Tamanic languages
| Tamanic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | West Kalimantan |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | tama1334 |
The Tamanic languages are a small group of languages of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan:
The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to the South Sulawesi languages, most probably in one branch together with Buginese.[1][2][3]
Sound changes
[edit]Here is a list of sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages.[1]
Consonants
[edit]- Phonemic mergers:
- *D merges into d.
- *j merges into s, but merges into d following *n.
- *h, *q merge into ∅, however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
- *z merges into d.
- Lenition in intervocalic positions:
- *-b- > -w- (sometimes deletes).
- *-d- > -r- (original *D and *z are also affected).
- *-ŋ-, *-k- > -∅- in Taman (*takut > ataut).
- When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
- *l is assimilated to r before r in the same or following syllable (*ulaR > urar "snake").
- In Taman, *r is further dissimilated to n after *r (urar : uran).
- Development of final glottal stop (-ʔ) of mostly unexplained origin.
- *-q > -ʔ, but *-h > *-∅
- Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme -ʔ.
Vowels
[edit]- *aya, aV > *a: (qi Daya > Embaloh ira:)
- In Taman, it was sometimes reflected as ɛ: (Malay lain > lɛ:n).
- *u was dissimilated to i before *u in the following syllable (*tumpul > timpul "blunt").
- *ay, *ey and *aw, *ew were monophthongized into e and o, respectively.
- *-iq and *-uq became -e and -o respectively.
West Kalimantan groups
[edit]Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:[4][5]
Group Language Regency Kalis Kalis Kapuas Hulu Lau' Lau' Kapuas Hulu Tamambalo Tamambalo Kapuas Hulu Taman Taman Kapuas Hulu
Exclusive innovation vocabulary in the South Sulawesi language family or Buginese
[edit]There are many lexical similarities with the languages of South Sulawesi,[1] for example:
| Proto-Malayo-
Polynesian |
Proto-South-
Sulawesi |
Buginese | Embaloh | Taman | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nose | *qijuŋ | *illoŋ | iŋəʔ | iŋar | iŋir |
| self | *diʀi | *kal-aw-e | ale | kale | ? |
| outside | *uda | *saliwAn | saliwəŋ | saluan | saluan |
| tooth | *ipən | *isi | isi | isi | isi |
| sleep | *tuDuʀ | *tindo | tinro | tindoʔ | tindoʔ |
| wake up | *baŋun | *səddiŋ | səddiŋ | asadiŋ | sadiŋ |
| above; top | *babaw | *babo | asəʔ | aset | ? |
| forget | *lupa | - | lilu | liluʔ | liluʔ |
| world | - | *lino | lino | lino | ? |
| orphan | - | - | biu | biu | ? |
| rainbow | - | - | tarauʔ | tataraʔueʔ | ? |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c K. A. Adelaar. 1994. The classification of the Tamanic languages. In Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon (eds.), Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, 1-42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
- ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. S2CID 149377092.
- ^ Bamba, John (ed.) (2008). Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Pontianak: Institut Dayakologi. ISBN 978-979-97788-5-7.
- ^ Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008). Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Institut Dayakologi.
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