological investigations of Proustian phenomena". Chemical Senses. 25 (1): 111–116. doi:10.1093/chemse/25.1.111. PMID 10655441.
  26. ^ Keller, A.; Malaspina, D. (2013). "Hidden consequences of olfactory dysfunction: a patient report series". BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders. 13 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/1472-6815-13-8. PMC 3668222. PMID 23705669.
  27. ^ "Smell for Life". Monell Chemical Senses Center. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  28. ^ "Anosmia Clinical Trials". MediFind. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  29. ^ "Anosmia Center". NYU Langone Health. Archived from the original on 2023-10-18. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  30. ^ "Pain and Sensory Physiology - McKnight Brain Institute". McKnight Brain Institute. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  31. ^ "Smell Loss Research Still Struggles for Support". Undark Magazine. 2023-09-27. Archived from the original on 2024-07-05. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  32. ^ "About Us". Smell and Taste Association of North America. Archived from the original on 2024-06-25. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  33. ^ Koren, Marina (2023-03-28). "Smell-Loss Tests Could Reveal Health Problems". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2024-06-21. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  34. ^ "Ben & Jerry's' Ben Cohen Interview - Anosmia, Ice Cream ..." Delish. 2021-04-08. Archived from the original on 2024-06-21. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  35. ^ Ibrahim, Nur (2023-08-05). "Is Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream So Chunky Because Co-Founder Ben Has Limited Taste?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  36. ^ "Olivia Wilde Says Jason Sudeikis Can't Smell Due to Medical Condition". Business Insider. 2018-09-27. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  37. ^ "Little Mix's Perrie Edwards: I have no sense of smell". BBC News. 2013-07-10. Archived from the original on 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  38. ^ "COVID smell loss: The people who could never smell since birth ..." Slate. 2022-07-29. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  39. ^ "This Is What It's Like to Live in a World Without Smell". YouTube. 2016-07-01. Archived from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  40. ^ "ANOSMIA - Jacob LaMendola". Jacob LaMendola. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  41. ^ LaMendola, Jacob (2012-08-07). "Opinion | Anosmia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-07-07. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  42. ^ "Let's Talk Smell and Taste". Fifth Sense. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
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