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This is a list of Russian inventions.

Ancient inventions

[edit]

Inventions which originated on the territory of the Russian Plain, Northern Russia, North Caucasus and Siberia from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age.

[1] Sintashta-Petrovka culture

Chariot

Possible by Sredny Stog culture of the Eurasian Steppe

Domestication of the horse

[2] Possible by Maykop culture of North Caucasus

Wheel

Oldest known:

[3][4]

Composite bow

[additional citation(s) needed][5]

Distaff

[6][7]

Trousers

[Note 1][8] 5,500 BCE

Wooden bridge

[9] 7,500 BCE. Shigir Idol

Wooden sculpture

Agriculture and biotechnology

[edit]

[10][11] 1814. By Petro Prokopovych

Beehive frame

[12][13] 1881–88. The credit is due to Fyodor Blinov

Caterpillar farm tractor

[14] 1924. Raphanobrassica. The credit is due to Georgy Karpechenko

Fertile hybrid

[15][16] 1868. By Andrei Famintsyn

Grow light

[17] 1951–54. The credit is due to (Терентий Мальцев) Terenty Maltsev

Nonmoldboard soil cultivation
Безотвальная обработка почвы

A type of ard (plough)

Sokha

[18][19] 1829–30s. By (Даниил Бокарев) Daniil Bokarev

Sunflower oil industry

The credit is due to Sergei Vinogradsky

Vinogradsky column

External image
image icon Rabbage, the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding

Arts and music

[edit]

The credit is due to Vasily Kandinsky

Pure abstract art

[20] 1937–58. By Yevgeny Murzin

ANS synthesizer

[additional citation(s) needed][21]

Birch bark art

[22][23]

Bone watch

...

Constructivism

1931. Rhythmicon. The credit is due to Lev Termen

Drum machine

...

Kuleshov Effect

The credit is due to Lev Kuleshov

Montage

[24][25] By Yegor Kuznetsov

Musical carriage

[26] 1916–24. By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine

Optophonic Piano

...

Socialist realism

...

Stanislavsky's system

1918–20. By Lev Termen

Theremin

[27]

Welded sculpture

[22][28] By Semyon Bronnikov

Wooden watch

Chemistry and metallurgy

[edit]

[29] 1859–65. The credit is due to Nikolai Beketov

Aluminothermy

...

BARS apparatus

1838. Modern rediscovery. By (Павел Аносов) Pavel Anosov

Bulat steel

...

Chromatography

...

Fire fighting foam

[30] 1831. The credit is due to (Павел Аносов) Pavel Anosov

Metallographic microscopy

BN-350 reactor

Nuclear desalination

...

Periodic table

[31] By Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky, simultaneously with William Wollaston

Modern powder metallurgy

[32][33] 1913. The credit is due to Grigory Petrov

Synthetic detergent

[34][35] 1910. The first commercially viable form of production. Polybutadiene. The credit is due to Sergei Lebedev

Synthetic rubber

By Aleksandr Butlerov

Theory of chemical structure

The credit is due to Igor Gorynin

Weldable titanium alloys

Communications

[edit]

[36][37] By Vladimir Zvorykin

CRT television

[38][39] 1923. By Oleg Losev

Crystodine

...

Interlaced video

[Note 2][40]

Optical telegraph

[41][42] By Leonid Kupriyanovich

Pocket phone

[41][43] By Leonid Kupriyanovich

Early portable mobile phone device

[44] 7 May 1895. The first practical device. The credit is due to Aleksandr Popov

Radio receiver

By Lev Termen

Thing (listening device)

External image
image icon Kupriyanovich's 1958 mobile phone. More info (in Russian)

Computing and information technology

[edit]

1999. By Igor Pavlov

7z

Russian Wikipedia article

Acmeology

1962. By Yevgeny Landis and Georgy Adelson-Velsky

AVL tree datastructure

1967. By (Михаил Карцев) Mikhail Kartsev

Computer for operations with functions

[Note 3] MIR

Desktop workstation

[45] By Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich, independently from William Eccles & Frank Jordan

Flip-flop (electronics)

1880. By Bruno Abakanowicz, independently from Charles Boys

Integraph

1832. The first application in informatics. By Semyon Korsakov

Punched card

2009. Chatroulette. By Andrei Ternovsky

Randomized webcam chat room

1993. By Yevgeny Roshal

RAR

...

Russian abacus

1956–59. Setun. By Sergei Sobolev and Nikolai Brusentsov

Modern ternary computer

Was proposed in 1997 by Aleksei Kitayev

Topological quantum computer

1946–56. By Genrikh Altshuller

TRIZ

Culture

[edit]

Art

[edit]

Borok (Борецкая роспись) · Gorodets · Khokhloma · Mezen (Мезенская роспись) · Zhostovo

Painting

Fedoskino · Kholuy · Mstyora · Palekh

Miniature

Bird of Happiness · Dymkovo · Filimonovo · Kargopol · Matryoshka doll

Toys

Orenburg shawl · Vologda lace (Вологодское кружево)

Other

Clothing

[edit]

Boyar hat · Kalfak (Калфак) · Kokoshnik · Kosovorotka · Lapti · Sarafan · Valenki

Civilian

Budyonovka · Gimnastyorka · Peaked cap · Sailor cap · Ushanka

Service

Music

[edit]

Gudok · Szopelka · Vladimirsky rozhok · Zhaleika

Wind

Balalaika · Domra · Doshpuluur · Gusli · Pondar (Atukh-Pondur[46], Dechig-Pondur[47]) · Russian guitar

String

Bayan · Chastushki · Treshchotka

Other

Cuisine

[edit]

Glass-holder · Russian samovar · Table-glass

Utensils

Botvinya (Ботвинья) · Kalya (Калья) · Malosol [48] · Okroshka · Rassolnik · Shchi · Solyanka · Tyurya (Тюря) · Ukha

Soups

Balyk · Chopsy [48] · Khinkal (Хинкал) · Litsuklibzhe · Porsa [49] · Shomokh [48] · Smetana · Stewler · Stroganina (Строганина) · Tyram [48]

Meat, fish, dairy products

Blini · Khingalsh · Khychin (Хычин) · Kulebyaka · Ochpochmak · Peremech (Перемяч) · Pirog · Pirozhki · Qabartma · Qistibi · Syrniki · Vatrushka

Pies, wraps, pancakes

Baked milk [50] · Kefir · Kissel · Kvas:[Note 4] Kisly'ye shchi (Кислые щи), Birch sap kvas (Берёзовый квас) · Mors (Морс) · Medovukha · Russian vodka · Sbiten

Drinks

Chakchak · Kozuli (Козули) · Pastila (Пастила (Белёвская, Коломенская, Ржевская)) · Gingerbread: Gorodets (Городецкий) / Tula / Vyazma (Вяземский) · Tetyory (Тетёры) · Urbech (Урбеч)

Sweets

Borodinsky (bread) · Khrenovina (sauce) · Pelmeni (dumpling) [52]

Other

Energy

[edit]

Russian Wikipedia article

Coal cutter-loader

1969. Severnoye Siyaniye barge. The credit is due to (Николай Кухто) Nikolai Kukhto

Floating power station

[53] 1926. Ramzin boiler. The credit is due to Leonid Ramzin

Flow-through boiler

[54] 1970s?. The credit is due to Aleksandr Kalina

Kalina cycle

[55] 1958. The credit is due to Aleksandr Klimenko

Klimenko cycle

1888–91. The cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. By Aleksandr Stoletov

Solar cell

[56] 1888. The synthesis through electrolysis. The credit is due to Dmitry Lachinov

Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen

[55] 1934–39. The credit is due to Pyotr Kapitsa

Current turboexpander

Oil and gas

[edit]

1878–83. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov

Cylindric oil depot

[57] 1914. The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhvinsky

Gas lift

[58] 1846. By Nikolai Voskoboinikov and Vasily Semyonov

Modern oil well

Was proposed in 1863 by Dmitry Mendeleyev

Pipeline transport

1891. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov

Thermal cracking

[59][60] 1922. The credit is due to Matvei Kapelyushnikov

Turbodrill

Nuclear energy

[edit]

Russian Wikipedia article

BREST reactor

...

Fast-neutron reactor

[61] International cooperation

GT-MHR reactor

...

Lead-cooled fast reactor

...

Nuclear power plant

Mass-produced

Nuclear power station barge

...

RBMK reactor

...

Traveling wave reactor

...

VVER reactor

Everyday life

[edit]

1372. The first written Uralic language (after Hungarian)

Anbur script

[62]

Banya

...

Glass-holder

...

Russian samovar

In world-wide usage

[edit]

[63]

AC transformer

...

Decimal currency

1878. Yablochkov candle. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov

Electric street lights

[Note 5][64] 1927. By Oleg Losev

Light-emitting diode

...

Modern powdered milk

...

Table-glass

Housing

[edit]

1795. By Nikolai Lvov

Early HVAC system

...

Izba

[Note 6][65] 1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk

Lightning rod

[66]

Russian oven

[67] 1795. By Ivan Kulibin

Screw drive elevator

...

Water-based central heating

Architecture

[edit]

Forms

[edit]

...

Bochka roof

...

Kokoshnik

...

Multidomed church

1164. The earliest depiction. Dobrila Evangeliary

Onion dome

...

Tented roof masonry

...

Vysotka

...

Zvonnitsa

Native styles

[edit]

...

Constructivism

...

Early Russian architecture

[68]

Neo-Russian

Developed

Neo-Byzantine

...

Late Muscovite

...

Russian Revival

...

Stalinist Empire

Russian Wikipedia article

Siberian Baroque

...

Middle Muscovite

...

Naryshkin Baroque

...

Postconstructivism

[69]

North Caucasus architecture

Russian Wikipedia article

Russian wooden architecture

Structural engineering

[edit]

[65] 1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk

Rebar

Russian Wikipedia article

Foamed concrete

1896. Shukhov Rotunda. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov

Gridshell

1896. Shukhov tower in Polibino. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov

Hyperboloid structure

All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov

Tensile structure

All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov

Thin-shell structure

Mechanical engineering

[edit]
Manual metal arc

[70] 1832. The credit is due to Aleksandr Sablukov

Centrifugal fan

[71] 1811. The credit is due to (Иван Неведомский) Ivan Nevedomsky

Lever press
Машина для чеканки с коленчатым рычагом

1718. The credit is due to Andrei Nartov

Mechanic slide rest

Refer to [27][72][73][74] for inventions listed below

Welding:

...

Arc welding

[Note 7][75]

Automatic arc welding

...

Carbon arc welding

...

Manual metal arc

[72] 1905. The credit is due to (Владимир Миткевич) Vladimir Mitkevich

Three-phase arc welding

[76]

Underwater welding

Medicine

[edit]

[Note 8][77] The credit is due to (Сергей Соколов) Sergei Sokolov

Acoustic microscope

Chizhevsky Chandelier. The credit is due to Aleksandr Chizhevsky

Air ioniser

1990s. The credit is due to Anatoly Kaplunov, Mikhail Yegorov and others

Anthropometric cosmetology

1905. The credit is due to Nikolai Korotkov

Auscultatory blood pressure measurement

By Vladimir Bekhterev

Bekhterev's mixture

1930. The credit is due to Sergei Yudin

Blood bank

1928–30. The credit is due to (Владимир Шамов) Vladimir Shamov and Sergei Yudin

Cadaveric blood transfusion

1901–03. The credit is due to (Иван Толочинов) Ivan Tolochinov and Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning

The credit is due to Gavriil Ilizarov

Distraction osteogenesis

The credit is due to Nikolai Devyatkov, Mikhail Golant and others

EHF therapy

By Gavriil Ilizarov

External fixation

1847. The credit is due to Nikolai Pirogov

Field anesthesia

The first head transplant with full cerebral function. The credit is due to Vladimir Demikhov

Head transplant

1952. By Gavriil Ilizarov

Ilizarov apparatus

...

MM-wave therapy

1963. The credit is due to (Николай Сиротинин) Nikolai Sirotinin

Oxygen cocktail

1854. By Nikolai Pirogov

Pirogov amputation
Операция Пирогова

[78] By (Вадим Юревич) Vadim Yurevich

Plasmapheresis

1974. The credit is due to Svyatoslav Fyodorov

Radial keratotomy

1875. By Nikolai Sklifosovsky

Russian lock (Sklifosovsky lock)
Русский замо́к (Замо́к Склифосовского)

[Note 8] The credit is due to (Сергей Соколов) Sergei Sokolov

Ultrasonic testing

By (Александр Вишневский) Aleksandr Vishnevsky

Vishnevsky liniment
Линимент бальзамический (по Вишневскому)

Military

[edit]

Major innovations that became standard means of modern warfare are in bold.

Air Force

[edit]

Artillery

[edit]

Cold weaponry

[edit]

Firearms

[edit]

Gear

[edit]

Rocketry

[edit]

Military vehicles

[edit]
[edit]
Close-in weapon system
Underwater fleet
[edit]
  • Underwater launches:

Physics

[edit]

By Yefim Berkovich

Berkovich tip

...

Cherenkov detector

By Gersh Budker (co-inventor)

Collider

The credit is due to Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov

Continuous-output maser

1962. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zababakhin, K. V. Volkov, Vyacheslav Danilenko, V. I. Yelina

Detonation nanodiamond

1802. By Vasily Petrov

Electric arc

1966. The credit is due to Gersh Budker

Electron cooling

[121] 1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky

EPR spectroscopy

By Zhores Alfyorov (co-developer)

Heterotransistor

[122] 1950. The credit is due to Andrei Tikhonov

Magnetotellurics

1944. The credit is due to Vladimir Veksler

Microtron

By Yevgeny Zavoisky (co-developer)

NMR spectroscopy

[123]

Nuclotron

The credit is due to Aleksandr Makarov

Orbitrap

[124] 1930–34. By Leonid Kubetsky

Photomultiplier

...

Reflectron

[125] 1939. By Nikolai Devyatkov

Reflex klystron

...

Shashlik (physics)

2001.

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

...

Synchrophasotron

By Vladimir Veksler (co-inventor)

Synchrotron

...

Tokamak

...

Voitenko compressor

Printing

[edit]

[126] 1866–67. The credit is due to (Пётр Княгининский) Pyotr Knyagininsky

Automatic typesetter

[127][128] 1869. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov

Hectograph

[Note 12][129] 1890. The credit is due to (Иван Орлов) Ivan Orlov

Orlov printing

[additional citation(s) needed][130] By (Иван Орлов) Ivan Orlov

Iris printing (rainbow printing)
Ирисовая печать (радужная печать)

[131] 1870s. The credit is due to (Иосиф Ливчак) Iosif Livchak

Slug-casting typesetter

[128] 1870. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov

Typewritter-typesetter
Наборно-пишущая машина

Recording

[edit]
Stereo camera, another Russian invention

[132] 1962. The credit is due to Yury Denisyuk

3D holography

1926, 1927. The credit is due to (Павел Тагер) Pavel Tager and (Александр Шорин) Aleksandr Shorin

Graphical sound

The credit is due to Lev Termen

Light beam microphone

[133] 1925. The credit is due to Sergei Rzhevkin

Piezoelectric microphone

[134] 1933. The credit is due to Fyodor Leontovich

Underwater movie camera

Photography

[edit]

[135] 1840. The credit is due to Aleksei Grekov

Electroplated daguerreotype

[136] 1882. The credit is due to Sigizmund Yurkovsky

Instant focal-plane shutter

1891. 1939. The credit is due to (Яков Наркевич-Иодко) Yakov Narkevich-Iodko and Semyon Kirlian

Kirlian photography

[137] 1852. The credit is due to (Иван Александровский) Ivan Aleksandrovsky

Stereo camera

By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (a prolific inventor in the field of photography): [138][139]

1875

Portable photographic studio

1882

Expeditional photocamera

1886

Aerial camera and photographic plates

1886

Watertight marine camera

1887

Camera for solar eclipses

Space exploration

[edit]

1756

The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov

Night vision telescope

1762

Published in 1827. By Mikhail Lomonosov

Off-axis reflecting telescope

1959, 1895

Proposed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Yury Artsutanov

Space elevator

1903

By Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Theoretical foundations of spaceflight

1916

The credit is due to Yury Kondratyuk

Lunar orbit rendezvous

1959, 1919

Proposal, first application

Gravity assist

1930

By Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau

Radiosonde

1931

...

Hypergolic propellant

1931

...

Space suit

1941

...

Maksutov telescope

1951, 1947

The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky

Modern multistage rocket

1963, 1949

Proposal, first application

Staged combustion cycle

????

The credit is due to Gavriil Tikhov

Feathering spectrograph

????

[citation needed] First application

Electric propulsion

1957

...

Spaceport

1957

...

Orbital space rocket

1957

...

Satellite

1957

...

Space capsule

1958

...

Air-augmented rocket

1961

...

Space food

1961

...

Human spaceflight

1961

...

Reentry capsule

1963

...

Plasma propulsion engine

1964

...

Kardashyov scale

1964

...

Pulsed plasma thruster

1965

...

Extra-vehicular activity

1965

...

Molniya orbit satellite

1966

Luna 9

Lander spacecraft

1966

Luna 10

Orbiter

1966

...

Orbital module

1967

...

Automated space docking

1967

...

Space toilet

1970

...

Space probe

1970

...

Robotic sample return

1970

...

Space rover

1971

...

Space station

1971

...

Hall effect thruster

1975

Venera 9

Venus lander

1975

...

Androgynous Peripheral Attach System

1978

...

Unmanned resupply spacecraft

1979

[81]

Space-based radio telescope

1982

...

Modular space station

1992

...

Space mirror

1995

...

Submarine-launched spacecraft

1999

Multinational cooperation

Sea Launch

2001

...

Space tourism

2015

[140] Planned

Space cleaner

Sports and games

[edit]

[141]

Abalakov thread

...

Aviamodelling sport

...

Bandy

...

Business chess

...

Chapayev (game)

...

Fire-fighting sport

...

Gorodki

First conducted in 1776 by Grigory Orlov

Harness racing

...

Lapta

...

Mafia (party game)

...

Orlov Trotter

...

Parachuting sport

...

Preferans

...

Competitive rhythmic gymnastics

...

Rocket boots

...

Russian fist fighting

...

Russian pyramid

[142]

Sambo

[143]

Spring-loaded camming device

...

Tetris

[144][145] Neva Yacht Club

Yacht club

Transportation

[edit]

...

Modern bascule bridge

Amphibious ATV specially for swamp terrain

Bolotokhod
Болотоход

...

Droshky

[146] 1900. The credit is due to (Ипполит Романов) Ippolit Romanov

Electric bus

...

Gyrocar

1739–52 & 1780. The credit is due to Leonty Shamshurenkov and Ivan Kulibin

Self-propelling carriage

Bolotokhod for snow and swamp terrain

Snegobolotokhod

Aerosani

Snowmobile

...

Troika (driving)

Maritime

[edit]

Russian Wikipedia article

Horse-boat

[Note 13] The credit is due to Aleksei Krylov and Stepan Makarov

Insubmersibility

Icebreakers:

[147] Koch (boat)

Icebreaker

[148]

Modern icebreaker

[149]

Nuclear-powered icebreaker

[150]

Polar icebreaker

...

Resonance method of ice destruction

Rail transport

[edit]

...

Children's railway

...

Deep column station

[151] 1924. The first successful mainline diesel locomotive. The credit is due to Yury Lomonosov

Diesel locomotive

...

Electric tram

The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov

Headlamp

...

Platform screen doors

[152] Russian Wikipedia article

Rail assembly line

...

Railway electrification system

...

String transport

Refer to [152] for inventions listed below

Work trains:

...

Ballast cleaner

Russian wikipedia article

Ditch cleaning machine

Russian wikipedia article

Snow-removal train

Russian wikipedia article

Snowplow (work train)

Russian wikipedia article

Track cleaning machine

1887. The credit is due to (Иосиф Ливчак) Iosif Livchak

Track geometry car

Russian wikipedia article

Track liner

Aviation

[edit]

Sikorsky Ilya Muromets. The credit is due to Igor Sikorsky

Airliner

[153][154] Late 1980s – 1996. Hybrid of airplane, airship, helicopter and hovercraft. The credit is due to Aleksandr Filimonov

BARS (aircraft)

[Note 14][155]

Coaxial rotors

[156] 1937–41. The credit is due to Arkhip Lyulka

Double-jet turbofan

Hybrid of ekranoplan and airplane

Ekranolet
Экранолёт

...

Ekranoplan

The first successful jet airliner. Tupolev Tu-104

Jet airliner

[157][158] 1919. The first jet pack project. The credit is due to Aleksandr Andreyev

Jet pack

1754. The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov

Model helicopter

[159]

Pulse jet engine

Yakovlev Yak-40

Regional jet

[160] The credit is due to (Борис Юрьев) Boris Yuryev

Swashplate (helicopter)

The first SST to enter service. Tupolev Tu-144

Supersonic transport

...

Thermoplan

Other

[edit]

...

Burglar alarm

...

Foam extinguisher

...

Forensic facial reconstruction

[161] 1891. The credit is due to Yevgraf Fyodorov

Fyodorov table

...

Lightning detector

...

Manned drifting ice station

[162] The credit is due to Ivan Kulibin

Searchlight

[163]

Smokejumping

[164]

Sounding weight probe

Developments leading to

[edit]

By Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov

Laser

[131] Slug-casting typesetter. By (Иосиф Ливчак) Iosif Livchak

Linotype

By Vladislav Ivanov

Magnetic resonance imaging

[Note 15] 1911–16 contributions to modern tank design by Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov and (Василий Менделеев) Vasily Mendeleyev

Modern tank design

By Leonid Gobyato and Roman Kondratenko

Modern mortar (weapon)

By Pyotr Ufimtsev

Modern stealth aircraft technology

The solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. The credit is due to Aleksandr Stoletov

Solar panel

Precursors

[edit]

(Мортирная батарея Нартова) Nartov mortar battery, by Andrei Nartov

Automatic grenade launcher, Quick-firing gun

Self-propelling carriage (contained a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox and roller bearing), by Ivan Kulibin

Automobile

An early heating/ventilation system by Nikolai Lvov

HVAC

[165] Ivan Elmanov's monorail

Monorail

The Thing, by Lev Termen

RFID

Russian Mountains

Roller coaster

1881. Proposal. By Nikolai Kibalchich

Thrust vectoring

Aerowagon

Turbojet train

By Semyon Korsakov

Unit record equipment

Inventions by Russian emigrants

[edit]

Igor Sikorsky ...............................

Nikolai Florin ..............................

Yury Gurevich .............................

Nikolai Obukhov .........................

Dmitry Garbuzov .........................

Vladimir Zvorykin .......................

Aleksandr Lodygin ......................

Vladimir Yurkevich .....................

Konstantin Fahlberg ....................

Aleksandr Khrennikov .................

Konstantin Novosyolov ................

Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky .........

Aleksandr Prokofyev-Seversky .....

: Modern helicopter [Note 16]

: Tandem rotor helicopter (first to fly freely)

: Abstract state machines

: Croix Sonore

: Continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Zhores Alfyorov)

: Kinescope · Iconoscope (with Semyon Katayev)

: Electrical filament · Incandescent light bulb

: Modern ship hull design

: Saccharin

: Finite element method

: Graphene (with Andrei Geim)

: Three-phase electric power

: Ionocraft · Gyroscopically stabilized bombsight

Russian discoveries

[edit]
Carbon nanotubes

1872. By Aleksandr Borodin, independently from Adolphe Wurtz

Aldol reaction

1761. The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov

Atmosphere of Venus

1951.

Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

1952.

Carbon nanotubes

1890.

Chemosynthesis

1934.

Cherenkov radiation

1903.

Cytoskeleton

1968.

Dubnium

1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky

Electron paramagnetic resonance

1999.

Flerovium

1859.

Formaldehyde

1861.

Formose reaction

1911. Was claimed by Georges Urbain and Vladimir Vernadsky (independently)

Hafnium

1859.

Hexamine

1905.

Korotkov sounds

1961. Co-discovered by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Dubna Nuclear Research Institute

Lawrencium

2000.

Livermorium

1966.

Nobelium

1910. The credit is due to Nikolai Vasilyev

Non-Aristotelian logic

1868. The credit is due to Dmitry Chernov

Polymorphous transformations in steel

1924. The credit is due to Aleksandr Oparin

Primordial soup theory

1981.

Quantum dot

1964.

Rutherfordium

1908. Hypothesis. By Aleksandr Maksimov

Stem cells

1937. By Pyotr Kapitsa (co-discoverer)

Superfluidity

[166] 1880. By (Николай Лунин) Nikolai Lunin

Vitamins

1892.

Viruses

2002. Unconfirmed

Ununoctium

2003. Unconfirmed

Ununpentium

2010. Unconfirmed

Ununseptium

2003. Unconfirmed

Ununtrium

Technology records

[edit]
Soyuz, the most successful means of space transportation

Tsar Bell (the largest and heaviest bell in the world)
Mozhaisky Airplane II (the first feasible airplane project)
Trans-Siberian Railway (the longest railway in the world)
Moscow Metro (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system)
Leningrad Metro (the deepest subway in the world)
Aswan Dam (a megaproject; developed by the Hydroproject Institute)
Druzhba pipeline (the longest oil pipeline system in the world)
Proton (the most used heavy lift launch system)
Soyuz (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world) [167]
The Motherland Calls (the largest complex sculpture)
Lunokhod 2 (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle) [168]
Arktika-class icebreaker (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole)
Mir (submersible) (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; was developed in cooperation with Finland)
RD-170 (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine)
Antonov An-225 Mriya (the largest fixed-wing aircraft)
Kola Superdeep Borehole (the deepest borehole)
Mir mine (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation)
50 Let Pobedy (the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general) [169]
Russky Bridge (the longest cable-stayed bridge)
SP-117 (allegedly the most potent truth drug)

Weaponry records

[edit]
Zasechnaya cherta (the largest fortification line of abatis type)
Tsar Cannon (the largest-calibre bombard)
T-34 (the best medium tank of World War II) [170]
AK-47 (the world's most produced assault rifle)
RPG-7 (the world's most used anti-tank weapon)
Tsar Bomba (the most powerful weapon ever tested)
KM (ekranoplan) (the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft)
Mil V-12 (the largest helicopter ever built)
Kirov-class battlecruiser (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world)
R-36M (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight)
Typhoon-class submarine (the largest submarine ever built)
Tupolev Tu-160 (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft)
Novichok agent (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made) [171]
Beriev A-40 (the largest amphibious flying boat) [172]
Zubr-class LCAC (the world's largest hovercraft) [173]
Don-2N (the most powerful early-warning radar)
Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.
  2. ^ With searchlight as medium, by Ivan Kulibin. The invention allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.
  3. ^ The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.
  4. ^ First mentioned in the Primary Chronicle. By the 15th century Russians knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.[51]
  5. ^ No application was found at the time of the invention.
  6. ^ The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.
  7. ^ Automatic arc welding was developed and implemented almost simultaneously in Russia, USA and Germany. Some of the Russian contributions to the process include creation of a method of automatic submerged arc welding and equipment for rapid automatic arc welding.
  8. ^ a b Not realized due to immaturity of technology at the time of the invention.
  9. ^ First mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. However, according to the Kitab al-I'tibar, carrying a concealed knife in a boot was a custom in the Middle East around the same time.
  10. ^ Not to be confused with suppressed.
  11. ^ BMP-1 was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding Schützenpanzer 12-3 is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.
  12. ^ Orlov printing: distinct color edges without disruptions or displacements. Iris printing: smooth transition of colors.
  13. ^ In historical ships, insubmersibility was pioneered in China.
  14. ^ First coaxial rotor helicopters originating in Russia: first (Mikhail Lomonosov's model helicopter for meteorological studies, 1754), first mass-produced helicopter (Kamov Ka-15), first combat helicopter (Kamov Ka-25), first attack helicopter (Kamov Ka-50).
  15. ^ The Mendeleyev tank (ru:Танк Менделеева) envisioned many innovations that became standard features of a modern battle tank - protection of the vehicle was well-thought out, main gun included automatic loading mechanism, pneumatic suspension allowed adjusting of clearance, some critical systems were duplicated, transportation by railroad was possible by a locomotive or with adapter wheels. Porokhovshchikov's Vezdekhod, though a less ambitious project than Mendeleyev's, was the first amphibious armored vehicle and the first tank design to combine caterpillar and wheel ways of movement. It could be considered the world's first monotrack tank, as well as the first tankette.
  16. ^ The first project of a helicopter with the essentials for a stable flight was developed in 1911 by Boris Yuryev (ru:Юрьев, Борис Николаевич).

References

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Bibliography

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{{Inventions}} [[Category:Russian inventions|*]] [[Category:Science and technology in Russia]] [[Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries|Russia]] [[Category:Technology-related lists|Russian inventions]] [[Category:Russia-related lists]]