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List of Americans imprisoned or wrongfully detained abroad

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This list represents a sample of Americans imprisoned or wrongfully detained abroad by state and non-state actors, past and present. This list includes both citizens of the United States and legal permanent residents. It represents individuals imprisoned through various channels, including criminal conviction, hostage diplomacy, and kidnapping. It does not include American prisoners of war or war-time kidnappings.

Since 2015, the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs (SPEHA) leads and coordinates activities across the Executive Branch to bring home Americans held hostage or wrongfully detained in foreign countries.[1] Non-governmental organizations that advocate for the return of Americans wrongfully detained abroad include the Richardson Center for Global Engagement, the James Foley Legacy Foundation,[2] and the Bring Our Families Home Campaign.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Africa

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Mustafa Kassem August 2013 Deceased
while in detention 		~2356 An auto parts dealer and cab driver in New York who travelled to Egypt to visit family in 2013. He was arrested by security forces while shopping the night before he was scheduled to fly back to the U.S., during a crackdwon on dissidents during the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. in 2020 he died of heart ailure caused by myriad medical conditons and inhumane treatment while detainted.[3][4][5]
Jeffrey Woodke 14 October 2016 Released
20 March 2023 		2348 Woodke was working as a missionary and humanitarian aid worker in Niger when he was kidnapped at gunpoint by militants, taken across the border into Mali, and held for ransom.[6][7]
Michael Scott Moore 19 January 2012 Released
22 September 2014 		977 Journalist and novelist, he was in Somalia researching a book on Somali piates Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting when he was abducted by a local gang of pirates and held for ransom.[8][9]
Paul Rusesabagina 31 August 2020 Released
25 March 2023 		1621 Arrested on charges of terrorism, arson, kidnap and "murder perpetrated against unarmed, innocent Rwandan civilians on Rwandan territory."[10] At the time of his detention, Paul was a US Green Card holder.[11]
Ryan Koher 4 November 2022 Released
5 October 2023 		826 Ryan was a missionary pilot, arrested trying to fly supplies to an orphanage in Northern Mozambique and was held without charges or bail.[12] He was provisionally released but forbidden from leaving country on March 15, 2023.[13]
Marcel Malanga 19 May 2024 Detained 264 Involved in the 2024 DRC coup attempt.[14] Sentenced to death in September 2024.[15]
Tyler Thompson 19 May 2024 Detained 264 Involved in the 2024 DRC coup attempt.[16] Sentenced to death in September 2024.[15]
Benjamin Reuben Zalman-Polun 19 May 2024 Detained 264 Involved in the 2024 DRC coup attempt.[17] Sentenced to death in September 2024.[15]

Asia & Middle East

[edit]

Afghanistan

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
George Glezmann 5 December 2022 Detained 795 Detained by the Taliban while on a 5-day cultural and archeological visit to Afghanistan, he has been kept in solitary onfinement and periodically tortured ever since.[18]
Paul Overby May 2014 Detained ~3935 An authour, last seen in Khost when he was on his way to Waziristan in Pakistan to interview Sirajuddin Haqqani. The Taliban have officially denied any involvement in Overby's disappearance.[19][20]
Mark Frerichs 31 January 2020 Released
19 September 2022 		962 Kidnapped by the Haqqani network while working as an engineering contractor.[21]
Ivor Shearer 17 August 2022 Released
20 December 2022 		125 Independent filmmaker and journalist held by the Taliban.[22]
Ryan Corbett 10 August 2022 Released
20 January 2025 		894 Worked for an education-focused NGO and was detained by the Taliban in Kabul.[23][24]

Cambodia

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Theary Seng 19 March 2022 Detained ~-1056 Cambodian-American human rights lawyer arrested for supporting democratic reforms and sentenced to 6 years in prison for treason in a mass-trial.[25][26]

China

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Kai Li September 2016 Released
27 November 2024 		~3009 Detained for espionage after flying into Shanghai in relation to a U.S.-based export business he had started.[27][28]
Mark Swidan 13 November 2012 27 November 2024 4397 Detained on a drug charge during a photography trip to China and sentenced to death in 2018.[29][30][28]
David Lin 2006 Released
16 September 2024 		5844 Detained while establishing a missionary training school in Beijing, later charged with fraud and sentenced to life in prison.[31][28][32]

Iran

[edit]
Further information: List of foreign nationals detained in Iran § U.S. citizens
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Robert Levinson 9 March 2007 Deceased
while in detention 		6545 Fromer DEA and FBI agent who disappeared in Iran and was presumed wrongfully detained by the Iranian government or other state-sponsored actors. He was declared dead in absentia in 2020, and his disappearance resulted in a shift in U.S. policy around hostage-taking.[33][34][35]
Emad Shargi 30 November 2020 Released
18 September 2023 		1530 Detained on charges of espionage and sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2021 after having been previously cleared of all charges in 2019. [36][37]
Morad Tahbaz January 2018 Released
18 September 2023 		~2594 An environmentalist and co-founder of the Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation (PWHF), Tahbaz was arrested in Iran along with other PWHF members who were accused of being Israeli spies.[38]
Baquer Namazi 22 February 2016 Released
5 October 2022 		3273 A former diplomat working for UNICEF, he was detained on charges of espionage after he travelled to Iran to visit his son, Siamak Namazi, who was also wrongfully detained in Iran at the time.[39][40]
Siamak Namazi 13 October 2015 Released
18 September 2023 		3403 Detained on charges of espionage and sentenced to 10 years in prison.[41]
Shahab Dalili 2016 Detained ~3288 A U.S. Green Card holder, who moved to the U.S. in 2016 after retiring as a commerical shipping captain, was arrested in 2016 after returning to Iran for his father's funeral and charged with espionage.[42][43]

Lebanon

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Amer Fakhoury 12 September 2019 Deceased
as a result of detention 		189 Lebanese-American restaurateur who was kidnapped by Hezbolah while visiting Beirut, later charged with a decades-old murder and finally released in March 2020. He developed late-stage Epstein Barr Virus related lymphoma while detained and passed away in August 2020.[44][45][46]
Terry A. Anderson 16 March 1985 Released
4 December 1991 		2454 A former U.S. Marine and journalist for the Associated Press, he was kidnapped by the Islamic Jihad Organization after a game of tennis with a friend on his day off.[47][48][49]

Libya

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
James W. Foley 5 April 2011 Deceased
while in detention 		635 A journalist during the Syrian Civil War, he was abducted by ISIS and later murdered by decapitation in August 2014.[50] His wrongful detention and death led to his family founding the James W. Foley Legacy Foundation, the most prominent advocacy group for American hostages and wrongful detainees.[51][52]
Clare Morgana Gillis 5 April 2011 Released
19 May 2011 		44 A journalist who was kidnapped along with James Foley, beaten repeatedly, and released along with Spanish journalists in Tripoli.[53][54][55]

North Korea

[edit]
Further information: List of foreign nationals detained in North Korea § Detained U.S. citizens

Pakistan

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Warren Weinstein 13 August 2011 Deceased
while in detention 		~1237 USAID consultant working for an NGO, he was kidnapped by Al-Queda and was accientially killed in a drone strike on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.[56][57][58][59]

Russia

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
James Vincent Wilgus 7 November 2016 Detained 3014 A musician working on a motion picture soundtrack on location in Russia, he was kidnapped and forced to sign a confession for indecent exposure.[60]
Thomas Stwalley 6 July 2018 Detained 2408 Arrested for intent to distribute marijuana, sentenced to 11 years to a labor camp.[61]
Paul Whelan 28 December 2018 Released
1 August 2024 		2043 A former U.S. Marine who was framed by a longtime friend for espionage during a trip to Moscow while visiting for a wedding. He was released as part of the 2024 Russian prisoner exchange.[62][63][64]
Trevor Reed 16 August 2019 Released
27 April 2022 		985 A former U.S. Marine who was detained at the request of friends while intoxicated, and later charged with assaulting police officers and espionage.[65] After his release he traveled to fight against Russia in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[66]
Eugene Spector 19 February 2020 Detained 1815 A businessman whose company manufactured medical supplies, he was arrested for bribery and later charged with espionage.[67]
Marc Fogel 15 August 2021 Detained 1272 A teacher working at an English language school, he was arrested entering Russia with medical marijuana for which he had a valid prescription and entry clearance.[68][69]
Sarah Krivanek 15 December 2021 Releassed
8 December 2022 		358 An English language teacher since 2017, she was attacked by her roommate and arrested for using a knife to defend herself. She was released in the Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange [70][71]
Andre Khachatoorian 27 December 2021 Detained 1138 He was arrested during a layover in Moscow for illegal possession of a firearm, which was properly stowed in his luggage.[72]
David Barnes 13 January 2022 Detained 1121 He was detained in Russia on accusations of child abuse he allegedly committed while living in Texas, but which were unfounded according to Texas law enforcement. He was sentenced to 21 years in a labor camp.[73][74]
Robert Gilman 17 January 2022 Detained 1117 A former U.S. Marine, who taught English in Poland, was transiting Russia on his way to Moldova when he became ill and was arrested for assault of a police officer and was later tortured in prison and charged with additonal crimes.[75][76]
Brittney Griner 17 February 2022 Released
8 December 2022 		294 A WNBA player and Olympic gold medalist, she was detained for possession of <1g of hashish oil for which she had a medical prescription. She was released as part of the Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange.[77][78][79][80]
Evan Gershkovich 29 March 2023 Released
1 August 2024 		491 A journalist working for the Wall Street Journal, he was arrested on his way to meet a fellow reporter for dinner and charged with espionage. He was sentenced to 16 years in prison during a secret trial, and was later released as part of the 2024 Russian prisoner exchange.[81][82][83][84]
Michael Travis Leake 6 June 2023 Detained 612 A former paratrooper who spent 10 years in Russia teaching English and fronting for two Russia rock bands before he was arrested on charges of drug trafficking and sentenced to 13 years in prison.[85][86]
Alsu Kurmasheva 18 October 2023 Released
1 August 2024 		288 A journalist working for Radio Free Europe was arrested for failing to register as a foreign agent, and later released as part of the 2024 Russian prisoner exchange.[87]
Yuri Malev 8 December 2023 Detained 427 A U.S./Russian dual citizen, he was arrested while visitng Russia for social media posts he had made previously which were crtical of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. He was charged with "rehabilitation of Nazism" and sentenced to 3.5 years in prison.[88][89]
Robert Woodland 5 January 2024 Detained 399 Adopted by U.S. parents as a child, he returned to Russia to find his birth mother and taught English while living in Russia. He was arrested on charges of drug trafficking and manufacture.[90]
Ksenia Karelina 27 January 2024 Detained 377 A Russian-American ballet dancer who was arrested for treason after donating $51.80 to a charity supporting Ukraine.[91][92]
Gordon Black 2 May 2024 Detained 281 A U.S. solider who was arrested after an argument with his girlfriend over $113 and sentenced to four years in prison.[93][94]
Steven Hubbard 2 April 2022 Detained 1042 A pro-Russia 72-year-old retiree living in Ukraine with is wife, arrested and accused of fighting as a mercenary for Ukraine and sentenced to 6.5 years in prison.[95]

Syria

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Kayla Mueller 13 August 2012 Deceased
while in detention 		1085 An humanitarian aid worker with Doctors Without Borders who was kidnapped in Aleppo and later killed in an airstrike.[96][97]
Austin Tice 13 August 2012 Detained 4561 An American freelance journalist and a veteran U.S. Marine Corps officer who was kidnapped while reporting in Syria on August 13, 2012.[98] He is the longest-held American journalist.[99]
Majd Kamalmaz 15 February 2017 Deceased
while in detention 		4561 A psychotherapsit, he was running a nonprofit in Lebanon helping refugees deal with trauma when he drove to Syria in mid-February 2017 to visit a relative who had cancer. Once in Damascus, he called his wife to tell her that he had arrived safely. After that, the family never heard from him again. It was widely reported that he died while wrongfully detained in may 2024[100][101][102]
Travis Pete Timmerman 5 June 2024 Released
8 December 2024 		186 Last seen in Budapest, he travelled to Syria via Lebanon on a Christian pilgrimage and was detained at the border. He was discovered by locals in a suburb of Damascus wandering barefoot during the Fall of the Assad regime.[103][104]

United Arab Emirates

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Zack Shahin March 2008 Detained ~6187 A former Pepsi executive, he was hired as a CEO of a real estate company in Dubai. During a business meeting he was kidnapped, tortured, and forced to sign confessions for myriad crimes including, bribery, embezzlement, and fraud. He was sentenced to 47 years in prison and designated 'arbitrarily detained' by the U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention in 2022.[105][106][107]

Europe

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Amanda Knox 6 November 2007 Released
3 October 2011 		1427 Arrested in Italy and wrongfully convicted for the Murder of Meredith Kercher, she was acquitted by the Supreme Court of Italy.[108][109][110][111]

North America

[edit]

Cuba

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Alina Lopez January 2017 Detained ~2959 A schoolteacher arrested for espionage, because her husband worked for the U.N., sentenced to 13 years in prison.[112]

Oceania

[edit]

New Zealand

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Ronald Wayne Cook Sr. 1 July 2016 Detained 3143 Hired as an English/Spanish translator, he was arrested in connection with a Mexican cartel-linked cocaine smuggling operation and sentenced to 17 years in prison.[113]

South America

[edit]

Venezuela

[edit]
Name Detained Status Days in detention Reason for detention
Eyvin Hernandez 29 March 2022 Released
December 21 2023 		632 A Salvadoran-American lawyer working as an L.A. Public Defender, he was arrested by Venezuelan military agents near the border during a trip with a friend who was travelling to Venezuela.[114]
Matthew John Heath September 2020 Released
1 October 2022 		~760 A decorated US Marine veteran, he was arrested in Columbia for arms trafficking after authorities discovered two handgun magazines. He was released but was arrested in Venezuela for arms trafficking and espionage while traveling back to the U.S.[115][116]
Airan Berry May 2020 Released
21 December 2023 		~1329 Former Green Beret arrested for involvement in a beach landing to overthrow the government.[117]
Luke Denman May 2020 Released
21 December 2023 		~1329 Former Green Beret arrested for involvement in a beach landing to overthrow the government.[117]
Gustavo Cárdenas 21 November 2017 Released
March 9 2022 		1569 Arrested for corruption charges and detained among the Citgo Six.
Tomeu Vadell 21 November 2017 Released
March 9 2022 		1569 Arrested for corruption charges and detained among the Citgo Six.
Jorge Toledo 21 November 2017 Released
March 9 2022 		1569 Arrested for corruption charges and detained among the Citgo Six.
Alirio Zambrano 21 November 2017 Released
March 9 2022 		1569 Arrested for corruption charges and detained among the Citgo Six.
Jose Luis Zambrano 21 November 2017 Released
March 9 2022 		1569 Arrested for corruption charges and detained among the Citgo Six.
Jose Angel Pereira 21 November 2017 Released
March 9 2022 		1569 Arrested for corruption charges and detained among the Citgo Six.

See Also

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References

[edit]
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  87. ^ Ivan Nechepurenko (19 October 2023). "Russia Detains a U.S. Journalist". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Wikidata Q123128637. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  88. ^ "Russia jails U.S. dual citizen for three-and-a-half years for 'rehabilitating Nazism'". 9 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  89. ^ Nechepurenko, Ivan; Lobzina, Alina (2024-06-05). "A Russian American Is Sentenced in Russia Over Social Media Posts". The New York Times.
  90. ^ Koenig, Melissa; Guzman, Alyssa (9 January 2024). "Russia detains US citizen on drugs charges — which can carry 20 years in prison". nypost.com. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  91. ^ Land, Olivia; Vincent, Isabel (20 February 2024). "California amateur ballerina detained in Russia on suspicion of treason, faces life in prison for donating $51 to Ukraine: report". nypost.com. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  92. ^ Nechepurenko, Ivan (20 February 2024). "Russia Arrests U.S. Citizen, Accusing Her of Treason by Aiding Ukraine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  93. ^ McEntyre, Nicholas (18 June 2024). "US soldier Gordon Black 'lured' to Russia learns his fate after he stole, threatened to kill his girlfriend he met in South Korea". nypost.com. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  94. ^ "Russian court upholds sentence of jailed US soldier Gordon Black". Reuters. 2024-08-19.
  95. ^ "Russian court sentences 72-year-old American for fighting for Ukraine". theguardian.com. 7 October 2024. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  96. ^ Meek, James Gordon; Christie, Megan; Epstein, Brian; Ross, Brian (August 24, 2016). "Doctors Without Borders Refused to Help American ISIS Hostage Kayla Mueller". ABC News.
  97. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini; Gladstone, Rick (February 6, 2015). "ISIS Claims American Hostage Killed by Jordanian Retaliation Bombings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  98. ^ Tice, Debra and Marc (August 13, 2014). "Austin Tice, two years later". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  99. ^ "Vanished without a trace: Inside the search for US citizens disappeared in Syria". The Independent. 2025-01-03. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  100. ^ "MAJD KAMALMAZ - Wanted Poster". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2024-06-12. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  101. ^ Goldman, Adam; Benner, Katie (2024-05-18). "Texas Family Finally Learns Fate of Man Held in Syria". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  102. ^ Goldman, Adam; Benner, Katie (2024-05-18). "Texas Family Finally Learns Fate of Man Held in Syria". The New York Times.
  103. ^ Roush, Ty. "Who Is Travis Timmerman? Man Found In Syria After Monthslong Imprisonment Claims To Be Missing American". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-12-12.
  104. ^ Sherlock, Ruth; Inskeep, Steve (2024-12-12). "Missing American found in Syria wandering bare foot in a Damascus suburb". NPR News.
  105. ^ "The longest-serving overseas American prisoner goes on hunger strike". The longest-serving overseas American prisoner goes on hunger strike. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  106. ^ "A/HRC/WGAD/2022/76" (PDF).
  107. ^ Flores, Christian (2024-09-03). "Woman pleading with State Department to free family member wrongfully imprisoned in UAE". ABC Channel 7 News, Arlington.
  108. ^ Joshi, Priya (February 8, 2014). "Amanda Knox Admits She Struggles with Guilt for Accusing Patrick Lumumba of Meredith Kercher Murder". International Business Times.
  109. ^ Davies, F. G. (February 27, 2015). "The Brutal Killing of Meredith Kercher – Part 9". Criminal Law and Justice Weekly.
  110. ^ Harding, David; Landau, Joel (March 29, 2015). "Amanda Knox plans to write book in Italy, man she falsely accused claims acquittal was because she is 'American and rich'". New York Daily News.
  111. ^ Ellis, Ralph; Messia, Hada; Nadeau, Barbie; Diamond, Jeremy; Karimi, Faith (March 28, 2015). "Tearful Amanda Knox says she's glad to have her life back". CNN.
  112. ^ Sesin, Carmen (2022-09-03). "Ailing mom of teacher who had been jailed in Cuba pleads for her return". NBC News.
  113. ^ Hurley, Sam (2017-08-24). "Diamante horse head case: American and Mexican jailed for NZ's largest cocaine bust". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2025-02-02.
  114. ^ Sharp, Julie (2023-12-21). "LA County public defender Eyvin Hernandez says he endured inhumane conditions during Venezuelan imprisonment". CBS News.
  115. ^ "Venezuela charges detained U.S. 'spy' with terrorism, weapons trafficking". Reuters. 2020-09-14. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  116. ^ "Venezuela announces terrorism charges against alleged US 'spy'". The Guardian. 2020-09-14. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  117. ^ a b "Family of Texas Green Beret jailed still awaits son's return". spectrumlocalnews.com. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
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