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Cat-like families

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Phylogenetic tree

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   Feliformia   

Nimravidae




Stenoplesictidae



Percrocutidae




Nandiniidae





Prionodontidae




Barbourofelidae



Felidae






Viverridae




Hyaenidae




Herpestidae



Eupleridae







Nimravidae

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The following phylogeny is based on Peigné et al. (2003),[1] as modified by Averianov et al. (2016).[2]

Nimravidae

Maofelis



MA-PHQ 348




Dinaelurus

Nimravus brachyops

Nimravus intermedius




Eofelis




Dinailurictis



Quercylurus




Dinictis



Pogonodon




Nanosmilus




Hoplophoneus primaevus




Hoplophoneus occidentalis




Hoplophoneus mentalis




Hoplophoneus dakotensis


Eusmilus

Eusmilus bidentatus




Eusmilus cerebralis




Eusmilus villebramarensis



Eusmilus sicarius















Barbourofelidae

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The following cladogram is based on Robles et al (2013) and uses the reassigned genera as described therein.[3]

Felidae

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Viverroidea

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Viverridae

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Gaubert & Veron (2003)[4]

A phylogenetic study showed that the small Indian civet is closely related to the genera Civettictis and Viverra. It was estimated that the Civettictis-Viverra clade diverged from Viverricula around 16.2 Mya. The authors suggested that the subfamily Viverrinae should be bifurcated into Genettinae including Poiana and Genetta, and Viverrinae including Civettictis, Viverra and Viverricula. The following cladogram is based on this study.[5]

Viverrinae
Viverrinae

Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)

African civet (Civettictis civetta)

Viverra

Large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha)

Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)

Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)

sensu stricto
Genettinae
sensu lato

The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships for the revised Viverridae, based on the molecular genetics study of Gaubert & Cordeiro-Estrela (2006),[5], with additional species placed according to the supertree study of Nyakatura & Bininda-Emonds (2012).[6] (Nyakatura2012_12915_2011_Article_534_Fig9_HTML.jpg)


Viverridae
Paradoxurinae
Arctictis

Arctictis binturong (Binturong)

Macrogalidia

Macrogalidia musschenbroekii (Sulawesi palm civet)

Paradoxurus

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Asian palm civet)

Paradoxurus jerdoni (Jerdon's palm civet)

Paradoxurus zeylonensis (Golden palm civet)

Paguma

Paguma larvata (Masked palm civet)

Hemigalinae
Chrotogale

Chrotogale owstoni (Owston's palm civet)

Diplogale

Diplogale hosei (Hose's palm civet)

Hemigalus

Hemigalus derbyanus (Banded palm civet)

Cynogale

Cynogale bennettii (Otter civet)

Arctogalidia

Arctogalidia trivirgata (Small-toothed palm civet)

Viverrinae
Viverrinae
Civettictis

Civettictis civetta (African civet)

Viverra

Viverra civettina (Malabar large-spotted civet)

Viverra megaspila (Large-spotted civet)

Viverra zibetha (Large Indian civet)

Viverra tangalunga (Malayan civet)

Viverricula

Viverricula indica (Small Indian civet)

sensu stricto
Genettinae
Genetta

Genetta angolensis (Angolan genet)

Genetta pardina (Pardine genet)

Genetta bourloni (Bourlon's genet)

Genetta poensis (King genet)

Genetta maculata (Rusty-spotted genet)

Genetta tigrina (Cape genet)

Genetta genetta (Common genet)

Genetta cristata (Crested servaline genet)

Genetta piscivora (Aquatic genet)

Genetta servalina (Servaline genet)

Genetta johnstoni (Johnston's genet)

Genetta victoriae (Giant forest genet)

Genetta abyssinica (Abyssinian genet)

Genetta thierryi (Haussa genet)

Poiana

Poiana leightoni (Leighton's linsang)

Poiana richardsonii (African linsang)

sensu lato

Herpestidae

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The cladogram below is based on the results of a 2005 study by Ewa Barycka of the Polish Academy of Sciences[7] and a 2009 study by Marie-Lilith Patou, of the National Museum of Natural History (France), and colleagues:[8]

Viverroidea

Viverridae

Hyaenoidea

Hyaenidae

Herpestidae
Suricata

Suricata suricatta (Meerkat)

Mungos

Mungos mungo (Banded mongoose)

Liberiictis

Liberiictis kuhni (Liberian mongoose)

Helogale

Helogale parvula (Common dwarf mongoose)

Helogale hirtula (Ethiopian dwarf mongoose)

Crossarchus

Crossarchus alexandri (Alexander's kusimanse)

Crossarchus obscurus (Common kusimanse )

Ichneumia

Ichneumia albicauda (White-tailed mongoose)

Paracynictis

Paracynictis selousi (Selous' mongoose)

Cynictis

Cynictis penicillata (Yellow mongoose)

Rhynchogale

Rhynchogale melleri (Meller's mongoose)

Bdeogale

Bdeogale nigripes (Black-footed mongoose)

Bdeogale crassicauda (Bushy-tailed mongoose)

Herpestes

Atilax paludinosus (Marsh mongoose)

Herpestes naso (Long-nosed mongoose)

Herpestes urva (Crab-eating mongoose)

Herpestes brachyurus (Short-tailed mongoose)

Herpestes smithii (Ruddy mongoose)

Herpestes vitticollis (Stripe-necked mongoose)

Herpestes fuscus (Indian brown mongoose)

Herpestes edwardsii (Indian gray mongoose)

Herpestes javanicus (Small Asian mongoose)

(+Atilax)

Eupleridae

(=Herpestoidea)

Eupleridae

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Phylogeny of Malagasy carnivorans (Eupleridae)[9]
Eupleridae 

Cryptoprocta

C. ferox (Fossa)



C. spelea (Giant fossa)




Fossa (Malagasy civet)



Eupleres (falanouc)

Eupleres goudotii (eastern falanouc)



Eupleres major (western falanouc)



Galidiinae

Galidia (Ring-tailed mongoose)



Galidictis 

G. fasciata (Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose)



G. grandidieri (Grandidier's mongoose)




Salanoia 

S. durrelli (Alaotra mongoose)



S. concolor (Brown-tailed mongoose)




Mungotictis (Narrow-striped mongoose)






Hyaenas

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  • The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas. Edited by Raymond L. Bernor, Volker Fahlbusch, and Hans-Walter Mittmann
    • 24. Carnivores, Exclusive of Hyaenidae, from the Later Miocene of Europe and Western Asia (p271, L. Werdelin)
    • 25. The Evolutionary History of Hyaenas in Europe and Western Asia During the Miocene (p290, L. Werdelin and N. Solounias).
      • Appendix 25.1: Occurrences of Hyaenas in Europe and Western Eurasia

Hyenas diverged from the stem feliform in the Oligocene and transitioned through six ecomorph groups from civet-like insectivores/omnivores through generalised jackal-like meat and small bone eaters to the fully developed modern bone crushers. This middle phase is well represented by the four hyaenid species that have been described from the South African fossil site of Langebaanweg (LBW) E Quarry (Figure 1): Chasmaporthetes australis, Hyaenictitherium namaquensis, Hyaenictis hendeyi and Ikelohyaena abronia.

Molecular

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New cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships between the four extant hyaenidae species, based on the genetic analysis of Koepfli et al (2006).[10]

Hyaenidae

Proteles cristatus (aardwolf)

Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyena)

Parahyaena brunnea (brown hyena)

Hyaena hyaena (striped hyena)

Morphological

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The following cladogram illustrates the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct hyaenids based on the morphological analysis by Werdelin & Solounias (1991).[11]

Evolution of hyaenas

Hypothetical ancestor

Protictitherium crassum

"Protictitherium" cingulatum

"Protictitherium" intermedium

"Protictitherium" llopisi

"Protictitherium" punicum

"Protictitherium" gaillardi

Plioviverrops

Plioviverrops gervaisi

    Civet/mongoose-like insectivore-omnivores

Plioviverrops gaudryi

Plioviverrops guerini

Plioviverrops orbignyi

Proteles

Proteles cristatus (aardwolf)

Proteles amplidentus

Tongxinictis primordialis

Tungurictis spocki

Ictitherium

Ictitherium viverrinum

Ictitherium tauricum

    Jackal-like hyaenas

Ictitherium ibericum

Ictitherium kurteni

Ictitherium intuberculatum

Ictitherium pannonicum

Thalassictis robusta

"Thalassictis" certa

"Thalassictis" montadai

"Thalassictis" proava

"Thalassictis" sarmatica

"Thalassictis" spelaea

Hyaenotherium wongii

Miohyaenotherium bessarabicum

Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides

"Hyaenictitherium" pilgrimi

"Hyaenictitherium" parvum

"Hyaenictitherium" namaquensis

Lycyaena chaeretis

Lycyaena dubia

    Cursorial hunting hyaenas

Lycyaena macrostoma

Lycyaena crusafonti

Hyaenictis graeca

Hyaenictis almerai

Hyaenictis sp.

Chasmaporthetes

Chasmaporthetes exitelus

Chasmaporthetes borissiaki

Chasmaporthetes lunensis

Chasmaporthetes ossifragus

Chasmaporthetes sp.

Chasmaporthetes nitidula

Chasmaporthetes australis

(running hyaenas)
Hyaeninae
Bone-cracking hyaenas    

Palinhyaena reperta

Ikelohyaena abronia

Belbus beaumonti

Hyaenid "sp. E"

Leecyaena lycyaenoides

"Leecyaena" bosei

Parahyaena brunnea (brown hyaena)

Hyaena hyaena (striped hyaena)

Pliocrocuta perrieri

Pachycrocuta brevirostris (giant hyaena)

"Pachycrocuta" bellax

Adcrocuta eximia

Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyaena)

Crocuta sivalensis

Crocuta dietrichi

(bone‑cracking
hyaenas)

Phylogenic relationships based on morphological characteristics, after Werdelin & Solounias (1991).

Morphology (updated)

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Phylogeny

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The following cladogram illustrates the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct hyaenids based on the morphological analysis by Werdelin & Solounias (1991),[11] as updated by Turner et al (2008).[12]

Evolution of hyaenas

Hypothetical ancestor

Protictitherium crassum

"Protictitherium" cingulatum

"Protictitherium" intermedium

"Protictitherium" llopisi

"Protictitherium" punicum

"Protictitherium" gaillardi

"Protictitherium" sumegense

"Protictitherium" csakvarense

Plioviverrops

Plioviverrops gervaisi

    Civet/mongoose-like insectivore-omnivores

Plioviverrops orbignyi

Plioviverrops guerini

Plioviverrops faventinus

Plioviverrops gaudryi

Tungurictis spocki

Thalassictis robusta

"Thalassictis" certa

"Thalassictis" montadai

"Thalassictis" proava

"Thalassictis" sarmatica

"Thalassictis" spelaea

Tongxinictis primordialis

Proteles

Proteles cristatus (aardwolf)

Proteles amplidentus

Ictitherium

Ictitherium viverrinum

Ictitherium ebu

    Jackal-like hyaenas

Ictitherium tauricum

Ictitherium ibericum

Ictitherium kurteni

Ictitherium intuberculatum

Ictitherium pannonicum

Miohyaenotherium bessarabicum

Hyaenotherium

Hyaenotherium wongii

Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides

"Hyaenictitherium" pilgrimi

"Hyaenictitherium" parvum

"Hyaenictitherium" namaquensis

"Hyaenictitherium" minimum

Lycyaena

Lycyaena chaeretis

Lycyaena dubia

    Cursorial hunting hyaenas

Lycyaena macrostoma

Lycyaena crusafonti

Hyaenictis

Hyaenictis graeca

Hyaenictis almerai

Hyaenictis hendeyi

Lycyaenops

Lycyaenops rhomboideae

Lycyaenops silberbergi

Chasmaporthetes

Chasmaporthetes exitelus

Chasmaporthetes bonisi

Chasmaporthetes borissiaki

Chasmaporthetes lunensis

Chasmaporthetes melei

Chasmaporthetes ossifragus

Chasmaporthetes sp. Florida

Chasmaporthetes nitidula

Chasmaporthetes australis

(running hyaenas)
Hyaeninae
Bone-cracking hyaenas    

Metahyaena confector

Palinhyaena reperta

Hyaenid sp. E Langebaar

Belbus beaumonti

Hyaena abronia

Hyaena hyaena (striped hyaena)

Parahyaena howelli

Parahyaena brunnea (brown hyaena)

Pliocrocuta perrieri

Pachycrocuta brevirostris (giant hyaena)

Adcrocuta eximia

Allohyaena kadici

Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyaena)   

Crocuta eturono

(bone‑cracking
hyaenas)

Phylogenic relationships based on morphological characteristics, after Werdelin & Solounias (1991) and Turner et al (2008).

A more recent molecular analysis gives a slightly different phylogenetic relationship between the four extant hyaenidae species (Koepfli et al, 2006[10]).

Hyaenidae

Proteles cristatus (aardwolf)

Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyena)

Parahyaena brunnea (brown hyena)

Hyaena hyaena (striped hyena)

Feloidea

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Phylogeny of Machairodontines with the three out-groups, Proailurus, Pseudaelurus, and all modern, conical-toothed cats, with a brief description of each genus:[13][14][15][16]

FELIDAE

Proailurus 25 mya; Europe, Asia; one species; 9 kg




Pseudaelurus 18 mya; Europe, Asia, North America; 12 species; average 40 kg




Felinae

(modern cats 10 mya- present; North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa; 44 species)


Machairodontinae

Metailurini

Adelphailurus 10-5 mya; North America; one species; 50 kg



Pontosmilus 4 species



Stenailurus 7 mya; Europe



Yoshi 9 mya; Europe, Asia; 2 species[17]




Metailurus 9 mya - 11,000 BCE; Africa,North America, Europe, Asia; six species



Dinofelis (aka Therailurus) 5-1 mya; Europe, Asia, Africa, North America; 8 species; average 90 kg





Smilodontini

Promegantereon 15-9 mya; Europe; one species; average 55 kg[18]



Paramachairodus (aka Paramegantereon) 15-9 mya; Europe, Asia; one species; average 55 kg




Rhizosmilodon 5-4.5 mya; North America; 1 species; average 78.8 kg[19]



Megantereon 6-2 mya; North America, Africa, Asia; 12 species; average 120 kg



Smilodon 2.5 mya - 10,000 BCE; North America, South America; three species; average 400 kg






Homotherini

Lokotunjailurus 10 mya; Africa



Nimravides 13.6-4 mya; North America; 5 species[20]



Amphimachairodus 9.5-5.3 mya; Eurasia, Africa, North America; 4 species; average 350-490 kg[21]




Homotherium 5 mya- 10,000 BCE; North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa; 14 species; average 190 kg



Xenosmilus 1 mya; North America; one species; 300 kg




Machairodontini

Miomachairodus 12 mya; Europe, Asia, Africa, North America; one species



Hemimachairodus 2 mya; Asia; one species



Machairodus 11 mya- 126,000 BCE; Europe, Asia, Africa, North America; 6 species; average 300 kg













FELIDAE

Proailurus 25 mya; Europe, Asia; one species; 9 kg

Pseudaelurus 18 mya; Europe, Asia, North America; 12 species; average 40 kg

Felinae

(modern feline and pantherine cats; 10 mya – present; North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa; 44 species)

sensu lato
Machairodontinae
Metailurini 

Adelphailurus 10–5 mya; North America; one species; 50 kg

Pontosmilus four species

Stenailurus 7 mya; Europe

Metailurus 9 mya – 11,000 BCE; Africa, North America, Europe, Asia; six species

Dinofelis (aka Therailurus) 5–1 mya; Europe, Asia, Africa, North America; eight species; average 90 kg

Smilodontini 

Paramachairodus (aka Paramegantereon, Promegantereon) 15–9 mya; Europe, Asia; two species; average 55 kg

Megantereon 6–2 mya; North America, Africa, Asia; 12 species; average 120 kg

Smilodon 2.5 mya – 10,000 BCE; North America, South America; three species; average 400 kg

Homotherini

Lokotunjailurus 10 mya; Africa

Homotherium 5 mya – 10,000 BCE; North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa; 14 species; average 190 kg

Xenosmilus 1 mya; North America; one species; 300 kg

Machairodontini 

Miomachairodus 12 mya; Europe, Asia, Africa, North America; one species

Machairodus (aka Nimvarides, Amphimachairodus) 11 mya – 126,000 BCE; Europe, Asia, Africa, North America; 20 species; average 300 kg

References

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  1. ^ Peigné, S. Systematic review of European Nimravinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Nimravidae) and the phylogenetic relationships of Palaeogene Nimravidae. Zool. Scr. 32, 199–229 (2003).
  2. ^ Alexander Averianov, Ekaterina Obraztsova, Igor Danilov, Pavel Skutschas and Jianhua Jin (2016). "First nimravid skull from Asia". Scientific Reports 6: Article number 25812. doi:10.1038/srep25812.
  3. ^ Josep M. Robles , David M. Alba , Josep Fortuny , Soledad De Esteban-Trivigno , Cheyenn Rotgers , Jordi Balaguer , Raül Carmona , Jordi Galindo , Sergio Almécija , Juan V. Bertó & Salvador Moyà-Solà , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2013): New craniodental remains of the barbourofelid Albanosmilus jourdani (Filhol, ) from the Miocene of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula) and the phylogeny of the Barbourofelini, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, DOI:10.1080/14772019.2012.724090
  4. ^ Gaubert, P. and Veron, G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 270 (1532): 2523–2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521
  5. ^ a b Gaubert, P.; Cordeiro-Estrela, P. (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchanges between Asia and Africa" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 266–278. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.034. PMID 16837215. Open access icon
  6. ^ Nyakatura, Katrin; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf RP (2012). "Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates" (PDF). BMC Biology. 10: 12. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-12. PMC 3307490. PMID 22369503.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Barycka, Ewa (2005). "Evolution and systematics of the feliform Carnivora". Mammalian Biology. 72 (5): 257–282. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.10.011.
  8. ^ Patou, M.; Mclenachan, P.A.; Morley, C.G.; Couloux, A.; Jennings, A.P.; Veron, G. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of the Herpestidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) with a special emphasis on the Asian Herpestes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.038.
  9. ^ Yoder, AD; Burns, M.M.; Zehr, S.; Delefosse, T.; Veron, G.; Goodman, S.M.; Flynn, J.J. (2003). "Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor" (PDF). Nature. 421 (6924): 734–737. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..734Y. doi:10.1038/nature01303. PMID 12610623. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  10. ^ a b Koepfli, K.-P.; Jenks, S. M.; Eizirik, E.; Zahirpour, T.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2006). "Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae: Relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (3): 603–620. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.017. PMID 16503281. Cite error: The named reference "Koepfli2006" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Werdelin, L.; Solounias, 1991 (1991). "The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution" (PDF). Fossils and Strata. 30: 1–104. {{cite journal}}: |first2= has numeric name (help)
  12. ^ Turner, Alan; Antón, Mauricio; Werdelin, Lars (2008). "Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil Hyaenidae of Europe". Geobios. 41 (5): 677–687. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.01.001.
  13. ^ Paleobiology Database
  14. ^ Turner, Alan (1990). "The evolution of the guild of larger terrestrial carnivores during the Plio-Pleistocene in Africa". Geobios. 23 (3): 349–368. doi:10.1016/0016-6995(90)80006-2.
  15. ^ Martin, L. D.; Babiarz, J. P.; Naples, V. L.; Hearst, J. (2000). "Three Ways To Be a Saber-Toothed Cat". Naturwissenschaften. 87 (1): 41–44. Bibcode:2000NW.....87...41M. doi:10.1007/s001140050007.
  16. ^ Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-231-10228-3.
  17. ^ Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2015). "A New Felid from the Late Miocene of the Balkans and the Contents of the Genus Metailurus Zdansky, 1924 (Carnivora, Felidae)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 22: 45–56. doi:10.1007/s10914-014-9266-5.
  18. ^ Anton, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth.
  19. ^ https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/rhizosmilodon-fiteae
  20. ^ Anton, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth.
  21. ^ Anton, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth.