List of private spaceflight companies
Appearance
![]() | This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (April 2020) |
Private spaceflight companies include non-governmental or privately-owned entities focused on developing and/or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. This list includes both inactive and active entities.
List of abbreviations used in this article |
---|
LEO: Low Earth orbit |
Commercial astronauts
[edit]- Association of Spaceflight Professionals[1][2] — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support (Christopher Altman, Soyeon Yi)[1][3]
Manufacturers of space vehicles
[edit]Cargo transport vehicles
[edit]Company name | Spacecraft | Launch system | Length (m) | Dry mass (kg) | Launch mass (kg) | Payload (kg) | Payload volume (m3) | Return payload (kg) | Diameter (m) | Generated power (W) | Automated docking | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SpaceX | Dragon | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 6.1 | 4,200[4] | 10,200 | 6,000[5] pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[6] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized), or 34 (unpressurized with extended trunk)[7] | 3,000 capsule return[8] | 3.7 | 2,000[9] | No | Retired (21/22) |
Dragon 2 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 8.1 | 6,400 | 6,000[5] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized) | 3,000[5] | 3.7 | Yes | Operational (10/10) | |||
Orbital | Cygnus (standard) | Antares 110 | 5.14 | 1,500[10] | 2,000[10] | 18.9[10] | None | 3.07 | 3,500[11] | No | Retired (3/4) | |
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Cygnus (enhanced) | Antares 230 Atlas V 401 Falcon 9 Block 5 |
6.34 | 1,800[12] | 3,500[12] | 27[12] | None | 3.07 | No | Operational (16/16) | ||
Sierra Space | Dream Chaser Cargo System | Atlas V Vulcan[13] |
16.8[14] | 5,000 pressurized, 500 unpressurized[15] | 1,750[15] | Yes | Development Planned: 2023 |
Crew transport vehicles
[edit]Orbital
[edit]Company name | Spacecraft | Range | Launch system |
Crew size |
Length (m) | Diameter (m) | Launch mass (kg) | Power system |
First spaceflight* |
Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue Origin | Biconic Space Vehicle | LEO | New Glenn | Planned date not known | Development | |||||
Boeing | CST-100 Starliner | LEO | Multiple, initially Atlas V | 7[16] | 5.03[17] | 4.56[17] | 13,000 | Solar panels | Crewed: 5 June 2024 (Uncrewed: 20 December 2019) |
Operational |
Sierra Space | Dream Chaser Space System | LEO | Multiple, initially Vulcan Centaur | 7[18] | 9[19] | 11,300[20] | 2026[21] | Development | ||
SpaceX | Dragon 2 | LEO | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 7[note 1] | 8.1[22] | 3.7[23] | up to 6,000 | Solar | Crewed: May 30, 2020 (Uncrewed: 2 March 2019) |
Operational (13/13) |
Starship | Mars[24][note 2] | Super Heavy | <=100 | 50[24] | 9[24][note 3] | 1,335,000[24] | Solar panels | Planned: First Crewed date not known (First Uncrewed: 20 April 2023) | Testing
(1/3) |
- * - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures
Suborbital
[edit]Company name | Spacecraft | Range | Launch system |
Crew size |
Length (m) | Diameter (m) | Launch mass (kg) | First spaceflight* |
Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scaled Composites | SpaceShipOne | 100 km (62 mi) | White Knight | 1 | 8.53 | 8.05 | 3,600 | 21 June 2004 | Retired (3/3)[note 1] |
Blue Origin | New Shepard Crew Capsule | 114 km (71 mi) (capsule, using the launch escape system motor) | New Shepard | 6 | 3.6 | Crewed: July 20, 2021
(Uncrewed: April 29, 2015) |
Operational (23/24) | ||
The Spaceship Company | SpaceShipTwo | 110 km (68 mi) | White Knight Two | 8 (2 Pilots, 6 Passengers) | 18.3 | 8.3 | 9,740 | 13 December 2018 | Testing (10/11)[note 2] |
Copenhagen Suborbitals[note 3] | Tycho Deep Space | 105 km (65 mi) |
Spica | 1 | 13 | 0.955 | 4,000 | Planned date not known | Development |
PD AeroSpace | (Unknown) | 110 km (68 mi)[25] | (Unknown) | 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots) | 14.8[26] | >6,000 | Planned date not known | Development | |
World View | Explorer Capsule | 30 km (19 mi) | Stratospheric Balloon | 10 (8 passengers, 1 pilot, 1 concierge) | 5.5 | 4,500 | Planned 2024 | Development |
- * - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures
Launch vehicle manufacturers
[edit]Company name | Launcher name |
Launcher type |
No. of stages |
Maximum reach |
Launcher status |
Maiden flight |
Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABL Space Systems | RS1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Operational (0/1) | 10 January 2023 | [27] |
Agnikul Cosmos | Agnibaan | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
ARCA Space | Haas 2b | Suborbital crewed rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | [28] |
Haas 2CA | Light rocket | 1 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [29] | |
Super Haas | Medium rocket | 2 | LEO | Proposed | Unknown | [30] | |
EcoRocket Demonstrator | Reusable light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2022 (planned) | [31] | |
EcoRocket Heavy | Heavy rocket | 3 | Deep space | Proposed | Unknown | [31] | |
Australian Space Research Institute | AUSROC Nano | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [32] |
Astra Space | Astra Rocket 1 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Retired (0/1) | 2018 | [33][34][35] |
Astra Rocket 2 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Retired (0/1) | 2018 | [36] | |
Astra Rocket 3 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Retired (2/5) | 2020 | [37][38] | |
Astra Rocket 4 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 (planned) | [39][40] | |
SALVO | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [41][42][43] | |
Bellatrix Aerospace | Chetak | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 (planned) | |
Blue Origin | New Shepard | Reusable suborbital rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (22/23) | 2015 | |
New Glenn | Reusable heavy rocket | 2 or 3 | GTO | Development | 2024 (planned) | [44][45][46] | |
New Armstrong | Reusable super-heavy rocket | 3 | HCO | Proposed | ~2030 (proposed) | ||
BluShift Aerospace | Stardust | Reusable sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (1/1) | 2020 | |
Starless Rogue | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | ||
Brown Dwarf | Sounding rocket | 2 or 3 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | ||
Red Dwarf | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Q2 2024 (planned) | ||
Borneo SubOrbitals | TBA | Sounding rocket | 2 or 3 | Suborbital | Development | 2022 (planned) | [47][48][49] |
Canadian Arrow | Canadian Arrow | Suborbital crewed rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | [50] |
CubeCab | Cab-3A | Light rocket | 3 + airplane | LEO | Proposed | Unknown | [51][52] |
Datiotec Aeroespacial / INMEU A.C. | JFCR.2000-Pollux | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | [53][54] |
Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy | Sounding Rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2023 | [55][56] |
Exos Aerospace | SARGE | Reusable sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (3/4) | 2018 | [57][58] |
Exela Space Industries | Aims-1 | Sounding Rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2035 | [59] |
Equatorial Space Systems | Volans | Light Rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [60] |
Dorado | Sounding Rocket | 1 or 2 | Suborbital | Development | 2023 (planned) | [61] | |
LAD | Sounding Rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Retired (1/1) | 2020 | [62] | |
Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Operational (1/4) | 2021 | [63] |
Firefly MLV | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2025 (planned) | [64] | |
Galactic Energy | Ceres-1 | Light Rocket | 4 | LEO | Operational (13/14) | 2020 | [65] |
General Astronautics | Urania | Medium rocket | 3 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [66][67] |
Gilmour Space Technologies | RASTA | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Retired (1/1) | 2016 | [68] |
Eris | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | April 2023 (Planned) | [68] | |
Generation Orbit | X-60A (GOLauncher 1) | Air-launched sounding rocket | 1 + airplane | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | [69][70] |
GOLauncher 2 | Air-launch-to-orbit | 2 + airplane | LEO | Development | Unknown | ||
Independence-X Aerospace | DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle) | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 (planned) | [71][72] |
Interorbital Systems | NEPTUNE N series | Light rocket | 3–4 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [73][74] |
NEPTUNE N36 | Light rocket | 4 | TLI | Proposed | Unknown | [73][74] | |
Neptune TSAAHTO | Medium rocket | 2½ | TLI | Proposed | Unknown | [73] | |
Interstellar Technologies | Momo | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (3/7) | 2017 | [75][76] |
Isar Aerospace | Spectrum | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | H2 2023 (planned) | [77] |
Launcher | Light | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [78] |
Leaf Space | Primo | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Proposed | Unknown | [79][80] |
Lin Industrial | Taymyr | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [81][82] |
Lockheed Martin | VentureStar | Reusable spaceplane | 1 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [83] |
Athena | Medium rocket | 2 or 3 | TLI | Retired (5/7) | 1995 | ||
Mishaal Aerospace | M-SV | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | [84][85][86] |
M-OV | Light rocket | 1 + 6 Boosters | LEO | Development | Unknown | [84][85][87] | |
M-LV | Light rocket | 1 + 8 boosters | TLI | Development | Unknown | [84][85][88] | |
OneSpace | OS-X | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Operational (2/2) | 2018 | [89] |
OS-M1 | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Operational (0/1) | 2019 | [90] | |
OS-M2 | Light rocket | 3 + 2 boosters | LEO | Development | Unknown | [91] | |
OS-M4 | Light rocket | 3 + 4 boosters | LEO | Development | Unknown | [92] | |
Orbex | Prime | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 (planned) | [93] |
OrbitX | Haribon SLS-1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023–2024 (planned) | |
Outerstellar Space | Crocoship | Medium rocket | 1 | LEO | Development | 2040 (planned) | [94] |
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares | Medium rocket | 3 | LEO | Operational (17/18) | 2013 | [95] |
Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus | Light rocket | 4 | LEO | Operational (7/10) | 1994 | [96][97][98] | |
Pegasus | Air-launch-to-orbit | 3-4 + airplane | HEO | Operational (40/45) | 1990 | ||
Omega | Medium rocket | 3 + 0-6 boosters | GEO | Cancelled | (Was planned for 2021) | [99] | |
Orbital Transport & Raketen AG | OTRAG | Medium rocket | variable | LEO (designed) Suborbital (achieved) |
Retired (15/18) | 1977 | [100] |
Perigee Aerospace | Blue Whale 1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [101][102] |
PLD Space | Miura 1 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (1/1) | 6 October 2023 | [103][104][105][106] [107] |
Miura 5 | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2024 (planned) | [106] | |
Relativity Space | Terran 1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Retired (0/1) | 23 March 2023 | [108][109] |
Terran R | Reusable heavy rocket | 2 | Deep space | Development | 2024 (planned) | [110] | |
Rocket Crafters | Intrepid-1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [111][112] |
Rocket Lab | Ātea-1 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Retired (1/1) | 2009 | [113][114] |
Ātea-2 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | [115] | |
Electron | Reusable light rocket | 2 | TLI | Operational (34/37) | 2017 | [116] | |
Neutron | Reusable medium rocket | 2 | GTO | Development | 2024 (planned) | [117][118] | |
RocketStar | Star-Lord | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [119] |
Rocket Factory Augsburg | RFA One | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2023 (planned) | [120][121][77] |
Skyroot Aerospace | Vikram S | Sounding rocket | 3 | LEO | Operational | 2022 November 18 | [122] |
Vikram-II | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Unknown | ||
Vikram-III | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Unknown | ||
Skyrora | Skyrora 1 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | [123][124][125] |
Skylark Micro | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Operational (1/1) | 2021 | [126] | |
Skylark L | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2022 (planned) | [127][128] | |
Skyrora XL | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2023 (planned) | [129][130][131][132] | |
SpaceForest | Bigos | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (5/5) | 2015 | [133] |
Candle-2 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (1/1) | 2016 | [134][135][136] | |
Perun | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (1/1) | 2020[137] | [138] | |
SIR (Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket) | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2022 (planned) | [133][139] | |
Space Services Inc. | Percheron | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | [140] |
Conestoga 1620 | Medium rocket | 4 | LEO (designed) Suborbital (achieved) |
Retired (0/1) | 1995 | [140] | |
SpaceLS | Prometheus-1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [141][142] |
Space Pioneer | Tiansuo-1 | Vertical landing test stage | 1 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | [143] |
Tianlong-1 | Light rocket | LEO | Development | Unknown | [143] | ||
SpaceX | Falcon 1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Retired (2/5) | 2006 | [144] |
Falcon 1e | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [144] | |
Falcon 5 | Medium rocket | 2 | GTO | Cancelled | — | [145] | |
Falcon 9 v1.0 | Medium rocket | 2 | GTO (designed) LEO (achieved) |
Retired (5/5) | 2010 | [146] | |
Falcon 9 v1.1 | Medium rocket | 2 | HCO | Retired (14/15) | 2013 | [146] | |
Falcon 9 Full Thrust Block 1-4 |
Reusable medium rocket / Heavy rocket (expendable) |
2 | TMI[147] | Retired (36/36) | 2015 | [146] | |
Falcon 9 Block 5 | Reusable medium rocket / Heavy rocket (expendable) |
2 | TMI[147] | Operational (309/310) | 2018 | [148][149] | |
Falcon Heavy | Reusable heavy rocket / Super-heavy rocket (expendable) |
2 + 2 boosters | Deep space (Pluto)[150] | Operational (10/10) | 2018 | [146][151] | |
Starship Super-Heavy | Reusable super-heavy rocket | 2 | Deep space | Testing (1/3) | 2023 | ||
Stoke Space | Nova | Reusable light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | [152] |
Success Rockets | Nebo 1 | Ultralight rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (1/1) | December 2021 | [153] |
Stalker | Ultralight rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2024 | [154] | |
United Launch Alliance | Atlas V | Medium rocket | 2 + 0-5 boosters | TMI | Operational (98/99) | 2002 | [155] |
Delta II 6000 | Medium rocket | 2-3 + 9 boosters | GTO | Retired (17/17) | 1989 | [156] | |
Delta II 7000 | Light rocket | 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters | GTO | Retired (130/132) | 1990 | [156] | |
Delta II 7000H | Medium rocket | 2-3 + 9 boosters | TMI | Retired (6/6) | 2003 | [156] | |
Delta IV | Medium rocket | 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters | GTO | Retired (29/29) | 2003 | [157] | |
Delta IV Heavy | Heavy rocket | 2 + 2 boosters | GTO | Retired (14/15) | 2004 | [158] | |
Vulcan | Heavy rocket | 2 + 0-6 boosters | GTO | Operational (1/1) | 2024 | [159][160] | |
UP Aerospace | Skyloft/Skyloft XL | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (18/19) | 2006 | |
Spyder | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 | ||
Vector Launch | Vector-R | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 (2 prototype launches in 2017) | |
Vector-RE1 | Light rocket | 2 or 3 | LEO | Cancelled | — | ||
Vector-H | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | ||
Vector-HE1 | Light rocket | 2 or 3 | LEO | Cancelled | — | ||
Virgin Orbit | LauncherOne | Air-launch-to-orbit | 2 + airplane | LEO | Retired (4/6) | 2020 (First successful attempt Jan 2021) | [161] |
X-Bow Systems | Bolt | Light rocket | 1 | LEO | Development | July 2022 | [162][163] |
Zero2infinity | Bloostar | Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and space launcher) | 3 + high-altitude balloon | LEO | Development | Unknown | [164] |
Landers, rovers and orbiters
[edit]Company name | Craft name | Craft type | Craft status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARCASPACE | ELE (European Lunar Explorer) | lunar orbiter | Development | [165] |
Astrobotic Technology | Red Rover | lunar rover | Development | [166] |
Griffin (previously Artemis Lander) | lunar lander | Development | [167] | |
Peregrine Lander | lunar lander | Retired | [168][169] | |
Blue Origin | Blue Moon | lunar lander | Development | |
Integrated Lander Vehicle | crewed lunar lander | Development | ||
Dynetics | Dynetics HLS | lunar lander | Development | |
Euroluna | ROMIT | lunar rover | Cancelled | [170] |
Golden Spike Company (defunct) |
unnamed | crewed lunar lander | Cancelled | [171] |
Hakuto | Sorato | lunar rover | Development | [172][173] |
Tetris | lunar rover | Cancelled | [174] | |
Independence-X Aerospace | SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander) | lunar lander | Cancelled | [175] |
Interorbital Systems | RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever) | lunar lander | Development | [176] |
Intuitive Machines | Nova-C lander, and Universal Reentry Vehicle (URV)[177] | lunar lander; reusable orbital vehicle | Operational | [178] |
Lunar Mission One | unnamed | lunar lander | Proposed (2014) | [179] |
Lunar Outpost | MAPP rover | lunar rover | Development | [180] |
Masten Space Systems | XEUS | lunar lander | Negotiating | [167] |
Masten Space Systems | XL-1 | lunar lander | Development | [181] |
Moon Express | MX-1 | lunar lander | Testing | [167][182] |
Odyssey Moon | MoonOne (M-1) | lunar rover | Cancelled | [183] |
Omega Envoy | Sagan | lunar rover | Cancelled | [184] |
OrbitBeyond | Z-01 | lunar landers and rovers | Proposed (2018) | [185][186] |
PTScientists | Audi Lunar quattro | lunar rover | Testing | [187] |
PTScientists | ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module) | lunar lander | Development | [188] |
Puli Space Technologies | Puli | lunar rover | Fundraising | [189] |
Roscosmos | Luna 25 | lunar lander | Crashed | [190] |
SpaceX | Starship | crewed mars lander | Development | |
Starship HLS | crewed lunar lander | Development | ||
Team FREDNET | Picorover | lunar rover | Cancelled | [191] |
Team Italia | AMALIA (Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte) | lunar rover | Cancelled | [192] |
Team Indus | HHK-1 | lunar lander | Development | |
Team Indus | ECA | lunar rover | Development | |
TransOrbital | TrailBlazer | lunar orbiter | Cancelled | [193] |
Team Plan B | Plan B | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
Spacebit | Asagumo | lunar rover | Testing | [194][195] |
Space IL | Beresheet | lunar lander | Crashed upon landing | |
Space Explration Corp | Defiant | lunar lander | Cancelled | [196] |
Synergy Moon | Tesla | lunar rover | Development | [197] |
Research craft and tech demonstrators
[edit]Company name | Craft name | Craft purpose | Craft status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARCA | Demonstrator 2b | demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine | Retired | |
Armadillo Aerospace | Quad | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
ASRI | AUSROC I | systems Testing | Retired | |
AUSROC II | payload to 10 km | Retired | ||
AUSROC 2.5 | systems Testing | Testing | ||
AUSROC III | payload of 150 kg to 500 km | Development | ||
Blue Origin | Goddard | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
Deep Blue Aerospace | Nebula-1 | demonstrate VTOL | Development | [198] |
Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy | systems testing, payload to 124 km | Development | [199] |
Interorbital Systems | Neutrino | systems Testing | Operational | |
Tachyon | systems Testing | Operational | [200] | |
Lockheed Martin | X-33 | demonstrate SSTO | Cancelled | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1 | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
XA-0.1B | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 | Operational | ||
XA-0.1E | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights | Retired (12 flights) | ||
XA-0.1E2 | commercial flights | Destroyed (115 flights) | ||
XA-0.1E4 | commercial flights | Retired (75 flights) | ||
XA-0.1E5 | commercial flights | Operational | ||
XL-1T | terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander | Development | ||
Xeus | commercial flights | Cancelled | ||
McDonnell Douglas | DC-X | demonstrate VTOL | Retired (11 test flights) | |
Origin Space | Yang Wang-1 | space mineral resources developer | Development | [201] |
Rotary Rocket | Roton ATV | demonstrate VTOL | Retired (3 test flights) | |
Space Services Inc. | Conestoga I | systems Testing | Retired (1 test) | [140] |
SpaceX | Grasshopper | demonstrate VTOL | Retired (8 tests) | [202] |
F9R Dev1 | refine VTOL (low altitude) | Destroyed (5 flights) | [203] | |
F9R Dev2 | refine VTOL (high altitude) | Cancelled | ||
Starhopper | demonstrate VTOL | Retired (4 test flights) | ||
Starship prototypes | demonstrate VTOL | Retired (7 test flight) | ||
Swedish Space Corp. | Maxus | payload to 700 km | Operational | |
Maser | payload to 300 km | Operational | ||
UP Aerospace | SpaceLoft XL | payload to 140 km | Operational | [204] |
World View Enterprises | Stratollite | payload up to 30 km and 300 kg | Operational | [205][206] |
zero2infinity | nanobloon 1.0 | payload to 32 km | Operational | [207] |
nanobloon 2.0 | payload to 33 km | Operational | ||
microbloon 1.0 | payload to 24 km | Operational | ||
microbloon 2.0 | payload to 31 km | Operational | ||
microbloon 3.0 | payload to 27 km | Operational |
Propulsion manufacturers
[edit]Satellite launchers
[edit]Company | Launch vehicles | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
Arianespace | Ariane, Vega | Minority owned by some EU states | |
Astra Space | Rocket 3, Rocket 4 | Rocket 3 retired in August 2022 | [40] |
Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha, Firefly MLV | ||
IHI Corporation | Epsilon | Some R&D by JAXA | |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | H-IIA | R&D done by JAXA. | [226] |
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares, Minotaur | Own launchers, funded by NASA | |
Rocket Lab | Neutron, Electron | ||
SpaceX | Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy | ||
Sea Launch | Zenit | Owned by S7 Airlines | |
United Launch Alliance | Atlas V, Vulcan Centaur | 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing | |
Vaya Space | Dauntless | [227] |
Space-based economy
[edit]Space manufacturing
[edit]Company name | Products | Manufacturing craft | Status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shackleton Energy Company | propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot | Unknown | Defunct (2020) | [228] |
Made In Space | 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics | Unknown | Operational (2018) | [229] |
Varda Space Industries | building products in space and bringing them back to earth (ex: ZBLAN, 3d printed organs) | Unknown | Operational (2021) | [230] |
Deep Space Industries | propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites | MicroGravity Foundry | Defunct (2020) | [231] |
Cosmic Shielding Corporation | Space Materials; Multifunctional polymers for spacecraft and habitat structural and shielding components | Unknown | Operational (2021) | [232][233] |
Space mining
[edit]Company name | Body to be mined | Mining craft | Mining status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
AstroForge | Near-Earth asteroids | Brokrr-1, Odin (formerly Brokkr-2) | Development | [234] |
Deep Space Industries | Near-Earth asteroids | Prospector-1, Harvestor 1 | Defunct (2019) | [235][236] |
ispace | Moon | Hakuto-R | Development | [237][238] |
Moon Express | Moon | MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9 | Development | [239] |
Planetary Resources | Near-Earth asteroids | Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300 | Cancelled | [240] |
Shackleton Energy Company | Moon | TBD | Defunct (2020) | [228] |
Space stations
[edit]Private Company name | Space Craft name | Space Craft type | Internal volume |
Passenger capacity |
Craft status | Orbit Around | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axiom Space | Axiom International Commercial Space Station | Rigid Module | 8[241][better source needed] | Development (2016) | Earth | [242][243] | |
Bigelow Aerospace | Genesis I subscale test spacecraft | Inflatable module | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[244] | Uncrewed | Derelict, on orbit[245] | Earth | [244] |
Genesis II subscale test spacecraft | Inflatable module | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft) | Uncrewed | Derelict, on orbit[245][246] | Earth | [247][248] | |
Galaxy | Inflatable module | 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[249][250] | Uncrewed | Cancelled | Earth | [251] | |
Sundancer | Inflatable module | 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft) | 3 | Cancelled | Earth | [252] | |
BA 330 | Inflatable module | 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft) | 6 | Cancelled[253] | Earth | [254][255][256] | |
BA 2100 | Inflatable module | 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft) | 16 | Cancelled[253] | Earth | [257] | |
Space Complex Alpha | Inflatable space station | 690 m3 (24,367 cu ft) | 12 | Cancelled | Earth | ||
Excalibur Almaz | Almaz derivative | Rigid module | 3 | Cancelled | Earth | [258][259][260] | |
Galactic Suite Ltd. | Galactic Suite | Rigid module | 6 | Proposed (2007) | Earth | [261] | |
Orion Span | Aurora Space Station | Rigid module | 160 m3 (5,650 cu ft) | 6 (2 Crew, 4 Tourists) | Proposed (2018) | Earth | [262][263] |
Sierra Space | Large Inflatable Fabric Environment | Inflatable module | 300 m3 (10,594 cu ft) | 4 | Testing | Moon/Mars | [264] |
Blue Origin | Orbital Reef | Rigid module | 830 m3 (29,311 cu ft) | TBA | Development (2021) | Earth | [265] |
Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers
[edit]Company | Products | Refs |
---|---|---|
Altius Space Machines | Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for CubeSats; lightweight robotic manipulators[when?] | [citation needed] |
Andrews Space | Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquers[when?] | [citation needed] |
Alén Space | NanoSats and CubeSats | [266] |
Astranis | MicroGEO Satellites | |
TESBL Aerospace Corporation | In-space services; Solar Array Drive Actuators (SADA); microgravity payload integration, as of 2019[update] | [267] |
Axelspace | CubeSats | [269] |
CesiumAstro | Active phased array communications payloads that include RF inter-satellite links as of 2017. | [270][271] |
Craig Technologies | Small satellite deployment services (up to 110 kg); microgravity payload integration[when?] | [272] |
EADS Astrium Satellites | Spacecraft and ground segment elements | [citation needed] |
EADS Astrium Space Transportation | Launchers and orbital infrastructure | [citation needed] |
Innovative Solutions In Space | CubeSat manufacture and operation, as of 2018[update] | [273] |
Made in Space | 3D printers for use in microgravityas of 2013[update] | [274] |
Mynaric | Laser communication for satellites and aircraft | [275] |
Portal Space Systems | Satellite buses with a solar thermal propulsion system | [276][277] |
RUAG Space | Antenna Pointing Mechanisms; Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA); satellite components; launchers and structures as of 2009[update] | [278][better source needed] |
SpaceDev | Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structures[when?] | [279] |
SpaceQuest, Ltd. | Spacecraft and spacecraft components[when?] | [citation needed] |
Xplore | Satellite payload transport and hosting in Earth orbit and Beyond Earth orbit (BEO) destinations, including flight to asteroids, Venus, and Mars. Active as of 2020[update] | [280] |
Cosmic Shielding Corporation | Radiation Shielding materials for spacecraft and spacesuits; Space Weather Forecasting and Mitigation | [232] |
ADDMAN Engineering | Metallurgy development and production of components including thrusters, injectors, cold plates, hot gas manifolds to space and hypersonic industry, especially refractory metals (Titatnium, Niobium) as of 2020 |
Spaceliner companies
[edit]Company name | Contracts for | Craft utilised | Status | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axiom Space | SpaceX | Crew Dragon | Active | SpaceX Axiom Space-1 launched in April 2022 | [281][282] |
Benson Space Company | SpaceDev | Dream Chaser | Defunct | [283] | |
MirCorp | none | Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir | Defunct | Mir deorbited | |
Space Adventures | - | Soyuz and the ISS | Active | 9 tourists sent | [284] |
RocketShip Tours | XCOR | Lynx rocketplane | Defunct | ||
Virgin Galactic | Scaled Composites | Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 | Active | 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed |
See also
[edit]- List of government space agencies
- List of spacecraft manufacturers including the "traditional space" companies
- NewSpace
- Private spaceflight
- Robert Truax
- Space industry
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Association of Spaceflight Professionals - H+Pedia". hpluspedia.org. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
- ^ Kisfaludy, Eddie (2012-06-17), Welcome to the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps, Christopher Altman, Kristine Ferrone, Jose Hurtado, IMDb: Internet Movie Database, retrieved 2018-07-31
- ^ Seedhouse, Erik. Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps. Springer-Verlag: New York (2012).
- ^ "SpaceX Brochure v7" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ a b c SpaceX (1 March 2019). "Dragon". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (19 October 2012). "Dragon enjoying ISS stay, despite minor issues – Falcon 9 investigation begins". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
CRS-2 will debut the use of Dragon's Trunk section, capable of delivering unpressurized cargo, prior to the payload being removed by the ISS' robotic assets after berthing.
- ^ "Fact sheet" (PDF). www.spacex.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
- ^ "Falcon 9 launches Dragon on CRS-1 mission to the ISS – NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. 7 October 2012.
- ^ "Dragonlab Datasheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ a b c "Cygnus Fast Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Co. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- ^ a b c "Cygnus Spacecraft Information". Spaceflight101.
- ^ Elizabeth Howell (April 18, 2023). "Dream Chaser: Sierra Space's design for spaceflight". Space.com.
- ^ Meredith Garofalo (February 2, 2024). "Sierra Space unveils Dream Chaser space plane ahead of 1st flight to ISS (video)". Space.com.
- ^ a b Brian Wang (January 22, 2024). "Sierra Space Spaceplane and Space Stations". Next Big Future.
- ^ "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
- ^ a b Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). Boeing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-01. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
- ^ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. p. D1. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
- ^ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
- ^ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: A Commercial Spaceflight Story". Spacevidcast. Retrieved 2011-08-16.Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (2022-06-14). "Sierra Space to start astronaut training program". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Making Life Multiplanetary" (PDF). SpaceX. 2017-10-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
- ^ "SpacePlane Project|Business|PD Aerospace Co., Ltd". www.pdas.co.jp.
- ^ "Spaceplane Project|PD Aerospace Co., Ltd". www.pdas.co.jp.
- ^ "ABL Payload User's Guide" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-01-21.
- ^ Haas2b specifications Archived 2017-04-05 at the Wayback Machine ARCA
- ^ Haas2c specifications Archived 2013-07-17 at the Wayback Machine ARCA
- ^ Super haas Specifications Archived 2014-10-09 at the Wayback Machine ARCA
- ^ a b Popescu, Dimitru (2022-07-18). "Arca Space : AMi Exploration White Paper" (PDF). AMi Exploration.
- ^ "AUSROC Nano | Australian Space Research Institute". www.asri.org.au. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
- ^ "Sky7 spots stealthy space startup Testing its rocket in Alameda". 16 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "Astra Space preparing for suborbital test launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
- ^ "Super Cali upstart's new rocket test approaches, even though the size of it won't launch a Tesla motor". The Register. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
- ^ December 2018, Jeff Foust 07 (7 December 2018). "Secretive Astra Space Suborbital Launch Fails". Space.com.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "A Closer Look at Astra Space". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
- ^ "Astra to fly upgraded rocket on next launch". SpaceNews. 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
- ^ "Astra CEO Chris Kemp previews Rocket 4.0, daily launches, and a smarter planet - Page 2 of 2". NASASpaceFlight.com. 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
- ^ a b "Astra announces second quarter 2022 financial results". Astra. 2022-08-04.
- ^ "SALVO Cubesat Rocket Debuts Stealth Launch Vehicle Era". AmericaSpace. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Ventions, LLC to launch liquid-fueled rocket from Wallops this week". NewSpace Watch. 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ Pike, John. "Airborne Launch Assist Space Access (ALASA)". www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^ "Blue Origin Announces Big 'New Glenn' Rocket for Satellite & Crew Launches". Space.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ^ Henry, Caleb (12 September 2017). "Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn's payload fairing, preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard". SpaceNews. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ "New Glenn's progress towards maiden flight". Blue Origin. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ "Borneo SubOrbitals". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- ^ Assiqin, Naziatul (2019-05-29). "Parties sign MoU on educational hybrid rocket". StartUp Borneo. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ^ "Sarawak dijangka saksi pelancaran roket hibrid dalam masa tiga tahun - Utusan Borneo (The Borneo Post) through PressReader.com". Retrieved 2020-10-15 – via PressReader.
- ^ "Canadian Arrow". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
- ^ "Rapidly Deployable VLEO Cubesat Network for Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT)". Retrieved 2022-11-01.
- ^ "CubeCab To Launch Satellites Via Starfighter". 23 February 2017.
- ^ "Edison Effect | Aerospace". edisoneffect.tech. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ Vázquez, Nelly Acosta (17 May 2017). "Datiotec, los mexicanos que van en busca del espacio perdido". Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018 – via Huff Post.
- ^ Messier, Doug (2023-04-25). "Evolution Space Launches Rocket on Suborbital Flight From Mojave Desert". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (2023-05-23). "The Spaceport Company demonstrates offshore launch operations". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (23 March 2018). "Exos Aerospace prepares for first suborbital launch". Space New.
- ^ "Stig-B / SARGE". space.skyrocket.de.
- ^ "Exela Space Industries". Retrieved 2023-08-10.
- ^ "Space Access". Equatorial Space. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ^ "Suborbital". Equatorial Space. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ^ "Suborbital". Equatorial Space. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ^ Clark, Stephen. "Firefly says early engine shutdown led to launch failure – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2022-01-21.
- ^ a b "MLV". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (2020-11-07). "Chinese rocket firm Galactic Energy succeeds with first orbital launch, secures funding". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ General Astronautics Urania 2001-02-01
- ^ "Firefly Space Systems Adds General Astronautics as Strategic Partner – Parabolic Arc". www.parabolicarc.com.
- ^ a b "Gilmour Space Tech - Small Launch Vehicles - Australia, Singapore". Rocket company in Australia - Singapore - Gilmour Space Technologies.
- ^ Tyler, Roxy (29 June 2018). "First-of-its-kind hypersonic flight booster tested at Cecil..." www.news4jax.com.
- ^ "X-60A". Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ "Launch Services". Independence-X Aerospace.
- ^ "About Us". Independence-X Aerospace.
- ^ a b c Interorbital Systems Neptune Archived 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Interorbital Systems
- ^ a b "Neptune". space.skyrocket.de.
- ^ "Japanese company preparing for country's first private rocket launch". 26 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ Krishna, Swapna (31 July 2017). "Japan's first private rocket launch is a partial success". engadget.com.
- ^ a b Messier, Doug (2022-08-09). "German Launch Providers Isar Aerospace and RFA Eye Maiden Launches in 2023". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (21 February 2023). "Vast Acquires Launcher to Support Space Station Development". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ "Leaf Space Primo". Archived from the original on 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
- ^ "Leaf Space Building 20 Ground Station Network for SmallSat Market - Via Satellite -". 16 December 2015.
- ^ "Pioneers of Private Astronautics in Russia: Lin Industrial — The Dialogue". The Dialogue. 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ "Лин Индастриал - Сверхлегкая ракета "Таймыр"". spacelin.ru.
- ^ "X-33/VentureStar – What really happened - NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. 4 January 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ a b c "Mishaal Aerospace". www.mishaalaerospace.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ a b c "MISHAAL Aerospace Receives Letter of Intent for Launch – Parabolic Arc". Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Mishaal Aerospace M-SV Suborbital Vehicle". Mishaal Aerospace. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
- ^ "Mishaal Aerospace". www.mishaalaerospace.com.
- ^ "Mishaal Aerospace". www.mishaalaerospace.com.
- ^ China's private space sector has achieved liftoff. Michelle Toh and Serenitie Wang, CNN News. 17 May 2018.
- ^ "OS-M系列". Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
- ^ "OS-M2 - OneSpace 零壹空间". www.onespacechina.com.
- ^ "OS-M4 - OneSpace 零壹空间". www.onespacechina.com.
- ^ "Orbex stakes claim to European smallsat launch market". SpaceNews. July 18, 2018.
- ^ "Outerstellar Space". Retrieved 2023-08-10.
- ^ "Orbital ATK". www.orbital.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Taurus". archive.org. 22 Nov 2013. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved 23 Sep 2014.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (24 February 2014). "Taurus rocket on the market with new name, upgrades". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 Sep 2014.
- ^ "Minotaur C". orbital.com. Retrieved 23 Sep 2014.
- ^ "Northrop Grumman to terminate OmegA rocket program". SpaceNews. 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
- ^ "OTRAG". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "South Korean rocket startup to launch from South Australia". September 30, 2019.
- ^ "Backed by Samsung, South Korean startup Perigee aims for 2020 maiden launch". October 23, 2019.
- ^ Giménez, Jorge (March 16, 2015). "PLD Space fabricará los primeros motores de combustible líquido de España". Defensa Global y Avances en el Desarrollo Argentino (in Spanish).
- ^ "PLD Space". www.pldspace.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "PLD Space raises additional $10 million for reusable smallsat launchers - SpaceNews.com". 11 June 2018.
- ^ a b "Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch". SpaceNews. 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
- ^ Limón, Raúl (2023-10-06). "El 'Miura 1' despega con éxito desde Huelva y mete a España en el exclusivo club de países con acceso al espacio". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-18.
- ^ Eric Berger (March 21, 2018). "Relativity Space reveals its ambitions with big NASA deal". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
- ^ Chelsea Gohd (2022-01-13). "Meet Relativity Space: the little 3D printing rocket company that could". Space.com. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
- ^ "Relativity Space". Relativity Space. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
- ^ "Intrepid-1 – Rocket Crafters Inc". rocketcrafters.space. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
- ^ "3D Printing Industry-The Authority on 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing". 3D Printing Industry.
- ^ "NZ's first space launch saved by $6 replacement part". The New Zealand Herald. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ^ "Ātea-1, Rocket Lab : New Zealand Rocket". Archived from the original on 2009-10-11. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ "Ātea-2, Rocket Lab : New Zealand Rocket". Archived from the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
- ^ "Electron • Rocket Lab". www.rocketlabusa.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
- ^ "Neutron". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
- ^ Grush, Loren (2021-12-02). "Rocket Lab unveils details of new reusable Neutron launcher". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
- ^ Wenz, John (November 19, 2015). "RocketStar Wants To Make Going To Space a One-Step Process". Popular Mechanics.
- ^ "Rocket Factory Augsburg secures launch site in Andøya, Norway". 28 April 2021.
- ^ "German Microlauncher start-up Rocket Factory announces unrivalled low price of EUR 3 million per rocket launch". 12 February 2021.
- ^ www.ndtv.com. ""New Dawn": Launch Of India's First Private Rocket, Vikram-S, Successful". NDTV. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ "Space technologies - Skyrora - SKYRORA 1". Space technologies - Skyrora. Archived from the original on 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
- ^ Speed, Richard (22 August 2019). "Brit rocketeer Skyrora reckons it'll be orbital in 3 years – that is, if UK government plays ball". The Register. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ "UK-Ukrainian launch vehicle developer Skyrora to establish smallsat launch site - SpaceNews.com". 1 February 2018.
- ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "Skyrora Rocket Launch From Iceland Reaches Three Times The Height Of Mount Everest". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ "Skylark L Rocket | Skyrora". www.skyrora.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ "British rocket firm Skyrora gets ready for debut rocket launch from Scotland in 2023-Xinhua". english.news.cn. 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ "Space technologies - Skyrora - Skyrora XL". Space technologies - Skyrora. Archived from the original on 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
- ^ "Skyrora announces new engine test plant in Scotland". Industry Analysis. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ "UK-Ukrainian satellite launch vehicle developer Skyrora to test its first rocket in 2018 -". 8 February 2018.
- ^ Berger, Eric (2022-08-19). "Rocket Report: Europe wants a super-heavy lifter, Starship nets launch contract". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ a b Gdynia 81-451, Al Zwyciestwa 96/98. "SIR – Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket Project". SpaceForest.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Gdynia 81-451, Al Zwyciestwa 96/98. "Testing experiments on research rockets". SpaceForest.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "SpaceForest - Rocket engine, diagram, design, tests".
- ^ Gdynia 81-451, Al Zwyciestwa 96/98. "Demonstrator rocket". SpaceForest.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Perun demonstrator". YouTube. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "Perun". SpaceForest. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "SpaceForest receives financing for the SIR rocket". Kosmonauta.net. 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-08-02.
- ^ a b c "TSE - Conestoga". www.tbs-satellite.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "SpaceLS – Space Launch Services – Low cost space launch services". www.spacels.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "SpaceLS develops commercial rocket to launch small satellites - The Engineer The Engineer". www.theengineer.co.uk. September 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ a b Jones, Andrew (27 July 2021). "Chinese rocket company Space Pioneer secures major funding ahead of first launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 1". Archived from the original on January 3, 2011.
- ^ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Press". Archived from the original on March 26, 2013.
- ^ a b c d spacexcmsadmin (15 November 2012). "Falcon 9". Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ a b "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 9". Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2016-08-30.
- ^ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 9". Archived from the original on January 18, 2012.
- ^ Musk, Elon (21 January 2017). "Yes. Block 5 is the final upgrade of the Falcon architecture. Significantly improves performance & ease of reusability. Flies end of year". Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ a b c spacexcmsadmin (15 November 2012). "Falcon Heavy". Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Falcon Heavy enabler for Dragon solar system explorer - NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. 2015-05-11. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ Berger, Eric (10 October 2022). "Stoke Space aims to build rapidly reusable rocket with a completely novel design". Ars Technica. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Kurasheva, A. (2021-12-24). "Российская космическая компания Success Rockets совершила первый суборбитальный запуск" [Russian Company Success Rockets Makes First Successful Suborbital Launch]. Inc. (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ "Кто зарабатывает на космосе в России и мире" [Making Money in Space: Russian and International Players] (in Russian). RBC Trends. 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ "Space Launch Report: Atlas 5 Data Sheet". Space Launch Report. 1 Mar 2022. Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c "Space Launch Report: Delta II Data Sheet". Space Launch Report. 20 Oct 2018. Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Space Launch Report: Delta IV Data Sheet". Space Launch Report. 26 Apr 2021. Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Delta IV Heavy – Rockets". spaceflight101.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ^ Belam, Martin (2024-01-08). "Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
- ^ Ray, Justin. "ULA unveils its future with the Vulcan rocket family – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ^ "Virgin Orbit plans 2018 first launch". 2 August 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ Writer, Kevin Robinson-Avila / Journal Staff (2022-07-26). "New rocket motor company conducts first NM launch". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
- ^ Biesecker, Cal (2022-08-11). "New Solid Rocket Motor Entrant, X-Bow, Expects To Be On First Programs Within A Year". Defense Daily. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
- ^ Reyes, Tim (October 17, 2014). "Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars". Universe Today. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ Astrobotic reveals moon mission plans msnbc.msn.com
- ^ a b c "About Lunar CATALYST". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- ^ Belam, Martin (2024-01-08). "Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
- ^ "Peregrine Lander | Astrobotic". www.astrobotic.com. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ Lindsey, Clark (2013-01-03). "Golden Spike contracts Northrop Grumman for lunar lander design". NewSpace Watch. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ "Hakuto - Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Hakuto - 日本発の月面探査チーム on Twitter".
- ^ "History". ispace technologies, inc. July 20, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Lunar Missions_1". www.interorbital.com. Archived from the original on 2016-07-06. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
- ^ Universal Reentry Vehicle Archived 2018-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. Intuitive Machines. Accessed on 1 December 2018.
- ^ Houston company among 9 tapped to build moon landers. Alex Stuckey, The Houston Chronicle. 30 November 2018.
- ^ "Lunar Mission One: A New Lunar Mission for Everyone". British Interplanetary Society. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ^ "Lunar Outpost MAPP Rover". To the Moon to Stay. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "XL-1". Masten Space Systems. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
- ^ Herridge, Linda (3 March 2015). "Moon Express Testing Compact Lunar Lander at Kennedy Space Center". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ OrbitBeyond Teams with Team Indus, Honeybee Robotics for NASA Lunar Program. Doug Messier, Parabolic Arc. 29 November 2018.
- ^ OrbitBeyond, Inc. Press Release Archived 2018-11-14 at the Wayback Machine. 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Lunar Rover". PTS. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
- ^ "ALINA". PTS. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
- ^ "Team Puli - Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Russia's first lunar mission in decades crashes into the moon". cnn.com. August 21, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ [1] BBC News: Moon opens for business
- ^ "Spacebit — The New Economics of Space". spacebit.com. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
- ^ "Spacebit books a second trip to the moon via NASA's commercial lunar payload program". 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Google Lunar XPrize". Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ Chinese space firm launches and lands small test rocket, SpaceNews, 2 August 2021.
- ^ Messier, Doug (2023-04-25). "Evolution Space Launches Rocket on Suborbital Flight From Mojave Desert". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
- ^ Advantages of using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as an oXidizer in rockets [lunarlander.spaceracenews.com]
- ^ Jones, Andrew (23 April 2020). "Chinese space resource utilization firm Origin Space signs deal for space telescope". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ Klotz, Irene (2011-09-27). "A rocket that lifts off — and lands — on launch pad". MSNBC. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
- ^ Rhian, Jason (2014-08-22). "SpaceX F9R explodes in the skies above Texas in recent test flight". www.spaceflightinsider.com. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
- ^ Private rocket launches ashes of Star Trek's Scotty, astronaut to suborbital space [www.space.com]
- ^ "World View- Research and Education Mission". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ Mike Wall (2019-10-01). "World View's 'Stratollite' Balloon Stays Aloft for Record 32 Days". Space.com. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
- ^ López-Urdiales, José Mariano (March 12, 2014). NEAr-Space high-altitude balloons: the alternative for space tourism and science (PDF) (Report). European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid (Spain). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "TILE". Accion Systems — A New Ion Engine. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Smallsats need small propulsion. Boston startup Accion has a few big ideas. - SpaceNews.com". 8 August 2017.
- ^ Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR® Propulsion Archived 2014-04-09 at the Wayback Machine 2013
- ^ Chadenedes, Mark de; Ahern, Drew; Cho, Jin-Hoon; Park, Sung-Jin; Eden, J.; Burton, Rodney; Yoon, Je Kwon; Garrett, Stephen; Sitaraman, Hariswaran; Raja, Laxminarayan; Laystrom-Woodard, Julia; Carroll, David; Benavides, Gabriel. 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2010-6616.
- ^ a b "CU Aerospace - Small-Satellite Propulsion Unit for CubeSats (PUC)". www.cuaerospace.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
- ^ "NASA Selects Green Propulsion Projects for SBIR Phase II Awards – Parabolic Arc". www.parabolicarc.com. 11 March 2014.
- ^ Laystrom, Julia; Burton, Rodney; Benavides, Gabriel (2003). "Geometric Optimization of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thruster". 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. doi:10.2514/6.2003-5025. ISBN 978-1-62410-098-7.
- ^ "NASA TechPort". techport.nasa.gov.
- ^ "ExoTerra banks $1.5 million for solar electric propulsion". SpaceNews. October 30, 2018.
- ^ "The SABRE Engine". Archived from the original on 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
- ^ "Neutron". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ "Rocket Engines and Propulsion". sierraspace.com. Sierra Space. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ Jefferson Morris - Aerospace Daily (2003-09-23). "SpaceDev chosen to provide hybrid rocket for SpaceShipOne | AWIN content from". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (2008-09-28). "Sweet success at last for Falcon 1 rocket". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
- ^ a b Whitesides, Loretta Hidalgo (2007-11-12). "SpaceX Completes Development of Rocket Engine for Falcon 1 and 9". Wired. Wired Science. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (2017-10-21). "Air Force adds more than $40 million to SpaceX engine contract". Space News. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
- ^ "THE ENGINES". Ursa Major Tech.
- ^ "Rocket engine startup sees opportunities in crowded launch market". 3 May 2021.
- ^ "三菱重工|株式基本情報". mhi.co.jp. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "US Space Force Offers Cape Canaveral Launch Pads to ABL, Stoke, Phantom, and Vaya Space". satellitetoday.com. 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Program". Shackleton Energy Company.
- ^ "Made In Space". Made In Space.
- ^ "Varda Space Industries". Varda Space.
- ^ "Asteroid Mining | Deep Space Industries". Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
- ^ a b "Cosmic Shielding Corporation". cosmicshielding.com. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ^ "SpaceFund Invests In Cosmic Shielding Corporation – SatNews". news.satnews.com.
- ^ "An update on our progress towards mining in space". AstroForge. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ^ "Xplorer - Deep Space Industries". Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
- ^ "Missions | Deep Space Industries". Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
- ^ The Japanese Space Bots That Could Build Moon Valley. Sarah Scoles, Wired. 14 May 2018.
- ^ ispace Home site. Accessed: 11 September 2018.
- ^ "Scalable Robotic Spacecraft Capable Of Reaching The Moon". Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
- ^ "Technology". Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
- ^ "Axiom Space | Axiom Station".
- ^ "Former NASA ISS manager planning commercial space station venture - SpaceNews.com". SpaceNews.com. 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ^ Kolodny, Lora (14 November 2017). "29 start-ups that prove Silicon Valley innovation isn't dead". CNBC.
- ^ a b Malik, Tariq; Leonard David (2007-06-28). "Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space". Space.com. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ a b "We hoped to receive 6 months..." Twitter.com. Bigelow Aerospace. 9 January 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
- ^ Peat, Chris (22 October 2019). "Genesis 2 - Orbit". Heavens Above. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ^ "Genesis II Calls Home and Sends Back Pictures". The Planetary Society. 2 July 2007. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ Malik, Tariq; David, Leonard (28 June 2007). "Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space". Space.com. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
- ^ "Developing a Galaxy". www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18.
- ^ Malik, Tariq; Leonard David (2007-06-28). "Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space". Space.com. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ Knapp, George (2007-08-17). "I-Team: Bigelow Aerospace Makes Giant Leap Towards Commercial Space Travel". Las Vegas Now. Archived from the original on 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ^ Covault, Craig (April 8, 2007). "Bigelow Reveals Business Plan". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2007.
- ^ a b "Bigelow Aerospace lays off entire workforce". SpaceNews. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "The Five-Billion-Star Hotel". Popular Science. 18 March 2019.
- ^ Mahoney, Erin (9 August 2016). "NextSTEP Partners Develop Deep Space Habitat Ground Prototypes".
- ^ Madden, Duncan. "Mankind's First Space Hotel Is Coming In 2021 - Probably". Forbes.
- ^ Simberg, Rand (October 28, 2010). "Bigelow Aerospace Shows Off Bigger, Badder Space Real Estate". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
- ^ "Spaceflight Now - Breaking News - Beating swords into plough shares with Soviet Almaz". www.spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Excalibur Almaz to Pioneer Private Orbital Manned Space Flight In cooperation with NPOM of Russia - OnOrbit". Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ "Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race". The Independent. March 11, 2015.
- ^ "Spanish venture aims to build space hotel". NBC News. 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ O'Hare, Maureen (April 6, 2018). "First luxury hotel in space announced". CNN. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Orion Span". Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
- ^ "Inflatable space habitats undergo testing". Specialty Fabrics Review. October 1, 2023.
- ^ "Blue Origin unveils plans to build a private space station called Orbital Reef by 2030". Space.com. 25 October 2021.
- ^ "Alén Space | Nanosatellites - CubeSats - Small Satellites". Alén Space.
- ^ "NASA – NanoRacks Platforms". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
- ^ "TESBL Aerospace Corporation - World Leader in Aerospace & Enterprise Technology Cloud Solutions". www.tesbl.com.
- ^ Uesaka, Yoshifumi (June 10, 2015). "'Good enough' is best for satellite startup Axelspace". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
- ^ Hall, Loura (2021-03-10). "What is Starling?". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
- ^ "CesiumAstro raises $60 million in Series B funding round". SpaceNews. 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
- ^ "Craig Technologies – Because It's All About The Mission®". Retrieved 2022-04-17.
- ^ ISIS - General Information. Accessed: 18 October 2018.
- ^ Biggs, John (2013-08-14). "Made In Space, Makers Of The Only 3D Printer In Orbit, Answer Some Pressing Questions About Manufacturing And Yoda". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
- ^ Sandra Erwin (June 21, 2023). "Mynaric to supply laser communications for Raytheon's missile-tracking satellites". Space News.
- ^ Wall, Mike (2024-04-30). "SpaceX vet's startup Portal Space Systems comes out of stealth mode". Space.com. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
- ^ Alamalhodaei, Aria (2024-04-30). "Portal Space Systems unveils Supernova, an ultra-mobile spacecraft". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
- ^ "Home | Beyond Gravity". www.ruag.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ "FORM 10-KSB". U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION. December 31, 2006.
- ^ Boyle, Alan (30 January 2020). "Xplore partners with Nanoracks to set up opportunities for deep-space missions". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (5 March 2020). "Axiom to fly Crew Dragon mission to the space station". SpaceNews.com. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (2022-04-08). "SpaceX launches commercial mission to ISS". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ "Jim Benson, RIP « NewSpace Journal". www.newspacejournal.com.
- ^ "Japanese billionaire, Russian actress to fly to ISS". SpaceNews. 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2021-11-20.