User:G PViB/sandbox2
This is a list of Russian inventions.
Ancient inventions[edit] |
Inventions which originated on the territory of the Russian Plain, Northern Russia, North Caucasus and Siberia from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age. |
Possible by Sredny Stog culture of the Eurasian Steppe |
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[2] Possible by Maykop culture of North Caucasus |
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Oldest known: | |
[9] 7,500 BCE. Shigir Idol |
Agriculture and biotechnology[edit] |
[10][11] 1814. By Petro Prokopovych |
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[12][13] 1881–88. The credit is due to Fyodor Blinov |
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[14] 1924. Raphanobrassica. The credit is due to Georgy Karpechenko |
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[15][16] 1868. By Andrei Famintsyn |
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[17] 1951–54. The credit is due to (Терентий Мальцев) Terenty Maltsev |
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A type of ard (plough) |
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[18][19] 1829–30s. By (Даниил Бокарев) Daniil Bokarev |
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The credit is due to Sergei Vinogradsky |
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Arts and music[edit] |
The credit is due to Vasily Kandinsky |
Pure abstract art |
[20] 1937–58. By Yevgeny Murzin |
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1931. Rhythmicon. The credit is due to Lev Termen |
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The credit is due to Lev Kuleshov |
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[26] 1916–24. By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine |
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1918–20. By Lev Termen |
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Chemistry and metallurgy[edit] |
[29] 1859–65. The credit is due to Nikolai Beketov |
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1838. Modern rediscovery. By (Павел Аносов) Pavel Anosov |
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[30] 1831. The credit is due to (Павел Аносов) Pavel Anosov |
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[31] By Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky, simultaneously with William Wollaston |
Modern powder metallurgy |
[32][33] 1913. The credit is due to Grigory Petrov |
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[34][35] 1910. The first commercially viable form of production. Polybutadiene. The credit is due to Sergei Lebedev |
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The credit is due to Igor Gorynin |
Weldable titanium alloys |
Communications[edit] |
[38][39] 1923. By Oleg Losev |
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[44] 7 May 1895. The first practical device. The credit is due to Aleksandr Popov |
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By Lev Termen |
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Computing and information technology[edit] |
1999. By Igor Pavlov |
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1962. By Yevgeny Landis and Georgy Adelson-Velsky |
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1967. By (Михаил Карцев) Mikhail Kartsev |
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[45] By Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich, independently from William Eccles & Frank Jordan |
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1880. By Bruno Abakanowicz, independently from Charles Boys |
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1832. The first application in informatics. By Semyon Korsakov |
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2009. Chatroulette. By Andrei Ternovsky |
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1993. By Yevgeny Roshal |
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1956–59. Setun. By Sergei Sobolev and Nikolai Brusentsov |
Modern ternary computer |
Was proposed in 1997 by Aleksei Kitayev |
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1946–56. By Genrikh Altshuller |
Culture[edit] |
Art[edit] | |
Borok (Борецкая роспись) · Gorodets · Khokhloma · Mezen (Мезенская роспись) · Zhostovo |
Painting |
Miniature | |
Bird of Happiness · Dymkovo · Filimonovo · Kargopol · Matryoshka doll |
Toys |
Other | |
Clothing[edit] | |
Boyar hat · Kalfak (Калфак) · Kokoshnik · Kosovorotka · Lapti · Sarafan · Valenki |
Civilian |
Budyonovka · Gimnastyorka · Peaked cap · Sailor cap · Ushanka |
Service |
Music[edit] | |
Wind | |
Balalaika · Domra · Doshpuluur · Gusli · Pondar (Atukh-Pondur[46], Dechig-Pondur[47]) · Russian guitar |
String |
Other |
Cuisine[edit] |
Utensils | |
Botvinya (Ботвинья) · Kalya (Калья) · Malosol [48] · Okroshka · Rassolnik · Shchi · Solyanka · Tyurya (Тюря) · Ukha |
Soups |
Balyk · Chopsy [48] · Khinkal (Хинкал) · Litsuklibzhe · Porsa [49] · Shomokh [48] · Smetana · Stewler · Stroganina (Строганина) · Tyram [48] |
Meat, fish, dairy products |
Blini · Khingalsh · Khychin (Хычин) · Kulebyaka · Ochpochmak · Peremech (Перемяч) · Pirog · Pirozhki · Qabartma · Qistibi · Syrniki · Vatrushka |
Pies, wraps, pancakes |
Baked milk [50] · Kefir · Kissel · Kvas:[Note 4] Kisly'ye shchi (Кислые щи), Birch sap kvas (Берёзовый квас) · Mors (Морс) · Medovukha · Russian vodka · Sbiten |
Drinks |
Chakchak · Kozuli (Козули) · Pastila (Пастила (Белёвская, Коломенская, Ржевская)) · Gingerbread: Gorodets (Городецкий) / Tula / Vyazma (Вяземский) · Tetyory (Тетёры) · Urbech (Урбеч) |
Sweets |
Borodinsky (bread) · Khrenovina (sauce) · Pelmeni (dumpling) [52] |
Other |
Energy[edit] |
1969. Severnoye Siyaniye barge. The credit is due to (Николай Кухто) Nikolai Kukhto |
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[53] 1926. Ramzin boiler. The credit is due to Leonid Ramzin |
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[54] 1970s?. The credit is due to Aleksandr Kalina |
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[55] 1958. The credit is due to Aleksandr Klimenko |
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1888–91. The cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. By Aleksandr Stoletov |
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[56] 1888. The synthesis through electrolysis. The credit is due to Dmitry Lachinov |
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[55] 1934–39. The credit is due to Pyotr Kapitsa |
Current turboexpander |
Oil and gas[edit] |
1878–83. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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[57] 1914. The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhvinsky |
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[58] 1846. By Nikolai Voskoboinikov and Vasily Semyonov |
Modern oil well |
Was proposed in 1863 by Dmitry Mendeleyev |
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1891. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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[59][60] 1922. The credit is due to Matvei Kapelyushnikov |
Nuclear energy[edit] |
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[61] International cooperation |
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Mass-produced |
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Everyday life[edit] |
1372. The first written Uralic language (after Hungarian) |
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In world-wide usage[edit] |
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1878. Yablochkov candle. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov |
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[Note 5][64] 1927. By Oleg Losev |
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Modern powdered milk |
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Housing[edit] |
1795. By Nikolai Lvov |
Early HVAC system |
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[Note 6][65] 1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk |
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[67] 1795. By Ivan Kulibin |
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Architecture[edit] |
Forms[edit] |
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1164. The earliest depiction. Dobrila Evangeliary |
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Native styles[edit] |
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Developed |
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Structural engineering[edit] |
[65] 1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk |
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1896. Shukhov Rotunda. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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1896. Shukhov tower in Polibino. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
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All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov |
Mechanical engineering[edit] |
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[70] 1832. The credit is due to Aleksandr Sablukov |
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[71] 1811. The credit is due to (Иван Неведомский) Ivan Nevedomsky |
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1718. The credit is due to Andrei Nartov |
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Welding: | |
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[72] 1905. The credit is due to (Владимир Миткевич) Vladimir Mitkevich |
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Medicine[edit] |
Military
[edit]Major innovations that became standard means of modern warfare are in bold.
- Systema
- Flamethrower (first use in modern era (Vasily Korchmin)) [79]
- Bistatic radar
- Railway troops (Russian Wikipedia article)
- Radio jamming Was first used on 15 April 1904 during the Battle of Port Arthur. [80]
- Interceptor satellite (Istrebitel Sputnik, 1960–68) [81][82]
- Radio rangefinder (Russian Wikipedia article)
- Modern field kitchen (Anton Turchanovich (Russian Wikipedia article)) [83]
- Modern field surgery (Nikolai Pirogov)
- Explosively pumped flux compression generator The EMP bomb. The credit is due to Robert Lyudayev (1951, the first device), Aleksandr Prishchepenko (military application, 1984) and others.
Air Force
[edit]- Flying wing (first practical design and flyable aircraft (Boris Cheranovsky))
- Aerobatics (Pyotr Nesterov)
- Drag chute
- Rocket fighter (Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1)
- Pressure suit
- Drogue parachute (first application (Gleb Kotelnikov))
- Flying boat fighter (Grigorovich M-11)
- 3D thrust vectoring (Sukhoi Su-37)
- Strategic bomber (Ilya Muromets)
- Backpack parachute
- Helicopter ejection seat (first production helicopter (Kamov Ka-50))
- Helmet-mounted sight (Mikoyan MiG-29)
- Supermaneuverability (Sukhoi Su-27)
- Aircraft-launched unguided rocket (Russian Wikipedia article) (by Nikolai Yatsuk (Russian Wikipedia article), 1912 (proposal)) [84]
Artillery
[edit]- Licorne
- Railway gun [85][86]
- Battery tower [87]
- Telescopic sight (by Andrei Nartov)
- Quick-firing gun (Baranovsky quick-firing gun (Russian Wikipedia article))
- Coastal rangefinder (by Vasily Petrushevsky) [88][89][90]
- Multibarreled mortar (modular multibarreled mortar (by Ivan Fyodorov)) [91]
- Self-loading recoilless rifle (by Mikhail Kondakov, 1934) [92]
- Revolver-type aircraft weapon (SIBEMAS, 1935) [93]
- Modern multiple rocket launcher (BM-13 Katyusha)
Cold weaponry
[edit]- Palma (Russian Wikipedia article)
- Sovnya
- Bychak [94]
- Pernach [95]
- Bardiche [96]
- Shashka
- Boot knife [Note 9]
- Bear spear [97]
- Yakut knife (Russian Wikipedia article)
- Paren knife (Russian Wikipedia article) [98]
- Ballistic knife [additional citation(s) needed]
- Bow of Northern type (Russian Wikipedia article)
Firearms
[edit]- Laser pistol [99]
- Assault rifle Select-fire rifle designed specifically for low-power ammunition. Fyodorov Avtomat, 1915. The credit is due to Vladimir Fyodorov. [100][101][102]
- Noiseless handgun (Russian Wikipedia article) [103][Note 10]
- Fougasse flamethrower (Russian Wikipedia article) [104]
- Commonality of parts (by Vladimir Fyodorov) [102][105]
- Underwater assault rifle (APS)
- Amphibious assault rifle (ASM-DT)
- Designated marksman and designated marksman rifle (SVD)
- Noiseless grenade launcher (Device D) [106]
- Squad automatic weapon (RPD)
- Automatic grenade launcher (by Yakov Taubin (Russian Wikipedia article))
- General-purpose machine gun (by Vladimir Fyodorov) [102][107]
Gear
[edit]- Yuft (Russian Wikipedia article)
- Kirza
- Gazyr (Russian Wikipedia article)
- Sailor cap
- Budyonovka
- Peaked cap
- Gimnastyorka
- Pointillist camouflage (by Vladimir Baranov-Rossine) [108]
- Activated charcoal gas mask (by Nikolai Zelinsky, independently from James Bert Garner)
Rocketry
[edit]- Mobile ICBM
- Rocket warfare (contributions to theory and tactics by Aleksandr Zasyadko) [109][110]
- Air-augmented rocket
- Anti-ballistic missile
- Railcar-launched ICBM
- Vertical launching system [111]
- Intercontinental ballistic missile (world's first true ICBM (R-7 Semyorka))
- Modern multiple rocket launcher (BM-13 Katyusha)
- Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
Military vehicles
[edit]- Aerosani
- Tachanka
- Hovercraft (theoretical foundations,[112][113] first military vehicle[114])
- Mobile banya
- Gulyay-gorod (modular wagon fort)
- Military robot (Teletank)
- Armored vehicles:
- Active protection system
- Self-propelled laser system (Stilet (Russian Wikipedia article))
- Thermobaric multiple rocket launcher (TOS-1)
Navy
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/RIAN_archive_703231_The_Red_Banner_Pacific_Fleet._Heavy_aircraft_carrying_cruiser_%22Novorossijsk%22.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_703231_The_Red_Banner_Pacific_Fleet._Heavy_aircraft_carrying_cruiser_%22Novorossijsk%22.jpg)
- Minelayer (Amur class minelayer (1898))
- Degaussing (by Anatoly Aleksandrov, independently from Charles F. Goodeve)
- Missile boat
- Armored cruiser (Russian cruiser General-Admiral (1873))
- Torpedo boat tender
- Close-in weapon system (AK-630)
- Hard-kill torpedo countermeasure system (Udav-1) [117]
Underwater fleet
[edit]- Underwater launches:
- All-missile salvo (Operation Behemoth)
- Submarine-launched satellite (Shtil')
- Underwater-launched ballistic missile 23 December 1956 (launch from a test platform);[118] armed test (20 October 1961).[119]
- Submarine minelayer (Russian submarine Krab (1912))
- Ballistic missile submarine (Project 611) Surface launch.
- Submarine-launched ballistic missile (R-11FM) Surface launch.
- Submarine-to-submarine missile [120]
Physics[edit] |
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By Gersh Budker (co-inventor) |
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The credit is due to Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov |
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1962. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zababakhin, K. V. Volkov, Vyacheslav Danilenko, V. I. Yelina |
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1802. By Vasily Petrov |
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1966. The credit is due to Gersh Budker |
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[121] 1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky |
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By Zhores Alfyorov (co-developer) |
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[122] 1950. The credit is due to Andrei Tikhonov |
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1944. The credit is due to Vladimir Veksler |
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By Yevgeny Zavoisky (co-developer) |
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The credit is due to Aleksandr Makarov |
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[124] 1930–34. By Leonid Kubetsky |
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[125] 1939. By Nikolai Devyatkov |
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2001. |
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By Vladimir Veksler (co-inventor) |
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Printing[edit] |
[126] 1866–67. The credit is due to (Пётр Княгининский) Pyotr Knyagininsky |
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[127][128] 1869. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov |
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[Note 12][129] 1890. The credit is due to (Иван Орлов) Ivan Orlov |
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[additional citation(s) needed][130] By (Иван Орлов) Ivan Orlov |
Iris printing (rainbow printing) |
[131] 1870s. The credit is due to (Иосиф Ливчак) Iosif Livchak |
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[128] 1870. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov |
Recording[edit] |
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[132] 1962. The credit is due to Yury Denisyuk |
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1926, 1927. The credit is due to (Павел Тагер) Pavel Tager and (Александр Шорин) Aleksandr Shorin |
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The credit is due to Lev Termen |
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[133] 1925. The credit is due to Sergei Rzhevkin |
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[134] 1933. The credit is due to Fyodor Leontovich |
Photography[edit] |
[135] 1840. The credit is due to Aleksei Grekov |
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[136] 1882. The credit is due to Sigizmund Yurkovsky |
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1891. 1939. The credit is due to (Яков Наркевич-Иодко) Yakov Narkevich-Iodko and Semyon Kirlian |
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[137] 1852. The credit is due to (Иван Александровский) Ivan Aleksandrovsky |
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By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (a prolific inventor in the field of photography): [138][139] | |
1875 |
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1882 |
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1886 |
Aerial camera and photographic plates |
1886 |
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1887 |
Space exploration[edit] |
1756 |
The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov |
Night vision telescope |
1762 |
Published in 1827. By Mikhail Lomonosov |
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1959, 1895 |
Proposed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Yury Artsutanov |
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1903 |
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1916 |
The credit is due to Yury Kondratyuk |
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1959, 1919 |
Proposal, first application |
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1930 |
By Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau |
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1931 |
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1931 |
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1941 |
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1951, 1947 |
The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky |
Modern multistage rocket |
1963, 1949 |
Proposal, first application |
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The credit is due to Gavriil Tikhov |
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[citation needed] First application |
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1957 |
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1958 |
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1961 |
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1978 |
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1982 |
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1992 |
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1995 |
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1999 |
Multinational cooperation |
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2001 |
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2015 |
[140] Planned |
Sports and games[edit] |
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First conducted in 1776 by Grigory Orlov |
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Transportation[edit] |
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Modern bascule bridge |
Amphibious ATV specially for swamp terrain |
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[146] 1900. The credit is due to (Ипполит Романов) Ippolit Romanov |
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1739–52 & 1780. The credit is due to Leonty Shamshurenkov and Ivan Kulibin |
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Bolotokhod for snow and swamp terrain |
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Maritime[edit] |
[Note 13] The credit is due to Aleksei Krylov and Stepan Makarov |
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Icebreakers: | |
Modern icebreaker | |
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Rail transport[edit] |
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[151] 1924. The first successful mainline diesel locomotive. The credit is due to Yury Lomonosov |
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The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov |
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Refer to [152] for inventions listed below |
Work trains: |
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1887. The credit is due to (Иосиф Ливчак) Iosif Livchak |
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Aviation[edit] |
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets. The credit is due to Igor Sikorsky |
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[153][154] Late 1980s – 1996. Hybrid of airplane, airship, helicopter and hovercraft. The credit is due to Aleksandr Filimonov |
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[156] 1937–41. The credit is due to Arkhip Lyulka |
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Hybrid of ekranoplan and airplane |
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The first successful jet airliner. Tupolev Tu-104 |
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[157][158] 1919. The first jet pack project. The credit is due to Aleksandr Andreyev |
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1754. The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov |
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[160] The credit is due to (Борис Юрьев) Boris Yuryev |
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The first SST to enter service. Tupolev Tu-144 |
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Other[edit] |
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[161] 1891. The credit is due to Yevgraf Fyodorov |
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[162] The credit is due to Ivan Kulibin |
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Developments leading to[edit] |
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By Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov |
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[131] Slug-casting typesetter. By (Иосиф Ливчак) Iosif Livchak |
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[Note 15] 1911–16 contributions to modern tank design by Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov and (Василий Менделеев) Vasily Mendeleyev |
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By Leonid Gobyato and Roman Kondratenko |
Modern mortar (weapon) |
Modern stealth aircraft technology | |
The solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. The credit is due to Aleksandr Stoletov |
Precursors[edit] |
(Мортирная батарея Нартова) Nartov mortar battery, by Andrei Nartov |
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Self-propelling carriage (contained a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox and roller bearing), by Ivan Kulibin |
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An early heating/ventilation system by Nikolai Lvov |
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[165] Ivan Elmanov's monorail |
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The Thing, by Lev Termen |
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1881. Proposal. By Nikolai Kibalchich |
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Inventions by Russian emigrants
[edit]
Igor Sikorsky ............................... Nikolai Florin .............................. Yury Gurevich ............................. Nikolai Obukhov ......................... Dmitry Garbuzov ......................... Vladimir Zvorykin ....................... Aleksandr Lodygin ...................... Vladimir Yurkevich ..................... Konstantin Fahlberg .................... Aleksandr Khrennikov ................. Konstantin Novosyolov ................ Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky ......... |
: Modern helicopter [Note 16] : Tandem rotor helicopter (first to fly freely) : Continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Zhores Alfyorov) : Kinescope · Iconoscope (with Semyon Katayev) : Electrical filament · Incandescent light bulb : Modern ship hull design : Graphene (with Andrei Geim) |
Russian discoveries[edit] |
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1872. By Aleksandr Borodin, independently from Adolphe Wurtz |
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1761. The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov |
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1951. |
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1952. |
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1890. |
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1934. |
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1903. |
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1968. |
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1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky |
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1999. |
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1859. |
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1861. |
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1911. Was claimed by Georges Urbain and Vladimir Vernadsky (independently) |
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1859. |
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1905. |
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1961. Co-discovered by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Dubna Nuclear Research Institute |
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2000. |
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1966. |
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1910. The credit is due to Nikolai Vasilyev |
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1868. The credit is due to Dmitry Chernov |
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1924. The credit is due to Aleksandr Oparin |
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1981. |
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1964. |
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1908. Hypothesis. By Aleksandr Maksimov |
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1937. By Pyotr Kapitsa (co-discoverer) |
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[166] 1880. By (Николай Лунин) Nikolai Lunin |
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1892. |
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2002. Unconfirmed |
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2003. Unconfirmed |
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2010. Unconfirmed |
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2003. Unconfirmed |
Technology records
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Soyuz_TMA-13_lift_off_with_Expedition_18_crew_from_Baikonur_Cosmodrome.jpg/220px-Soyuz_TMA-13_lift_off_with_Expedition_18_crew_from_Baikonur_Cosmodrome.jpg)
— Tsar Bell (the largest and heaviest bell in the world)
— Mozhaisky Airplane II (the first feasible airplane project)
— Trans-Siberian Railway (the longest railway in the world)
— Moscow Metro (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system)
— Leningrad Metro (the deepest subway in the world)
— Aswan Dam (a megaproject; developed by the Hydroproject Institute)
— Druzhba pipeline (the longest oil pipeline system in the world)
— Proton (the most used heavy lift launch system)
— Soyuz (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world) [167]
— The Motherland Calls (the largest complex sculpture)
— Lunokhod 2 (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle) [168]
— Arktika-class icebreaker (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole)
— Mir (submersible) (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; was developed in cooperation with Finland)
— RD-170 (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine)
— Antonov An-225 Mriya (the largest fixed-wing aircraft)
— Kola Superdeep Borehole (the deepest borehole)
— Mir mine (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation)
— 50 Let Pobedy (the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general) [169]
— Russky Bridge (the longest cable-stayed bridge)
— SP-117 (allegedly the most potent truth drug)
Weaponry records
[edit]- — Zasechnaya cherta (the largest fortification line of abatis type)
- — Tsar Cannon (the largest-calibre bombard)
- — T-34 (the best medium tank of World War II) [170]
- — AK-47 (the world's most produced assault rifle)
- — RPG-7 (the world's most used anti-tank weapon)
- — Tsar Bomba (the most powerful weapon ever tested)
- — KM (ekranoplan) (the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft)
- — Mil V-12 (the largest helicopter ever built)
- — Kirov-class battlecruiser (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world)
- — R-36M (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight)
- — Typhoon-class submarine (the largest submarine ever built)
- — Tupolev Tu-160 (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft)
- — Novichok agent (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made) [171]
- — Beriev A-40 (the largest amphibious flying boat) [172]
- — Zubr-class LCAC (the world's largest hovercraft) [173]
- — Don-2N (the most powerful early-warning radar)
- — Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world)
See also
[edit]- List of Russian artists
- List of Russian philosophers
- List of Russian inventors
- Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy
- Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
Notes
[edit]- ^ It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.
- ^ With searchlight as medium, by Ivan Kulibin. The invention allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.
- ^ The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.
- ^ First mentioned in the Primary Chronicle. By the 15th century Russians knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.[51]
- ^ No application was found at the time of the invention.
- ^ The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.
- ^ Automatic arc welding was developed and implemented almost simultaneously in Russia, USA and Germany. Some of the Russian contributions to the process include creation of a method of automatic submerged arc welding and equipment for rapid automatic arc welding.
- ^ a b Not realized due to immaturity of technology at the time of the invention.
- ^ First mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. However, according to the Kitab al-I'tibar, carrying a concealed knife in a boot was a custom in the Middle East around the same time.
- ^ Not to be confused with suppressed.
- ^ BMP-1 was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding Schützenpanzer 12-3 is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.
- ^ Orlov printing: distinct color edges without disruptions or displacements. Iris printing: smooth transition of colors.
- ^ In historical ships, insubmersibility was pioneered in China.
- ^ First coaxial rotor helicopters originating in Russia: first (Mikhail Lomonosov's model helicopter for meteorological studies, 1754), first mass-produced helicopter (Kamov Ka-15), first combat helicopter (Kamov Ka-25), first attack helicopter (Kamov Ka-50).
- ^ The Mendeleyev tank (ru:Танк Менделеева) envisioned many innovations that became standard features of a modern battle tank - protection of the vehicle was well-thought out, main gun included automatic loading mechanism, pneumatic suspension allowed adjusting of clearance, some critical systems were duplicated, transportation by railroad was possible by a locomotive or with adapter wheels. Porokhovshchikov's Vezdekhod, though a less ambitious project than Mendeleyev's, was the first amphibious armored vehicle and the first tank design to combine caterpillar and wheel ways of movement. It could be considered the world's first monotrack tank, as well as the first tankette.
- ^ The first project of a helicopter with the essentials for a stable flight was developed in 1911 by Boris Yuryev (ru:Юрьев, Борис Николаевич).
References
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value: length (help) - ^ Кирпичников, Анатолий (1966). Каргер, Михаил (ed.). Древнерусское оружие (PDF). Vol. 2. М.-Л.: Наука. pp. 10–16.
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- ^ Солянкин, А. Г.; Павлов, Михаил; Павлов, Иван; Желтов, Игорь (2002). Отечественные бронированные машины. XX век. Vol. 1. М.: Экспринт. p. 112. ISBN 5-94038-030-1.
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- ^ (in English) http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/joseph.html
- ^ Гудилин, Владимир; Слабкий, Леонид (1996). "Ракетные комплексы Р-11 и Р-11МФ". Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы). М.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Polmar, Norman; White, Michael (2010). Project Azorian: The CIA and the Raising of the K-129. USA: Naval Institute Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-59114-690-2.
- ^ "Памятные даты в истории авиации космонавтики: 30 августа - 5 сентября". Аэрокосмический портал Украины. Информационно-аналитический центр "Спейс-Информ", Аэрокосмическое общество Украины. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
2 сентября 1975 г. - Принята в опытную эксплуатацию БРПЛ с пассивным самонаведением на подводные корабли (мировой приоритет). Главный конструктор - В. П. Макеев, ЖРД - А. М. Исаев, СУ - Н. А. Семихатов.
- ^ Eaton, Gareth; Eaton, Sandra; Salikhov, Kev (1998). Foundations of modern EPR. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 45–46. ISBN 981-02-3295-0.
- ^ Тихонов, Андрей (1950). "Об определении электрических характеристик глубоких слоев земной коры". Доклады Академии наук СССР. Нов. Сер. 73 (2): 295–297. ISSN 0002-3264.
- ^ Kovalenko, Aleksandr. "Nuclotron: first beams and experiments at the superconducting synchrotron in Dubna". Nuclotron Overview. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ Lubsandorzhiyev, Bayarto (1 November 2006). "On the history of photomultiplier tube invention". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 567 (1): 236–238. arXiv:physics/0601159. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.05.221.
- ^ Балыко, Александр. "К 100-летию выдающегося учёного современности академика Николая Дмитриевича Девяткова". Институт радиотехники и электроники им. В. А. Котельникова РАН. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
- ^ (in Russian) http://polygraphicbook.narod.ru/text/statiy/11/118.htm
- ^ GSE: "Alisov, Mikhail Ivanovich".
- ^ a b Гойзман, Шимон (29 June 2004). "Михаил Иванович Алисов - изобретатель наборной машины". Городские Известия.
- ^ "1890. Ivan I. Orlov Invented a New Method of Multicolor Printing". Goznak. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Дубинкина, Любовь (23 October 2009). "Иван Иванович Орлов: принадлежать России и служить только ей?". ShkolaZhizni.ru. Издательский дом «Ройбер». Retrieved 28 November 2009.
- ^ a b Немировский, Евгений (1952). "Изобретатель Ливчак" (DOC). Знание — сила. No. 1952–2. ISSN 0130-1640.
В 70-х годах Ливчак работал над матрицевыбивальной наборной машиной «стереограф»... Эта работа привела Ливчака к мысли о строкоотливной наборной машине. Идея такой машины впервые в истории мировой полиграфии была высказана именно Ливчаком. Впоследствии, развивая идею русского техника, немецкий изобретатель О. Мергенталер построил широко известную наборную машину линотип. Приоритет Ливчака в этой области легко устанавливается, ибо его отливная машина была запатентована в 1883 году...
- ^ Denisyuk, Yury (1962). "On the reflection of optical properties of an object in a wave field of light scattered by it". Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 144 (6). Nauka: 1275–1278. ISSN 0002-3264.
- ^ Павликов, С. Н. (2005). Стрикаускас, Л. Д (ed.). Защита аудио и видео информационных каналов. Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса. p. 39.
- ^ Нисский, А. В. (1981). "Подводная съёмка". Фотокинотехника. М.: Советская энциклопедия.
- ^ "Греков Алексей Федорович (ок. 1800 – ок. 1855)". Руниверс. Транснефть. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
- ^ "Юрковский Сигизмунд Антонович". Белорусские имена в истории развития техники. Республиканская научно-техническая библиотека. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ^ БРЭ: «Александровский Иван Фёдорович».
- ^ Шершень, А. И. (1949). "Развитие аэрофотосъёмки в России". Аэрофотосъёмка. Летносъёмочный процесс. М.: Геодезиздат.
- ^ GSE: "Sreznevskii, Viacheslav Izmailovich".
- ^ "РФ построит корабль для уборки космического мусора". Электронное периодическое издание «Актуальные комментарии». Фонд «Центр политической конъюнктуры». 5 July 2011.
- ^ "Abalakov Thread". Needle Sports. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^ Lukashev, Mikhail (1991). "Creation of Sambo". Physical Culture and Sport. No. 1991–9, 1991–10. Fizkultura i sport. pp. 36–39, 28–32. ISSN 0130-5670. Archived from the original on 2000-01-06.
- ^ Middendorf, John (1999). "The Mechanical Advantage". Big Walls. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ "World's Oldest Yacht Clubs". Yachting Club of America. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ Bogdanov, I. A. "Yacht Clubs". Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg. Likhachyov Foundation. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
- ^ Pashova, Alla (2003). "Electric Vehicle in Russia" (PDF). New Energy Technologies. No. 2003–2 [11]. Faraday Laboratories Ltd. pp. 57–58. ISSN 1684-7288.
- ^ Marchenko, Nataly (21 November 2007). "Navigation in ice conditions. Experience of Russian sailors" (PDF). Svalbard Science Forum. Norway: University Centre in Svalbard. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
- ^ Веселов, Павел (1993). "Продлить навигацию" (PDF). Ледоколы. Морской Музей ТМ. Техника — молодёжи. pp. 36–37.
- ^ "Nuclear icebreakers". Russian nuclear icebreakers fleet. Norway: Bellona Foundation. 18 June 1997. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ Кукушкин, Иван; Андреев, Александр (2008). ""Ермак", линейный ледокол". Полярная Почта. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ Heywood, Anthony (2011). Engineer of Revolutionary Russia: Iurii V. Lomonosov (1876-1952) and the Railways. Science, Technology and Culture, 1700-1945 Series. UK: Ashgate Publishing. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-7546-5539-8.
- ^ a b Конарев, Николай, ed. (1994). "Железнодорожный транспорт: Энциклопедия". Железнодорожный транспорт. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. ISBN 5-85270-115-7.
- ^ (in English) http://www.tumenecotrans.ru/index2.html
- ^ (in Russian) http://sdelano-u-nas.livejournal.com/965572.html
- ^ Шавров, Вадим (1978). История конструкций самолётов в СССР до 1938 г. (2 ed.). М.: Машиностроение. pp. 7–8.
- ^ Soviet Union Author's Certificate No. 312328/25.
- ^ Montandon, Mac (2008). Jetpack Dreams: One Man's Up and Down (but Mostly Down) Search for the Greatest Invention That Never Was. USA: Perseus LLC: Perseus Books Group: Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780786726745.
Around this time, a Russian fellow identifying himself as A. Andreev filed a patent for an oxygen- and methane-fueled flying device that could be worn on the back, with roughly three-foot wings extending to either side of the hopeful pilot... "This is the first device of its kind that had any engineering detail at all," says Mark Wells, a research engineer for the Center for Applied Optics at the University of Alabama in Huntsville who has worked for NASA, the U.S. military, and corporate clients throughout his twenty-three year career.
- ^ (in Russian) http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/stati/andreev.html
- ^ Gwynn, John (2003). "The history of the Pulse Jet". The Water-Rocket Explorer. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ "Автомат перекоса". Инженеры России. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ Schuh, Curtis. "Fyodorov, Evgraf Stepanovich (1853–1919)". The Mineralogical Record. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ Гуриков, Владимир, "Шлифовальных и оптических дел мастер" Иван Петрович Кулибин, archived from the original on 2010-01-14
- ^ Ford, Bruce (July 2006). "Russian Smokejumpers: The Pre-War Years". Smokejumper Magazine. USA: National Smokejumper Association. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
- ^ Ренкель, Алексей (September 2008). "Всё могут короли. Изобретатель Пётр Великий". Изобретатель и рационализатор. No. 2008–9 [705].
- ^ Измеров, Олег. "Впереди паровоза". Неизвестный отечественный монорельс. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
- ^ Hopkins, Frederick Gowland (11 December 1929). The Earlier History of Vitamin Research (Speech). Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. Stockholm.
It is now generally agreed that the first clear evidence, based upon experiment, for the existence of dietary factors of the nature of vitamins came from the school of Bunge at Basel. In 1881 Lunin, one of the workers in that school, fed mice upon an artificial mixture of the separate constituents of milk; of all the constituents, that is, which were then known, namely the proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and salts. He found that upon such a mixture the animals failed to survive and was led to conclude that "a natural food such as milk must therefore contain besides these known principal ingredients small quantities of unknown substances essential to life". Such a statement, already half a century old, when allowed to stand out clear and apart from a context which tended to bury it, seems to contain the essentials of what is believed today.
- ^ "Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel". European Space Agency. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ "Tank on the Moon". The Nature of Things with David Suzuki. 6 December 2007. CBC-TV.
- ^ "World's largest icebreaker". Ships Monthly. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007.
- ^ Bolotin 1995, p. 249.
- ^ Tucker, Jonathan (2007). War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to al-Qaeda. EU: Bertelsmann: USA: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-3233-4.
- ^ "Бериев А-40 Альбатрос". Уголок неба. Большая авиационная энциклопедия. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Hellenic Command Amphibious Forces: Ships". Hellenic Navy. 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
Bibliography
[edit]- Большая советская энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 1–30 (3 ed.). М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1969–1978. OCLC 14476314 http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - Келдыш, Юрий, ed. (1973–1982). Музыкальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 1–6. Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор. ISBN 5-94865-152-5 http://www.music-dic.ru/.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - Bolotin, David Naumovich (1995). История советского стрелкового оружия и патронов [The History of Soviet Small-arms and Ammunition] (PDF). Военно-историческая библиотека (in Russian). СПб.: Полигон. ISBN 5-85503-072-5.
- Калашников, Михаил (1992). Записки конструктора-оружейника. Военные мемуары (in Russian). М.: Воениздат. ISBN 5-203-01290-3.
- Osipov, Yury; Kravets, Sergei, eds. (2005–). Большая российская энциклопедия. Vol. 1–. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. ISBN 978-5-85270-320-6.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - "Большая биографическая энциклопедия". Академик. 2009.
{{Inventions}} [[Category:Russian inventions|*]] [[Category:Science and technology in Russia]] [[Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries|Russia]] [[Category:Technology-related lists|Russian inventions]] [[Category:Russia-related lists]]