User:Thomash1/sandbox
Original - "Gut flora"[edit]
Other inflammatory or autoimmune conditions[edit]
Allergy, asthma, and diabetes mellitus type 1 are autoimmune and inflammatory disorders' the causes of these disease are unknown and issues with the gut flora and its relationship with the host have been implicated in these conditions. [1]
Two hypotheses have been posed to explain the rising prevalence of these diseases in the developed world: the hygiene hypothesis, which posits that children in the developed world are not exposed to a wide enough range of pathogens and end up with an overreactive immune system, and the role of the Western pattern diet which lacks whole grains and fiber and has an overabundance of simple sugars.[1] Both hypotheses converge on the changes in the gut flora and its role in modulating the immune system, and as of 2016 this was an active area of research.[1]
Similar hypotheses have been posited for the rise of food and other allergies.[2]
As of 2016 it was not clear if changes to the gut flora cause these auto-immune and inflammatory disorders or are a product of them or adaptation to them.[1][3]
Edits - "Gut flora"[edit]
Other inflammatory or autoimmune conditions[edit]
Allergy, asthma, and diabetes mellitus type 1 are autoimmune and inflammatory disorders' the causes of these disease are unknown and issues with the gut flora and its relationship with the host have been implicated in these conditions.[1]
Two hypotheses have been posed to explain the rising prevalence of these diseases in the developed world: the hygiene hypothesis, which posits that children in the developed world are not exposed to a wide enough range of pathogens and end up with an overreactive immune system. For instance, the composition of the gut microbiota has been shown to vary in children with and without asthma, with asthmatic children containing lower prevalence of protective genera such as Lachnospira and Faecalibacterium. [4] The second hypothesizes the Western pattern diet which lacks whole grains and fiber and has an overabundance of simple sugars.[1] Fiber is typically metabolized by gut bacteria into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are involved in immune signalling that prevents triggering asthma.[5] Both hypotheses converge on the changes in the gut flora and its role in modulating the immune system, and as of 2017 this was an active area of research.[1]
Similar hypotheses have been posited for the rise of food and other allergies.[2]
The connection between the gut microbiota and diabetes mellitus type 2 has also been linked to anti-inflammatory bacterial metabolites regulating the low-grade inflammatory state common for the disease. Butyrate, a SCFA produced by bacteria, has been shown to decrease insulin resistance, suggesting gut communities low in butyrate-producing microbes may increases chances of acquiring the disease. [6]
As of 2017 it was not clear if changes to the gut flora cause these auto-immune and inflammatory disorders or are a product of them or adaptation to them.[1][3]
Thomash1 (talk) 21:31, 8 October 2017 (UTC)
Final Edits - "Gut flora"[edit]
Other inflammatory or autoimmune conditions[edit]
Allergy, asthma, and diabetes mellitus are autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of unknown cause, but have been linked to imbalances in the gut flora and its relationship with the host.[1]
With asthma, two hypotheses have been posed to explain its rising prevalence in the developed world. The hygiene hypothesis posits that children in the developed world are not exposed to enough microbes and thus may contain lower prevalence of specific bacterial taxa that play protective roles.[4] The second hypothesis focuses on the Western pattern diet, which lacks whole grains and fiber and has an overabundance of simple sugars.[1] Both hypotheses converge on the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in immunomodulation. These bacterial fermentation metabolites are involved in immune signalling that prevents the triggering of asthma and lower SCFA levels are associated with the disease.[4][5] Lacking protective genera such as Lachnospira, Veillonella, Rothia and Faecalibacterium has been linked to reduced SCFA levels.[4] Further, SCFAs are the product of bacterial fermentation of fiber, which is low in the Western pattern diet.[1][5] SCFAs offer a link between gut flora and immune disorders, and as of 2016, this was an active area of research.[1] Similar hypotheses have also been posited for the rise of food and other allergies.[2]
The connection between the gut microbiota and diabetes mellitus type 1 has also been linked to anti-inflammatory SCFAs, such as butyrate, regulating the associated low-grade inflammatory state by controlling gut permeability.[7] Additionally, butyrate has also been shown to decrease insulin resistance, suggesting gut communities low in butyrate-producing microbes may increase chances of acquiring diabetes mellitus type 2.[6]
As of 2016 it was not clear if changes to the gut flora cause these auto-immune and inflammatory disorders or are a product of or adaptation to them.[1][3]
Thomash1 (talk) 04:05, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Shen, Sj; Wong, Connie HY (2016-04-15). "Bugging inflammation: role of the gut microbiota". Clinical & Translational Immunology. 5 (4): e72. doi:10.1038/cti.2016.12.
- ^ a b c Ipci K (2016). "The possible mechanisms of the human microbiome in allergic diseases". Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. (Review). doi:10.1007/s00405-016-4058-6. PMID 27115907.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Spiller R (2016). "Irritable bowel syndrome: new insights into symptom mechanisms and advances in treatment". F1000Research. 5 (5(F1000 Faculty Rev)): 780. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7992.1. PMC 4856111. PMID 27158477.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Arrieta, Marie-Claire; Stiemsma, Leah T.; Dimitriu, Pedro A.; Thorson, Lisa; Russell, Shannon; Yurist-Doutsch, Sophie; Kuzeljevic, Boris; Gold, Matthew J.; Britton, Heidi M. (2015-09-30). "Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma". Science Translational Medicine. 7 (307): 307ra152–307ra152. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aab2271. ISSN 1946-6234. PMID 26424567.
- ^ a b c Stiemsma, Leah T.; Turvey, Stuart E. (2017-01-06). "Asthma and the microbiome: defining the critical window in early life". Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 13: 3. doi:10.1186/s13223-016-0173-6. ISSN 1710-1492.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Gao, Zhanguo; Yin, Jun; Zhang, Jin; Ward, Robert E.; Martin, Roy J.; Lefevre, Michael; Cefalu, William T.; Ye, Jianping (2009-07-01). "Butyrate Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Energy Expenditure in Mice". Diabetes. 58 (7): 1509–1517. doi:10.2337/db08-1637. ISSN 0012-1797. PMID 19366864.
- ^ Knip, Mikael; Siljander, Heli (2016-01-04). "The role of the intestinal microbiota in type 1 diabetes mellitus". Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 12 (3): 154–167. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.218. ISSN 1759-5037.