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H:IPAWYM

The charts below show the way International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Wymysorys language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

Consonants
!		Examples	English approximation
! WYM		Examples	English approximation
b		bei^[1]	ball
ç		ich, durch; China (DE)	hue
d		dann^[1]	done
f		für, von	fuss
ɡ		gut^[1]	guest
h		hat	hut
j		Jahr	yard
k		kann, Tag^[2]	cold
l		Leben	last
l̩		Mantel	bottle
m		Mann	must
m̩		Atem	rhythm
n		Name	not
n̩		beiden	suddenly
ŋ		lang	long
p		Person, ab^[2]	puck
pf		Pfeffer	roughly like cupful
ʁ	r	reden^[3]	DE: French rouge AT, CH: red (Scottish)
s		lassen, Haus, groß	fast
ʃ		schon, Stadt	shall
t		Tag, und^[2]	tall
ts		Zeit, Platz	cats
tʃ		Matsch	match
v		was^[1]	vanish
x		nach	loch (no lock–loch merger)
z		Sie, diese^[1]	hose
ʔ		beamtet^[4] ([bəˈʔamtət])	the glottal stops in uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
dʒ		Dschungel^[1]^[5]	jungle
ʒ		Genie^[1]^[5]	pleasure
Stress
ˈ		Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ		Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/

Vowels
			Examples	English approximation
DE	AT	CH	Examples	English approximation
Monophthongs
a			alles^[6]	man (Scottish, or RP and Irish but slightly more backed), cot (American) or cut (Australian)
aː			aber, sah^[6]	bad(RP, Irish but slightly more backed), mark (Northern England, Australian) bod (American)
ɛ			Ende, hätte	bet (American, Irish, or RP [ɛ̝] but more open)
ɛː			spät, wählen^[7]	bed (American, Irish or RP [ɛ̝] but more open) square (Australian, but more open)
eː			eben, gehen	mate (Irish, Scottish, close to American [eɪ] but undiphthongised) square (Australian but tenser and less open)
ɪ			ist, bitte	sit(American, Australian, Irish, Scottish, RP)
iː			liebe, Berlin	meet (American, Irish, or undiphthongised RP [ɪi̯])
ɔ			Osten, kommen	lot (Australian, Scottish, and RP [ɒ̝] but slightly more closed) law (Irish and American(if without cot-caught merger))
oː			oder, hohe	law (Australian, or RP [ɔ̝] but slightly more closed) stone (close to American [oʊ] but undiphthongised, Irish, Scottish)
œ			öffnen	like met but rounded (American, Irish) also somewhat close to RP hurt [ɜ] but more fronted
øː			Österreich	like mate but rounded (American undiphthongised, Irish, Scottish) also somewhat close to RP herd [ɜː] but more fronted, Australian nurse but more rounded
ʊ			und	push (Irish, American, Australian, RP ɵ but more backed)
uː			Hut	food (Irish, undiphthongised American [ʊu̯] and RP [ɵʉ̯] but tongue more backed)
ʏ			müssen	like hit but rounded also somewhat close to Scottish shoot
yː			über	like heat but rounded also somewhat close to shoes (Scottish, Australian but with tongue further forward)
Diphthongs
aɪ			ein	bite (American, RP, Irish)
aʊ			auf, Haus	DE: shout (American, RP)
ɔʏ			Euro, Häuser	like point but not unrounded even at the end
Reduced vowels
ɐ		ər	immer^[3]	DE, AT: roughly like fun CH: butter (Scottish)
ə			Name	ago
Semivowels
ɐ̯		r	Uhr^[3]	DE, AT: roughly like idea CH: far (Scottish)
i̯			Studie	yard
u̯			aktuell	would
Non-native vowels
ãː			Gourmand^[8]	chanson (French pron., but long)
ɛ̃ː			Pointe^[8]	vingt-et-un (French pron., but long)
ɛɪ			Mail^[9]	late (RP)
õː			Garçon^[8]	chanson (French pron., but long)
ɔʊ			Code^[9]	goat
œ̃ː			Parfum^[8]	vingt-et-un (French pron., but long)
œːɐ̯		øːr	O₂ World^[10]	roughly like herd
Shortened vowels
a			Kalender^[6]^[11]	man (Scottish, or RP and Irish but slightly more backed) or con (American)
ã			engagieren^[8]	chanson (short [ãː])
ɛ̃			impair^[8]	vingt-et-un (short [ɛ̃ː])
e			Element^[11]	Australian dress mate (Irish, Scottish, close to American [eɪ] but undiphthongised)
i			Italien^[11]	teach
o			originell^[11]	force (Australian)
õ			foncé^[8]	chanson (short [õː])
œ̃			Lundist^[8]	vingt-et-un (short [œ̃ː])
ø			Ökonom^[11]	like mate but rounded (Irish, Scottish, American [eɪ] undiphthongised)
u			Universität^[11]	truth (Irish, undiphthongised American [ʊu̯] and RP [ɵʉ̯] but tongue more backed)
y			Psychologie^[11]	like meet but rounded

Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
^ ^a ^b ^c In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]
^ Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.
^ ^a ^b Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Austrian and Swiss pronunciation of /a/ and /aː/ is [ɑ] and [ɑː] (Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter 2015). In some northern German dialects influenced by Low German there may be [æ~a] for /a/ but [ɑː] for /aː/ thus also having a difference in vowel quality not just length. (see e.g. Wierzbicka & Rynkowska 1992, pp. 412–415).
^ In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [eː].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).
^ ^a ^b The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].
^ [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 64, 142).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

Bibliography[edit]

Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
Hove, Ingrid (2002). Die Aussprache der Standardsprache in der Schweiz. Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-484-23147-4.
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
Moosmüller, S.; Schmid, C.; Brandstätter, J. (2015). "Standard Austrian German". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (3): 339–348. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055.
Wierzbicka, Irena; Rynkowska, Teresa (1992), Samouczek języka niemieckiego: kurs wstępny (6th ed.), Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-214-0284-4

German

[fortislenis-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.

[devoicing-2] In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.

[r-allophones-3] Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]

[4] Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.

[postalveolarlenis-5] Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.

[openvowels-6] The Austrian and Swiss pronunciation of /a/ and /aː/ is [ɑ] and [ɑː] (Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter 2015). In some northern German dialects influenced by Low German there may be [æ~a] for /a/ but [ɑː] for /aː/ thus also having a difference in vowel quality not just length. (see e.g. Wierzbicka & Rynkowska 1992, pp. 412–415).

[7] In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [eː].

[nasalV-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

[middiphthongs-9] The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].

[10] [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 64, 142).

[shorttense-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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[10]

[11]

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See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

Bibliography[edit]