User:Howardrford/Oceania

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The following table lists records of extreme temperature in territories of Australia and Oceania. Much of the available extreme temperature data recorded in the smaller Pacific islands is of poor quality and is not included here. The aim is to present a reliable list of extreme temperatures. The elevation in metres above sea level of locations reporting record minimum temperatures is given where relevant to the temperature recorded.

Territory Lowest Temperature Highest Temperature
T°C Place Elev. (m) Date T °C Place Date
Oceania -25.6 Ranfurly  New Zealand 420 17 July 1903 50.7 Oodnadatta  Australia 2 January 1960
†O†50-23.0 Charlotte Pass (Kosciuszko Chalet)  Australia 1755 29 June 1994 Onslow Airport  Australia 13 January 2022
†ʘ†50-21.6 Ophir  New Zealand 350 3 July 1995
Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands (Aus.) †O 19 [1] 34 [1]
New Zealand Auckland Islands (NZ) †O -4.2 Enderby Island [2] 28 July 1995 20.0 Carnley Harbour Auckland Island [3] March 1942-1944
†5017.2 Enderby Island [2][4] 3 February 2023
 Australia †O-23.0 Charlotte Pass (Kosciuszko Chalet) New South Wales [5][6] 1755 29 June 1994 50.7 Oodnadatta South Australia [5] 2 January 1960
†ʘ-20.6 Kiandra New South Wales [7] 1395 2 August 1929 Onslow Airport Western Australia [8] 13 January 2022
†ʘ†50-16.7 Kiandra Chalet New South Wales [5] 1395 16 August 1974
Japan Bonin and Volcano Islands (Jap.) 7.8 Chichi-jima [9] 8 February 1969 35.0 Iōtō (Iwo Jima) [10][11] 23 July 1945
†508.9 Chichi-jima [9] 11 February 1980 †5034.1 Chichi-jima [9] 30 July 2006
New Zealand Campbell Islands (NZ) †O -8.0 Beeman Cove Campbell Island [2] 29 July 2011 21.2 Beeman Cove Campbell Island [2][12] 21 January 1995
5 February 2023
New Zealand Chatham Islands (NZ) -2.5 Tuuta Airport Chatham Island [10][13] 10 July 2013 26.8 Tuuta Airport Chatham Island [10][14] 3 February 2020
 Cook Islands (NZ) 8.9 Rarotonga [15][16] 13 July 1915 35.4 Rarotonga Airport [10][17] 10 February 2014
†509 Mangaia [18] 1975
Australia Coral Sea Islands Territory (Aus.) †O 16.4 Willis Island [19][20] 5 August 1930 35.2 Willis Island [21] 9 February 2002
†5017.8 Willis Island [19] 22 July 1982
 Fiji 5.6 Navai Valley Viti Levu [22][23] 765 19 July 1938
5 July 1939 		37.4 Vatukoula Viti Levu [24][25][26] 12 January 2003
†506.5 Nadrau Viti Levu [27][28] 775 14 August 1986
20 July 1987
 Guam (US) 18.3 Guam Airport (Tamuning) [29][30][31] 13 January 1973
8 February 1973 		35.0 Guam Airport (Tamuning) [30][32] 30 June 1969
18 July 1969
†5018.9 Guam Airport (Tamuning) [30] 18 January 2000 †5034.4 Guam Airport (Tamuning) [30] 6 September 2016 [33]


 Hawaii (US) -3.9 Humuʻula Hawaiʻi [34][35] 2040 6 March 1912 36.7 Puʻunēnē Airport Maui [34][36] 19 August 1951
14 July 1957
†50-0.6 Kulani Camp Hawaiʻi [37] 1575 20 January 1998 [38] †5036.1 Kahului Airport Maui [34][39] 31 August 1994
22 August 2015
29 July 2019
16 September 2019
United States Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (US) †O 12.2 Tern Island French Frigate Shoals [37] 9 February 1957 35.6 Tern Island French Frigate Shoals [37] 12 August 1971
†5014.4 Tern Island French Frigate Shoals [37] 21 April 1977 †5033.9 Tern Island French Frigate Shoals [37] 13 June 1974
17 June 1974
United States Howland and Baker Islands (US) †O 21.7 Baker Island [10][40] 13 August 1945 32.2 Baker Island [10][40] 26 October 1943
13 December 1944
†5021 [1] †5034 [1]
United States Jarvis Island (US) †O 21 [1] 34 [1]
[[File:|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Johnston Atoll (US) †O 16.7 Johnston Atoll Airport [41][37] 12 December 1964 32.2 Johnston Atoll Airport [37][42] 23 September 1951
26 October 1984
†5018.3 Johnston Atoll Airport [37] 11 February 1994 [43]
New Zealand Kermadec Islands (NZ) †O 7.4 Bells Beach Raoul Island [37] 5 August 1965 31.0 Bells Beach Raoul Island [37] 30 January 1995
†508.0 Bells Beach Raoul Island [37] 19 August 1994
 Kiribati 20.0 Banaba Island [44][45][10][46] 23 March 1907
19 August 1950
13 February 1983 		35.6 Banaba Island [47] 27 September 1929 [48]
Kanton Island [49] 20 November 2018
Banaba Island 20.0 Banaba Island [44][45][10][46] 23 March 1907
19 August 1950
13 February 1983 		35.6 Banaba Island [47] 27 September 1929 [48]
†5034.7 Banaba Island [10] 2 January 1984
Gilbert Islands (Tungaru) 20.8 Butaritari [10] 9 September 1998 35.2 Beru [50] 2 July 2016
Line Islands (Aona Raina) 21.1 Tabuaeran (Fanning Island) [10][46] 5 July 1989 34.0 Tabuaeran (Fanning Island) [10] 11 August 1987
Phoenix Islands (Rawaki) 21.1 Kanton Island [51] 13 April 1953 35.6 Kanton Island [49] 20 November 2018
†5021.6 Kanton Island [10] 10 September 1992
Australia Macquarie Island (Aus.) †O -9.4 Macquarie Island Station (The Isthmus) [52] 3 July 2003 17.0 Macquarie Island Station (The Isthmus) [53] 8 February 2022
 Northern Mariana Islands (US) 16.7 Saipan Airport [30] 65 8 February 1973 35.0 Puntan Afetña (San Antonio) (Saipan LORAN) [30] 19 June 1959
†5019.4 Capitol Hill [37] 250 5 March 2007
7 August 2019 [54] 		Saipan Airport [10] 13 August 2017
15 August 2017 [55]
 Marshall Islands 20.0 Jālwōj (Jaluit) Airport [10][56] 18 January 1957
19 November 1992 		34.4 Ānewetak (Enewetak Atoll) [41][57] 31 August 1966
21 September 1966
Kuwajleen (Kwajalein Atoll) [41][56] 4 January 1979
28 September 1984
Mājro (Majuro) [41][56] 28 November 1991 Airok Airport Aelōn̄ļapļap (Ailinglaplap) [37][57] 2 November 2017
 Federated States of Micronesia 18.3 Yap Airport [41] 17 December 1973 36.1 Pohnpei [41] 24 August 2001
25 August 2001
 Midway Atoll (US) †O 7.2 Henderson Field (Sand Island) [10] 26 March 1975 33.3 Henderson Field (Sand Island) [37] 7 September 1979 [58]
Japan Minami-Tori-shima (Marcus Island) (Jap.) 13.8 Minami-Tori-shima Airport [59][60] 10 February 1976 35.6 Minami-Tori-shima Airport [59][61] 17 July 1951
†5035.5 Minami-Tori-shima Airport [59] 18 July 1991
 Nauru 20.4 Yaren [62][63] 6 August 1922 34.6 Ariyeyen (Nauru ARC-2) [10] 14 November 2003
†5022.5 Ariyeyen (Nauru ARC-2) [10] 8 August 2012
 New Caledonia (Fr.) 2.3 Bourail [64] 60 17 June 1965 39.9 Boulouparis (Bouloupari) [64] 8 January 2002
†502.5 Bourail [65] 60 28 August 1979
 New Zealand -25.6 Ranfurly (Eweburn) Otago region [66] 420 17 July 1903 42.4 Rangiora Canterbury region [67][68] 7 February 1973
†50-21.6 Ophir Otago region [66] 350 3 July 1995 †5041.3 Timaru Canterbury region [69] 6 February 2011
 Niue (NZ) 10.6 Hanan (Niue) Airport [70][71] 25 July 2008 34.6 Alofi [72][73] 23 February 1988
 Norfolk Island (Aus.) 6.2 Norfolk Island Airport [74][75] 110 29 July 1953 28.4 Norfolk Island Airport [76][75] 16 March 1990
11 February 1996
4 March 2011
†509.4 Norfolk Island Airport [74][77][75] 110 19 August 2011 [78]


 Palau 19.4 Nekken Forestry Babeldaob [37] 25 February 1996
26 February 1996 [79] 		35.0 Koror [30][80] 22 March 2018
 Palmyra Atoll (US) †O 18.3 Palmyra Atoll Airfield (Cooper Island) [37] 15 November 1955 32.2 Palmyra Atoll Airfield (Cooper Island) [10] 8 November 1946
21 May 1957
18 May 1962
†5018 [1] †5033 [1]
 Papua New Guinea -3.3 Tambul Research Station Western Highlands province [81][82] 2250 1963 39.4 Lae Airfield Morobe province[83][84] 21 January 1976
†50-2.7 Tambul Research Station Western Highlands province [85][86] 2250 3 September 1982
 Pitcairn Islands (UK) 10.0 Adamstown Pitcairn Island [2] 265 11 September 1974
10 June 2008 		†O31.4 Henderson Island [87][88][89] February 1991
March 1991
†ʘ30.3 Adamstown Pitcairn Island [2][89] 19 January 2012
 French Polynesia (Fr.) 8.5 Ahuréi Rapa Iti (Rapa) Archipel des Australes (Austral Islands) [90] 5 September 1972 36.1 Atuona Hiva ʻOa, Îles Marquises (Marquesas Islands) [90][91] 15 December 1972
†509.0 Ahuréi Rapa Iti (Rapa) Archipel des Australes (Austral Islands) [92] 2 August 1979 †5036.0 Atuona Hiva ʻOa, Îles Marquises (Marquesas Islands) [93] 20 November 2014
 Samoa 10.5 Afiamalu ʻUpolu [94][95] 795 36.5 Asau Savaiʻi [96][97] December 1977
 American Samoa (US) 17.2 Pago Pago Airport Tutuila [41] 2 September 1970 35.6 Pago Pago Airport Tutuila [41] 27 February 1998
 Solomon Islands 16.6 Honiara Airport Guadalcanal [10] 10 August 1993 36.1 Tulagi [98] 8 December 1913
Honiara Airport Guadalcanal [99] 1 February 2010
 Tokelau (NZ) 19.0 Fakaofo [100] September 1947 35.5 Nukunonu [10][101] 18 April 1982
13 December 2006
†5020.6 Atafu [10] 19 June 1984
30 November 1990 		Atafu [10][101] 15 June 1991
Fenua Fala Fakaofo [10][101] 4 May 1995
 Tonga 8.7 Fuaʻamotu Airport Tongatapu [102][103] 8 September 1994 35.5 Niuafoʻou [104] 1 February 2016
 Tuvalu 19.5 Nui [105][106] 1947-1984 35.5 Nanumea [107][108] 27 November 2019
 Vanuatu 8.5 Bauerfield Airport (Port Vila) Éfaté [10] 24 July 1986 36.2 Lamap Malekula [109] 8 February 2016
 Wake Island (US) †O 15.6 Wake Island Airfield [110] 8 March 1999 36.6 Wake Island Airfield [111] 15 August 2019
 Wallis and Futuna (Fr.) 18.0 Hihifo ʻUvea (Wallis Island) [112][113] 14 July 2014 35.8 Pointe Vele Airport (Maopoopo) Futuna Island [114] 10 January 2016
Indonesia Western New Guinea (Indon.) 1.8 Enarotali Airport West Papua province [10][115] 1770 2 November 1997 37.1 Tanah Merah West Papua province [10] 22 October 2015

^†ʘ Record observed in an area with a permanent resident population. Unless otherwise stated, this will be the case.

^†O Territory or location has no permanent resident population.

^†50 Record in the last 50 years; only given if the all-time record occurred more than 50 years ago.

Notes and References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Estimated. No data has been found.
  2. ^ a b c d e f CliFLo National Climate Database, New Zealand National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Limited (NIWA). Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  3. ^ [M. L. Leamy & L. C. Blakemore (1960) The peat soils of the Auckland Islands, New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 3:3, 526-546, DOI: 10.1080/00288233.1960.10426636.
  4. ^ SYNOP/BUFR observations. Month Summary, Station : Enderby Island AWS (New Zealand), Meteomanz.com. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Rainfall and Temperature Extremes, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  6. ^ Charlotte Pass is a ski resort with little or no permanent population.
  7. ^ The Coldest Ever – Kiandra breaks record, Trove (The Canberra Times). Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  8. ^ Daily Extremes: Highest daily maximum temperatures for Australia - 13 January 2022, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  9. ^ a b c 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値), 父島（東京都), Japan Meteorological Agency (in Japanese; Values from 1st to 10th in the history of observation (values throughout the year), Chichijima (Tokyo)). Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Global Summary of the Day (GSOD), National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  11. ^ This reading is possibly unreliable.
  12. ^ SYNOP/BUFR observations. Month Summary, Campbell Island AWS (NEW ZEALAND), MeteoManz. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  13. ^ -2.9°C reported at Chatham Island Radio station on 28 July 1965, and temperatures as low as -3.3°C (reported at Chatham Island EWS on 21 July 2007) are unreliable.
  14. ^ 29.6°C reported at Chatham Island EWS on 30 January 2013 is unreliable (it most likely should be 19.6°C). The temperature recorded at the Chatham Island Aero station (at the same site) on this day was 20.1°C.
  15. ^ The Climate and Weather of the Southern Cook Islands, New Zealand Meteorological Service. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  16. ^ Date is approximate; a record low temperature (at the time) of 12.2°C was reported at Alofi Niue on this date.
  17. ^ 35.6°C reported at Aitutaki in February 1933 is unreliable.
  18. ^ Coldest temperature in 40 years, Cook Island News. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  19. ^ a b Monthly Lowest Temperature, Willis Island, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  20. ^ Temperatures at Elizabeth Reef and Middleton Reef, both close to latitude 30°S (compare to Willis Island at 16°S), could be expected to reach 10°C.
  21. ^ Monthly Highest Temperature, Willis Island, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  22. ^ Annual Meteorological Report for the Year 1938, Colony of Fiji, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  23. ^ Annual Meteorological Report for the Year 1939, Colony of Fiji, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  24. ^ Weather Summary for Fiji Islands – January 2003, Fiji Meteorological Service, World AgroMeteorological Information Service (WAMIS). Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  25. ^ The month is incorrectly given as December 2002 in the table header.
  26. ^ 39.4°C reported at Nacocolevu Viti Levu in February 1968, 38.0°C reported at Labasa (Lambasa) Vanua Levu in January 1980, and 37.8°C reported at Yasawa-i-rara Yasawa on 28 January 2016 are unreliable.
  27. ^ Cold weather being experienced around the country to continue till late next month, fijivillage.com Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  28. ^ Fiji Meteorological Service.
  29. ^ Weather Underground. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Threaded Station Extremes, ThreadEx. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  31. ^ Lower temperatures reported at Guam are believed to be unreliable.
  32. ^ At the same place, 35.6°C reported on 18 April 1971 and 1 April 1990, and 35.0°C reported on 16 April 1971 is probably unreliable.
  33. ^ This is the latest date; also recorded on previous dates.
  34. ^ a b c Climatological Data Publications, NOAA Satellite and Information Service. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  35. ^ The station only reported between 1905 and 1914. -7.8°C was recorded at the Mauna Loa Slope Observatory at an elevation of 3395 m on Mauna Loa Hawaiʻi on 20 February 1962. -17°C was reported during experiments at an elevation of 4140 m on Mauna Kea Hawaiʻi on 20 January 1970.
  36. ^ 37.8°C reported at Pāhala Hawaiʻi on 27 April 1931 is unreliable, as are numerous other high readings from various places.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Climate Explorer, The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  38. ^ Also on 8 February 1970, 21 December 1977, 24 January 1980 and 25 January 1980.
  39. ^ Kahului, Kahului Airport (United States), OGIMet. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  40. ^ a b Hourly (not extreme) data for Baker Island exists only for the two years October 1943 to October 1945. Data for Howland Island for 5 years between 1935 and 1941 produced extreme temperatures of 21.7°C and 38.3°C but the maximum temperature appears to indicate an overexposure of the thermometer.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h Local Climatological Data Publication, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  42. ^ The temperature record after 1985 is not reliable.
  43. ^ Also on numerous other dates.
  44. ^ a b Meteorological Observations take at Ooma during March 1907, British Atmospheric Data Centre. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  45. ^ a b Meteorological Observations at Ocean Island, August 1950, British Atmospheric Data Centre. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  46. ^ a b c Lower temperatures have been reported at a number of islands, including 18.3°C at Tabuaeran (Fanning Atoll) and 18.9°C at Kiritimati (Christmas Island) but none are believed to be reliable. Temperatures may be expected to approach 18°C at Flint Island in the Southern Line Islands at latitude 11°26′S.
  47. ^ a b Meteorological Observations at Ocean Island for the month of September 1929, British Atmospheric Data Centre. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  48. ^ a b Also 1 April 1905, 18 November 1928, 26, 27 and 28 December 1928 and possibly 21 September 1939.
  49. ^ a b SYNOP/BUFR observations. Month Summary. Kanton Island (Phoenix Islands), Meteomanz.com. Retrieved 200 November 2018.
  50. ^ SYNOP/BUFR observations. Month Summary. Beru (Kiribati), Meteomanz. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  51. ^ The Practical Aspect of Tropical Meteorology Volume 1, Air Force Surveys in Geophysics, Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  52. ^ Monthly Lowest Temperature, Macquarie Island, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  53. ^ Macquarie Island February 2022 Daily Weather Observations, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  54. ^ Also 6 February 1996 and 25 February 1997.
  55. ^ Also 20 August 1994 and 24 August 1994.
  56. ^ a b c Temperatures may be expected to approach 18°C at the northernmost point of land at Bokaak (Bokak Atoll) at a latitude of 14°32′N. 18.3°C reported at Arņo (Arno Atoll) on 18 December 2003 is probably unreliable.
  57. ^ a b Temperatures as high as 35.4°C reported at Ānewetak in 2005 are probably unreliable. Temperatures equalling and exceeding 34.4°C reported at Utrōk (Utirik) Atoll since the commencement of readings in early 2016 have not been confirmed due to questions regarding the reliability of the station.
  58. ^ Also 21 July and 6 August 1984, and 21 August, 25 August and 26 August 1987.
  59. ^ a b c 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値, 南鳥島), Japan Meteorological Agency (in Japanese; Values from 1st to 10th in the history of observation (values throughout the year), Minamitorishima (Tokyo)). Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  60. ^ 12.8°C reported on 27 January 1967 is unreliable.
  61. ^ This reading may have occurred due to possible overexposure of the instrumentation.
  62. ^ Commonwealth of Australia Meteorological Observations made at Nauru during the month of August 1922, British Atmospheric Data Centre. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  63. ^ 19.8°C recorded on 13 October 1903 during the German occupation of the island is possibly reliable. Numerous lower temperatures reported during the first half of the 20th century are probably unreliable.
  64. ^ a b Quel temps fait-il en Nouvelle-Calédonie?, CyclonExtrème (in French; What’s the Weather Like in New Caledonia?). Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  65. ^ Relevés, Meteo France Nouvelle-Calédonie (in French; Summaries). Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  66. ^ a b New Zealand’s coldest recorded temperature – Review, World Meteorological Organisation. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  67. ^ The New Year 2004 Heatwave, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA). Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  68. ^ Some sources give the reading in The Jordan Marlborough region on this day as also 42.4°C, rather than the correct 42.3°C.
  69. ^ Ten years of the weather with you, NIWA. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  70. ^ National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA), New Zealand.
  71. ^ 8.0°C reported at Alofi in August 1976 is unreliable.
  72. ^ Pacific Climate Change Data Portal, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  73. ^ The temperature and date have been estimated from a temperature plot.
  74. ^ a b Monthly Lowest Temperature, Norfolk Island Aero, Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  75. ^ a b c More extreme temperatures recorded at Kingston in the 19th century are unreliable.
  76. ^ Monthly Highest Temperature, Norfolk Island Aero, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  77. ^ Monthly Lowest Temperature, Norfolk Island Comparison, Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  78. ^ Also 29 September 1968, 30 July 1969, 5 August 1997 and 9 August 2006.
  79. ^ And also on previous dates.
  80. ^ 35.0°C reported on 3 June 1976 is probably unreliable.
  81. ^ The Instability of the Tropical Ecosystem in Papua New Guinea, Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  82. ^ -5°C reported at an elevation of c. 1800 m at Laiagam Enga province in 1971 has not been confirmed.
  83. ^ It’s Better Weather, Papua New Guines Post Courier, Friday 23 January 1976, page 4. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  84. ^ 40.3°C reported at Bubia (date unknown) is probably unreliable.
  85. ^ The Land Resources of Upper Mendi, ISRIC World Soil Information. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  86. ^ -3°C reported at Yumbisa Enga province (elevation 2650 m) on 2 October 1972 has most likely been rounded down from -2.5°C.
  87. ^ Impact of early Polynesian occupation on the land snail fauna of Henderson Island, Pitcairn group (South Pacific), The Royal Society. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  88. ^ Temperature records from Henderson Island only exist for the period February 1991 to January 1992. Temperatures on the island may be expected to reach 33°C or 34°C over a longer period of time.
  89. ^ a b Temperatures as high as 33.7°C (in January 1943) reported at Adamstown on Pitcairn Island before 1956 are unreliable.
  90. ^ a b Climat, Polynésie Française, Météo Polynésie Française (in French; Climate of French Polynesia). Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  91. ^ Higher temperatures reported in the same source are probably unreliable.
  92. ^ Climatologie globale en août à Rapa, InfoClimat (in French; Climatology in August in Rapa. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  93. ^ https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/globale/mois-de-novembre/atuona/91925.html Climatologie globale en novembre à Atuona, InfoClimat (in French; Climatology in November in Atuona). Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  94. ^ Samoa’s Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP). Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  95. ^ The lowest known dated record is 11.1°C recorded at Afiamalu on 29 September 1971.
  96. ^ The Climate and Weather of Western Samoa, New Zealand Meteorological Service. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  97. ^ A number of exceptionally high temperatures reaching 38.5°C reported at new stations at Asau and Faleolo Airport ʻUpolu in 2015 appear to be overexposed.
  98. ^ Meteorological Observations taken at Tulagi, British Solomon Islands Protectorate during December 1913, British Atmospheric Data Centre. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  99. ^ Historical Weather: Honiara / Henderson, Solomon Islands, El Tiempo. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  100. ^ 16.7°C reported at Fakaofo on 11 August 1952 is unreliable. Lower temperatures reported at Atafu are probably also unreliable.
  101. ^ a b c 35.6°C reported at Fenua Fala Fakaofo between 1977 and 1984 is possibly reliable. Higher temperatures recorded on all of the atolls do not appear reliable, for instance 37.9°C at Atafu in May 1979.
  102. ^ Climate Summary of Tonga, Tonga Meteorological Service. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  103. ^ 8.3°C reported at Nukuʻalofa Tongatapu on 2 August 1933 has not been confirmed.
  104. ^ King tide may cause coastal flooding, February heatwave brought Tonga's hottest day on record, Loop. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  105. ^ The Climate and Weather of Tuvalu, New Zealand Meteorological Service. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  106. ^ The lowest reliable fully dated temperature is 20.0°C at Niulakita on 28 July 2003. 20.0°C was also recorded at Funafuti in November 1982. Temperatures as low as 17.8°C reported from Nanumea between August 1954 and April 1956 are unreliable.
  107. ^ SYNOP/BUFR observations. Month summary, Nanumea (Tuvalu), MeteoManz. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  108. ^ More extreme temperatures (such as 36.1°C at Funafuti in December 1963, and undated reports of 36.1°C at Niulakita, 35.9°C at Nui and 35.8°C at Nanumea) are probably unreliable due to overexposure.
  109. ^ Lamap Malekula (Vanuatu), OGIMet. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  110. ^ Wake Island WSO Ap, Pacific Ocean, Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary, Western Regional Climate Centre. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  111. ^ 91245: Wake Island, Wake Island Army Airfield Airport (United States), OGIMet.
  112. ^ Hihifo Ile Wallis (Wallis and Futuna Islands), OGIMet. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  113. ^ 17.6°C reported at Mala’etoli ʻUvea (Wallis Island) on 1 June 1987 is probably unreliable.
  114. ^ Maopoopo Ile Futuna (Wallis and Futuna Islands), OGIMet. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  115. ^ Temperatures as low as -2°C were reported between 3 July and 5 July 2015 in the Lanny Jaya Regency West Papua province. -8°C has been reported near the summit of Puncak Jaya, elevation over 4800 m.
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