- Capriglia Irpina is a Municipality of the Italian Republic located in the Campania Region.
- The territory of the current Capriglia Irpina called Caprigliano in an elevated position on the mountain in a westerly direction from the Sabato river which receives the waters from the Rio Noci.
- The Caprigliano has been reported since ancient times also in the Gallery of Geographical Maps in the Vatican Museums in the Vatican City State.
- The Caprigliano was a housing group for the local Irpina population.
- Hence the origin of the current name of the Municipality of Capriglia Irpina.
- This remarkable ethnic heterogeneity corresponds to a similar mixture of cultures, accentuated even more by the movements of peoples and by the changes that occurred in southern Italy, over the course of many centuries, starting from the Middle Bronze Age and throughout the first millennium BC. in such a wide chronological span different cultures have followed one another with different territorial articulations.
- During the V century B.C. and especially in the IV century B.C. the main changes take place, both in the ethnic structure and, consequently, in the cultural one. The expansion motion of the local people linked by ancient blood relations and with their own culture, by the pressure of the Samnites and with the process of Romanization of the entire Region. The process of integration into the Roman world of pre-existing cultures and peoples underwent a decisive turning point following the social war (89 B.C.). From that moment the cultural differences between the different areas included in the geographical area of the next Regio IV Samnium with the Irpini in the highlands tend to disappear completely.
- The Irpini (in Latin Hirpini) descend from the Samnite lineage of the Osci, an ancient population of Italic lineage of pre-Roman Campania settled on the soil of the peninsula with Caucasian origins and Italic dialects with Indo-European origins.
- From the V century B.C., the Osci were incorporated by the Samnites, closely allied to them and initially settled slightly further north, and since then the two groups ended up substantially coinciding, in a variegated group of these people who survived for a long-time obtaining citizenship without suffrage after the Roman conquest accomplished with the Samnite Wars between 343 B.C. and 291 B.C. .
- The Samnites were an ancient Italic people from the early Iron Age to the VI-V century B.C. settled in the central-southern area of the Italian peninsula. Ancient historiography, predominantly Roman, described the Samnites as a population mainly devoted to sheep farming, divided into scattered mountainous settlements (montibus vicatim). Particularly marked was their belligerence: according to tradition Rome would have managed to defeat this people only after three wars.
- The Regio IV Samnium was established by the emperor Augustus in the 1st century with the Augustan subdivision of ancient Italy also including parts of Campania including the territories of the Hirpini, Sannio Irpino.
- The Augustan organization very summarily respected the historical dislocation of the ancient populations who had occupied and still occupied the vast territory including the Irpinia with the absorption of the Oscan culture.
- The various archaeological finds in the localities of Soprappiano and Ischia, in addition to the necropolises and rustic villas, and objects found in tombs, lead us to believe at least certain a frequentation at the time of Christ and a relationship between the events of Caprigliano with the settlement born after the Roman Avellino, Abellinum, located in the territory of today's Atripalda, ceased to exist following the Longobards wars and the subsequent Byzantine occupation.
- The population dispersed on the surrounding hills, giving rise to various small new centers.
- The Romans used the water from a spring and a waterfall, located in one of the oldest areas of Capriglia called Ischia, and channeled it into conduits also dug into the rock.
- Not far from the town there are stations (Starze), built to offer shelter to people and animals during the journeys towards the Oppidum built in Capriglia following a massacre perpetrated by the Romans. In the housing group of Caprigliano, a fenced outpost (munitae munitiones) was erected next to the mountain as a stable settlement, a fortified structure for the residence and defense of noble landowners and feudal lords, as well as by Religious Orders of Chivalry.
- The history of Caprigliano is inextricably linked to the construction of a hermitage dedicated in honor of “St. Maria” in Grottone between the 5th and 6th centuries on the initiative of the future S. Vitaliano, Bishop of Capua.
- A structure would have arisen on the remains of a pagan temple dedicated to the cult of the goddess Cybele, an ancient Anatolian divinity and identified with the Great Mother, celebrated to the roar of timpani, cymbals, flutes and castanets. Cybele supervised the fertility of the earth and at the same time she was the sovereign of virgin and uncontaminated nature, she was the protector of the cities (hence the attribute of the turreted crown) and inhabitant in the recesses of the mountains.
- The few inhabitants who survived the Roman conquest survived by hunting and grazing until the territory of Capriglia fell into the Benevento lands, until 849 part of the Duchy of Benevento, which later became the Principality of Benevento, to become after the partition part of the Principality of Salerno, while remaining linked to Benevento from an ecclesiastical point of view.
- The Longobards followed (570-1074) with the southern extension of the Longobard dominion in Italy.
- Zottone (VI century – 591) First Longobard duke of Benevento according to the Historia Langobardorum of Paolo Diacono, which attributes to him about twenty years of dukedom (571-590). He detached himself from the bulk that was invading northern Italy and pushed south, settling with his faithful in Samnium. Recognized duke of Benevento by his king Alboino (571), he carried out a terrible raid against the abbey of Montecassino. He was succeeded by Arechi.
- Arechi I (640 - 641) was the Second Longobard duke of Benevento. He was born into the family of Duke Gisulfo; the Longobard king Agilulfo designated him (594) successor of Zottone, founder of the duchy of Benevento. He consolidated his state by fighting against the Byzantines: he occupied Capua and seized much of Campania and southern Abruzzo. After the truce between the Longobards and the Byzantines (589), Arechi took possession of Salerno again (after 626).
- Aione I (VII century – 642) was the third Longobard duke of Benevento, succeeded (641) after the long rule of his father Arechi I. His succession, desired by the people of Benevento themselves, independently of the designation of King Rotari, attests to the autonomist tendency that the southern Longobards had since their origins towards the monarchy. The dukedom of Aione was short for a year and five months; he perished (642) in battle against a host of Slavs. His adoptive brother Radoaldo avenged his death, exterminating the Dalmatians and deserving of his successor.
- Radoaldo (VII century – 647) was the Longobard duke of Benevento. Son of the Longobard duke Gisulfo, he was adopted in Benevento by Arechi I, who, dying in 641, designated him his successor in place of his own son Aione. But having been elected duke by the Benevento Aione himself, Radoaldo could only become so on his death, in 642. He then resumed the war against the cities of Campania which had remained under the Byzantines; he was succeeded by his brother Grimoaldo, who later became king of the Longobards (662).
- Grimoaldo I (VII century – 671) was the Longobard duke of Benevento. Son of Gisulfo II, he was elected duke of Benevento on the death of his brother Radoaldo (647) and king of the Longobards from 662 to 671.
- Romualdo I (VII century – 687) was the Longobard duke of Benevento. Son of Grimoaldo I, he had the government of the duchy (662), when his father became king of the Longobards. With the help of his father, he resisted the siege of Constans II, and, believing the victory the result of the prayers of the priest Barbato, he wanted him to be the first Catholic bishop of Benevento, and converted with many of his gods.
- Grimoaldo II (VII century – 689) was the Longobard duke of Benevento from 687 to 689. Son of Romualdo I, he held the duchy of Benevento for a few years and on his death was succeeded by his brother Gisulfo.
- Gisulfo I (VII century – 706) was the Longobard duke of Benevento. Son of Duke Romualdo I, he succeeded his brother Grimoaldo II in 683 under the regency of his mother. He enlarged his duchy at the expense of the Roman duchy.
- Romualdo II (VII century – 731) was the Longobard duke of Benevento. Son of Gisulfo I and grandson of Romualdo I, he governed the duchy from 706 to 731. He fought against the Longobard monarchy for autonomy, but (729) had to submit to King Liutprando. In the final stretch of the government of Romualdo II, the entire Italian peninsula was set ablaze by the hard battle that pitted the Papacy against the Empire of Constantinople over the question of iconoclasm, i.e., the prohibition of the cult of sacred images, with their destruction, sanctioned in 726 by the emperor Leo III the Isaurian and rejected by the Roman pontiffs and by a very large part of the clergy and populations of the West. Romualdo II undertook to protect Pope Gregory II from the threats that came to him from the Empire due to the position held by the pope regarding the cult of sacred images, but, at the same time, he also united with him to stem the expansionism of Liutprando towards the regions of central and southern Italy, to guarantee the autonomy of the duchy. The duke almost certainly died in 732, after twenty-six years of government. During the reign of Romualdo II, the Casale di Capriglia-Embreciera called Santa Maria in Grottone was built near this hermitage before the annexed castle was built. Families of vassals with serfs were brought together at this Casale with the task of tilling and working the land, in order to produce income.
- Gisulfo II (VIII century – 751) was the Longobard duke of Benevento. Son of Romualdo II, who succeeded his father at an early age, he was however not recognized by the people of Benevento. King Liutprando, who wanted to reaffirm the supremacy of the kingdom, intervened, first imposing one of his nephews as duke (732), then, following the rebellion of the people of Benevento, returning the state to Gisulfo II (742), who only on the death of sovereign (744) was able to resume a policy of autonomy.
- Liutprando (VIII century – 759) was the Longobard duke of Benevento. Son of Gisulfo II, whom he succeeded in 751, he then assumed an attitude of decisive autonomy towards the king of the Longobards, Desiderio, for whom the latter, defeated him, made him prisoner and replaced Arechi II (758).
- Arechi II (about 734 – 787) was Longobard duke of Benevento from 758 to 774, and then prince of Benevento from 774 until his death on 26 August 787.
- Grimoaldo III (about 763 – 806) was the Longobard prince of Benevento from 787 to 806. Grimoaldo died in 806 without direct heirs. Grimoaldo IV succeeded him to the throne.
- Grimoaldo IV (VIII century – 817) was the Longobard prince of Benevento from 806 to 817. He held the rank of officer of the prince's guard at court. He was very attached to Grimoaldo III who, being childless and placing the utmost trust in him, nominated him as his successor on his deathbed.
- Sicone I (about 772 – 832) was the Longobard prince of Benevento from 817 to 832.
- Sicardo (VIII century – 839) was the Longobard prince of Benevento from 832. Sicardo was the son and successor of Sicone I of Benevento, becoming the last ruler of the Benevento principality before the definitive separation from the dominion of Salerno took place.
- Radelchi I (about 791 – 851) was treasurer and then Longobard prince of Benevento from 839 to his death.
- A long period of fratricidal struggles between the Longobards ended in 851, with the definition of the separation line between the Gastaldato of Salerno and that of Benevento "per serram montis virgini", i.e., along the Partenio mountains, the Gastaldo, the local Longobard administrator, remained faithful to the lord of Benevento by erecting the mentioned castle.
- In the medieval system, the Gastaldato was an administrative circumscription governed by an official of the royal court, the Gastaldo or Castaldo.
- Radelgardo (IX century – 854) was a Longobard prince of Benevento from 851 to 854. Eldest son of Radelchi I of Benevento, he succeeded his father on his death.
- Adelchi (IX century – 878) was a Longobard prince of Benevento from 854 to his death in 878. Son of Radelchi I of Benevento, he succeeded his older brother Radelgardo as his son, Gaiderisio, was still very young.
- Gaiderisio (IX century – after 885) was a Longobard prince of Benevento and protospatario Byzantine governor of Oria. Gaiderisio, son of Radelgardo, heir to the principality of Benevento, succeeds as prince of Benevento in June 878 to his uncle Adelchi who took power on the death of Radelgardo in 853 as regent.
- Radelchi II (IX century – 907) son of Adelchi was a Longobard prince in 881 when he ousted his cousin Gaiderisio of Benevento, becoming prince of Benevento and ruling with ups and downs until 900 when he was deposed by his cousin Atenolfo I of Capua.
- Aione II (852 – 891) was the Longobard prince of Benevento from 884 to his death, in a particularly troubled period for this independent principality. Aione deposed his older brother Radelchi II in 884 when the Byzantines, led by Niceforo Foca the elder who concentrated his attacks in the territory around Benevento.
- Orso, Ursus in Latin (IX century – 892) son of Aione II was the Longobard prince of Benevento from 890 to 891. Bear could not hold this title for long. He was deposed after the conquest of Benevento by the Byzantine strategos of Calabria, Sybbaticius. Benevento became, even if for a short time, the capital of the thema of Langobardia or themata of the Byzantine empire present in southern Italy and created around 892.
- Guido IV (about 870 – 897) was duke of Spoleto and Camerino from 889 and prince of Benevento from 895. He reconquered the principality of Benevento that the Byzantines had recently wrested from Prince Orso and therefore became its prince in 895. Guido offered the regency of his principality to Guaimario I of Salerno, the husband of his sister Itta, but Guaimario was captured en route to Benevento by Adelferio, Gastaldo di Avellino. Guido had to go south and besiege Avellino to obtain his release.
- Atenolfo I known as the Great (865 –910) was prince of Capua from 887 (Conte until 900) and Longobard prince of Benevento from 899, when he conquered the latter principality. He used the title of princeps gentis Langobardorum, "prince of the Longobards": an echo of the title used by the first princes of Benevento.
- Landolfo I (888 – 943) was a Longobard prince of Benevento and Capua from 910 to 943.
- Landolfo II, known as il Rosso (about 915 - 961) was a Longobard prince of Benevento and prince of Capua from 939, when his father, Landolfo I, associated him with the government, until his death.
- Pandolfo I, called Testa-di-Ferro (935 - 981), was prince of Benevento and Capua from 943 to 981 and prince of Salerno from 978.
- In a deed of donation dated 955, mention is made of Capriglia, where we read that a son of Orso donated some lands located in Caprilia to the Abbey of Cava dei Tirreni.
- Towards the end of the same century the place begins to be remembered for the presence of a castle built in a strategic position to guard between Avellino and Benevento.
- Landulfo IV (about 955 - 982) was a Longobard prince of Benevento who governed, in co-regency with his father Pandolfo Testadiferro, the principalities of Benevento and Capua from 968 and of Salerno also in co-regency with his father from 977 or 978.
- Pandolfo II the Elder (X century – 1014) was a Longobard prince of Benevento from 982 and prince of Capua from 1008 to his death.
- Landolfo V (X century – 1033) was prince of Benevento from 1014 to 1033.
- Pandolfo III (X century – 1060) was prince of Benevento, in office from 1033 to 1059.
- Landulfo VI (X century – 1077) was a Longobard prince of Benevento who ruled, in co-regency with his father, then with his son, the Duchy of Benevento from 1038 to 1053 and from 1054 to 1077. Landulfo was the last prince of Benevento and in August 1073 he swore allegiance to Pope Gregory VII. With the death of Landolfo VI, the Longobard domination in southern Italy ended and the government of Benevento passed to the papal rectors, an expression of the city aristocracy.
- Pope Vittore III, born Dauferio Epifani Del Zotto known as Desiderio da Montecassino (Benevento, 1027 – Montecassino, 16th September 1087) Son of Landolfo Del Zotto (Landolfo V), prince of Benevento was the 158th Pope of the Catholic Church from 24th May 1086 to his death. Thanks to the knowledge of southern Italy, Desiderio was able to weave the alliance between the Church and the Normans of Roberto Guiscardo, his allies.
- A deed of sale of a chestnut grove near the church from 1025 and a document from 1174 confirm the existence of the church of S. Maria ad Submontem (S. Maria al Submonte) in Grottone and belonging to the monastery of S. Modesto of Benevento.
- While the castle was inhabited by the Longobards, the lands were cultivated by the peasants of the Casale di S. Maria in Grottone (belonging to the monastery of S. Modesto, Benevento), who over time enriched themselves with chestnut groves, crops and above all, with the cultivation of mulberry trees blackworms for the production of silk, as evidenced by a deed of 1037.
- Capriglia was establishing itself as an economically self-sufficient nucleus. Indeed, hypothesizing the previous Byzantine introduction of silk from the East into this area, Arturo Bascetta assumed that the Longobards had fortified the adjacent areas precisely to safeguard the precious silk economy.
- In 1174 the monastery of S. Modesto of Benevento ceded S. Maria to Montevergine.
- With the arrival of the Normans (XI-XII century), the territory of the old Longobards countryside of S. Maria was removed from the County of Summonte, to make it part of a new fiefdom to defend which the fortress of: Castrum Caprilii was erected.
- In 1137 Pope Innocento II and Lotario III, Rex Romanorum and of Italy from 1125 to 1137 and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1133, appointed Rainulfo di Alife, Conte of Avellino, Duke of Puglia, for his contribution to stopping the first attempts to conquest of the newly elected (1130) King Ruggero II of Sicily. Two years later, however, following the sudden death of Rainulfo, in the absence of the support of Pope and Emperor, Ruggero II reunified the Kingdom of Sicily, annexing the Duchy of Puglia and Calabria and the Principality of Capua.
- King Ruggero II of Sicily (1095 – 1154), also known as Ruggero (or Ruggiero) the Norman, son and successor of Ruggero I of Sicily of the Altavilla dynasty, was Conte of Sicily from 1105, duke of Puglia from 1127 and first king of Sicily from 1130 to 1154, becoming known as the founder of the independent Regnum Siciliæ. After the birth of the kingdom, by virtue of the conquests on the African coast, he also acquired the title of king of Africa.
- From the Catalog of the Barons, compiled between 1142 and 1156, it is noted that the lord of Capriglia was a certain Rinaldo, named as milites and to whom the fortified village was sold in 1057 by a certain Giovandotto, sub-feudatory of the Conte of Avellino Rainulfo di Alife.
- The sole owner of the feud in 1169 was Ruggiero de Farneto, who in 1171 favored the integration of the town into the barony of S. Angelo a Scala. It soon returned to direct feudal dependence, in 1192 Conte Riccardo di Monteforte was lord of it, meeting for a donation of important land properties in the castle of Capriglia in the company of Giovanni Surrisio and Lorenzo di Summonte.
- Then of the Francisio di Monteforte (and Malerba) from 1172 up to the Swabians, who first deprived the lords Francisio and then de Hoemburg of their fiefdoms, as they showed themselves hostile towards Federico II.
- Therefore, during the Swabian domination, the assets of the aforementioned feudal lords, including Capriglia, were confiscated by the Royal Court of Napoli, and became Terra Regia of the Swabian House.
- Then came the Angevins, who first reabsorbed Capriglia into the Benevento lands, then gave it back its autonomy (during this period the University of Capriglia was born, a Municipality in itself, whose symbol was a shield enclosing a goat of the noble Caprioli family on a rocky mountain three peaks; the mountain indicated that it belonged to the Ultra Principality of Montefusco).
- New feudal lords were in 1290 Ruggiero De Monilis, in 1316 Giacomo De Monilis, in 1345 Niccolò D'Aquino, Baron of S. Angelo a Scala (in which Capriglia fell), who bought from Giovanni I, and then, in 1414 Antonio and Matteo D'Aquino.
- Granted by Giovanni I d'Angiò to the D'Aquino family (1345), it was ceded by Giovanna II d'Angiò to the Caracciolo family in 1419.
- A few decades later Isabella Caracciolo brought it as a dowry to the Carafa, Conti of Maddaloni.
- In 1419 Queen Giovanna II gave the fiefdoms of the Barony to Ottima Caracciolo Rocco and his wife Caterina Ruffo Carafa. But the Caracciolo were deprived of the feud by the Aragonese, returning to the Royal Court.
- King Ferrante I of Aragona with a privilege sent from Castelnuovo in Napoli on the 8th September 1466 gave his Councilor Diomede Carafa, Conte of Maddaloni, the lands of Capriglia, Grotti, Pomigliano, Pondelandolfo, Sant'Angelo a Scala and Zungoli; and with the same privilege he confirmed those fiefdoms which had been granted to him since 1st February 1465, namely Maddaloni with the title of Conte, Formicola, Pontelatrone, Roccapipirozzi, Sasso and Sesto in the province of Terra di Lavoro. And through another privilege signed in Castelnuovo in Napoli on 23rd December 1484, the same Monarch confirmed to the aforementioned Diomede Carafa the lands of Capriglia, Grotta Castagnara, Sant'Angelo a Scala, Pietrastornina that that King had sold to him for the expenses of the war of Otranto against the Turks, and the feud called Messer Giovanni and Madama Perna located in the surroundings of the land of Giugliano, also allowing the said Diomede, Conte of Maddaloni and Cerreto, to be able to donate the latter feudal goods to his second son named Giovanni Antonio , Soldier and Advisor.
- Giovanni Antonio Carafa, his father having died, obtained the investiture of the same fiefdoms on the 23rd October 1487; but he was then kidnapped in March of the year 1516 in Flanders, being in the service of the Most Serene and Catholic Prince Charles.
- The Royal Chamber of Sommaria sent Giovanni Alfonso Carafa, son of Giovanni Antonio Carafa, a token office to take over the lands of Capriglia, Grotta Castagnara, Sant'Angelo a Scala and Pietrastornina, and of the fiefdom of Giugliano called the fiefdom of Madama Perna.
- Of Giovanni Alfonso Carafa and Vittoria Camponeschi, Contessa of Montorio, was the eldest son Ferrante, who, on the occasion of the wedding he came to contract with Geronima Spinello, received from his parents the donation (which was to take effect after their deaths) of the feuds of Montorio with the title of Conte, Macchia, Moricana, Fronte, San Vito, San Giovanni, Santangelo a Scala, Grotticella and Pietrastornina.
- Pope Paul IV Gian Pietro Carafa was born in Capriglia on the 28th June 1476.
- Third son of Giovanni A. Carafa (Conte Carafa of Stadera, one of the wealthiest families in the Kingdom of Napoli) and Vittoria Camponeschi, daughter of Pietro Lalle Camponeschi, last Conte of Montorio al Vomano, and of the Portuguese noblewoman Donna Maria Pereira de Noronha, was born in the ancient feudal castle of Capriglia on the 28th June 1476 Gian Pietro Carafa later Pope Paul IV 223rd Pope of the Catholic Church in 1555 who died on the 18th August 1559.
- The aforementioned Ferrante Carafa died before his father, leaving his daughter Maria Caterina surviving; and this, before professing her solemn vows in the Monastery of Sapienza in Napoli, renounced her rights on the aforementioned fiefdoms in pro of Giovanni Alfonso Carafa, her ancestor, with a royal assent sent from Pozzuoli on the 4th May 1543 and signed by D. Pietro of Toledo, Viceroy of this Kingdom.
- The Conte of Montorio Giovanni Alfonso Carafa died on the 24th January 1548, and his son Giovanni, having paid the relevio on the 19th February 1549, obtained the investiture of the fiefdoms of Capriglia, Grotta Castagnara, Pietrastornina and Santangelo in Scala in the Principality Ultra; and Montorio, Fondi, Morricone, Collecorvino, Moricana, Macchia and San Vito, located in the province of Abruzzo Ultra.
- From Giovanni Carafa was born Diomede, 2ᵒ of that name, who on the death of his father, which occurred in Rome on March 5th, 1561, inherited the lands of Capriglia, Grolla Castagnara, Pietrastornina, Santangelo a Scala, Montorio, Frunti or Valle di S. Giovanni, Moricana, Morricone, Collecorvino, Macchia del Conte and San Vito.
- In the assets of Diomede Carafa 2nd, who died on August 25th, 1567, his son Alfonso succeeded, who in 1568 paid the royal Court the relevio for the aforementioned Contado di Montorio and for the barony of Santangelo a Scala.
- The last Conte of Montorio Alfonso Carafa having passed away without heirs, the aforementioned barony, which consisted of the lands of Santangelo a Scala, Capriglia, Pietrastornina and Grotta Castagnara or Grottolelle, was devolved to the royal court. From this, for 49550 ducats and through Giovan Luigi Carafa, he bought Lucrezia Arcella, wife of the 1st Duke of Atripalda Domizio Caracciolo, the same barony, except the land of Pietrastornina, which was sold to Cesare Pagano. The requested instrument was stipulated on the 27th October 1586 in the Castel Nuovo in Napoli, the royal palace where the Viceroy of the Kingdom Duke of Ossuna resided; and that these, representing in this contract the person of his Monarch, ceded to the said Lucrezia those same rights on the fief of Capriglia that the last Conte of Montorio Alfonso Carafa had.
- On December 23rd, 1586, the aforementioned fiefs were sold by Lucrezia Arcella to Giuseppe Carafa with an instrument for notary Tommaso Aniello Baratti of Naples for the price of 51,292 ducats and 96 grana; and it was then agreed that she should pay 21,292 ducats and 96 grana to the Marquis of Montebello Antonio Carafa who, for this sum loaned to her when he bought those fiefdoms from the royal court, demanded the income from the land of Santangelo a Scala, and possessed the jurisdiction.
- Having died Giuseppe Carafa on November 13th, 1587, his son Diomede satisfied the royal Court of relevio to have the investiture of the lands of Santangelo a Scala, Capriglia and Grotticelle or Grottacastagnara; and another relief on the fiefdom of Stiffe in the province of Abruzzo Ultra was likewise paid by Giulia Brancaccio for her son Alfonso Carafa, brother of the same Diomede. The latter, who at the time had his eldest daughter Luisa Carafa as successor in the fiefdoms, freely sold the two fiefdoms of Capriglia and Grottacastagnara, also known as Grottolelle, for 31,800 ducats to Ottavio de Ponte, son of Andrea, with the instrument stipulated on the 5th June 1595 by the notary Giovan Giacomo di Gennaro, and provided with royal assent by the Viceroy Conte of Olivares on the 12th February 1596.
- The aforementioned Ottavio de Ponte died on August 9th, 1599, and in the fiefdoms, he was succeeded by his son named Domenico, who in the year 1600 extinguished the debt of the relevio which was due to the royal court through his guardian Camillo Macedonio. And he paid another relevio on the same fiefdoms of Capriglia and Grottolelle in the year 1602 for his pupil Francesco or Francesco Antonio de Ponte, brother of the aforementioned Domenico, who had died on April 16th, 1601, leaving no offspring.
- With an instrument drawn up on August 28th, 1618 by the notary Giovan Simone of Monica in the curia of the notary Troilo Scrivello of Napoli, the same Francesco Antonio de Ponte, whose fiefdoms fell to his eldest daughter named Antonia Maria, sold the land of Capriglia to the Prince of Avellino Marino Caracciolo for the price of 17,000 ducats; and the requested royal assent was sent to Napoli by the Viceroy Duke of Ossuna on October 29th of the aforementioned year 1618.
- In this period Capriglia experienced a long season of growth, urban expansion and economic progress. From 1618 the Prince of Avellino Marino Caracciolo introduced the manufacture of woolen fabrics. These wool factories would remain a central element in the economic life of the feud until the end of the XVIII century. The symbol was the banner made up of a blue cloth with the Coat of Arms of Monte a goat Capra in the center. During the first century of their lordship, the Caracciolo expanded the castle until it became a point of reference for poets and travelers.
- On November 4th, 1630, Marino Caracciolo, Prince of Avellino, Duke of Atripalda, Marquis of Sanseverino and Conte of Torella died, his posthumous son Francesco Marino, procreated with Francesca d'Avalos, became heir to all assets; and against Tommaso Caracciolo, uncle and guardian of the same Francesco Marino, the royal Chamber of the Sommaria sent a signification for the relevio on the fiefdoms of Capriglia, Avellino, Atripalda, Lancusi, Salsole, Sanseverino, Serino and Torella. The aforementioned Tommaso Caracciolo, then Bishop of Cerreto and later Archbishop of Taranto, as guardian of his nephew Francesco Marino, sold the land of Capriglia to Mario Schipano for the price of 17,000 ducats, subject however to the authorization of the Tribunal of the Sacred Royal Council. On May 7, 1633, the instrument of this contract was stipulated by the notary Giulio Amendola of Napoli, which was ratified by another instrument drawn up by the same notary on December 20th of the aforementioned year; and the Conte of Monterey, Viceroy of this Kingdom, granted royal assent on these instruments on July 12th, 1633.
- Through another royal assent granted by the Viceroy Conte of Ognatte on the 2nd May 1654, Mario Schipani freely ceded the fiefdom for the same price of 17,000 ducats on February 8th, 1655.
- The terrible plague epidemic of 1656 was now spreading throughout the South and did not exclude Capriglia which in the mid-seventeenth century had lost about three quarters of its population, assuming an aspect of gloomy desolation. This epidemic, which spread violently and suddenly. The hypothesis of Abbot Michele Giustiniani (1612-1680) on the origins and causes of the pestilence was based on the possibility that imported wool and cloths had quickly triggered the contagion.
- Giovan Tommaso Schipani died on January 24th, 1668, and was succeeded in his feudal property by his son Marino, who on September 7th, 1669 paid the requested relief to the Royal Court. Marino Schipani, died on July 3rd, 1690, succeeded by his eldest son Niccolò, against whom the royal Chamber of the Sommaria on February 12th, 1694 sent a signification for the relief of the feudal revenues of the land of Capriglia.
- Niccolò Schipani procreated with Aguesa Falangola, nobleman of the city of Salerno, the children Marino, Carlo, Emmanuele, Antonia and Maria; and with his second wife Isabella Romano, a Sorrentine lady, he procreated Domenico, Tommaso, Filippo, Gaetano, Francesco, Camilla, Beatrice, Teresa and Rosa.
- The eldest son of these brothers, Marino Schipani II, became heir to the feudal estates of his father, who died on the 2nd April 1734. The aforementioned Marino gave to Carlo Schipani, his second son, the feud of Capriglia, two adjoining palaces to the Monastery of the Agostiniani Scalzi of the city of Napoli, and two bushels of land in the farmhouse of Afragola, which were sold in 1698 by Doctor Giacomo Barra and his sons Giovan Carlo and Geronimo to Isabella Barra and to Niccolò and Giuseppe Schipani, sons of Carlo Schipani. This donation was made with the instrument stipulated on May 2nd, 1734 by the notary Niccola Cuomo of Napoli, and ratified by another instrument drawn up by the same notary on April 22nd, 1735.
- Carlo Schipani, with the instrument of April 13th, 1738 of the notary Carlo Santaniello, sold to Gaetano Amoretti, Marquis of Arneto, the land of Capriglia with the castles of San Felice, Marzano and Cresta, also called Casale, for the price of 39240 ducats, tari 3 and grain 19; and King Carlo III granted the requested royal assent to this sale with a privilege sent to Napoli on April 4th, 1739.
- During the thirteenth century, the University, consolidated, imposed a cadastral tax on the inhabitants of the town, who during this century also continued to pay the tax on fires (households) to the Royal Court or to one of its appointees.
- The term fire indicated the single-family unit subject to taxation; in particular, the personal tax called focatico was based on it.
- The population of Capriglia was oppressed by taxation, and this gave rise to many disagreements between the people and the University and between the latter and the feudal lord. One of these Gennaro Amoretti, in 1768 introduced a new income, on the Chaplaincy, celebration of the daily mass in the Mother Church or in the chapel of the Palace.
- On the 8th September 1775 Gaetano Amoretti, Marquis of Arneto died without legitimate successors in the fiefdoms, these were devolved to the Royal Court, while considerable wealth in goods, coins and income and credits went to the Royal Tax Office. The latter had many problems in determining exactly his rights, given that the description of the feudal incomes was somewhat confused and uncertain, the relevant documents not exhibited and, obviously, the people involved had an interest in hiding their debts. The Royal court opened an investigation, the fiefdom was seized, a call was issued to summon all those who "knew" (which obviously went deserted), the University confirmed what was previously said and only clarified its position better. Only after eight months of hard work were they able to track down all the tax evaders. In the end, once the overall picture had been outlined, the Royal Revenue increased the income of the feud, increasing the value of the Terra di Capriglia, which with a royal assent sent to Napoli on the 2nd June 1780 sold the aforementioned land and the farmhouses to the Marquis of Ruggiano Niccola Macedonio, Patrizio Napolitano, with some agreements contained in the instrument which was drawn up by the notary of the same Court Antonio Marinelli on March 4th, 1780. And by virtue of this purchase the aforementioned Macedonio obtained in the royal coupon the 'last header of the land of Capriglia on February 17th, 1781 holding them until 1806, when under French domination, there was the abolition of feudalism and universities.
- Antonio Lorenzo del Balzo, IV Duke of Caprigliano was born on the 29th May 1713 son of Giovanni Battista del Balzo (he was born on the 15th May 1684 son of Francesco Antonio del Balzo and Teresa Capece Secondito. He married Costanza Capano on 6 June 1704 and died on 13 August 1731) and Costanza Capano. He married Donna Maria Vaaz d'Andrade on April 10th, 1738. He died on October 21st, 1782.
- Giovanni Battista del Balzo, Duke of Caprigliano was born on February 10th, 1739 son of Antonio Lorenzo del Balzo, Duke of Caprigliano and Donna Maria Vaaz d'Andrade. He married Donna Marianna del Balzo, daughter of Giacinto del Balzo, First Duke of Presenzano and Geronima Salerno, on the 20th December 1772. He died on the 6th April 1787.
- Raffaele del Balzo, Duke of Caprigliano was born on the 7th January 1778 son of Giovanni Battista del Balzo, Duke of Caprigliano and Donna Marianna del Balzo. He married Donna Anna Maria Carignani, daughter of Giuseppe Marchese de Carignano, Duke of Novoli and Donna Margherita Pignatelli, on the 8th March 1801. She died on the 21st December 1847.
- With the abolition of feudalism, in 1806 the provincial capital of the Principality was moved from nearby Montefusco to Avellino.
- In the years 1809 and 1810 the Municipality of Capriglia sustained a dispute with the Feudal Commission against the aforementioned Marquis of Ruggiano Niccola Macedonio regarding some estates purchased by him in 1779, and regarding the obverse of the tertiary sector, portolania, etc. From that Tribunal on the 15th June 1809, 25th February 1810, and 25th May 1810 three sentences were issued, which can be read in the Bulletins of 1809 n.ᵒ 6 p. 204, of 1810 n.ᵒ 2 p. 797, and of 1810 n.ᵒ 5 p. 722. In the documents which were then presented by the litigants are found in volume 464 of the trials of the aforementioned Commission, n.ᵒ 2712 and 2713 we find the deeds of the purchase of the land of Capriglia made in 1780 by the Marquis of Ruggiano himself, the appreciation of this feud, and other documents that could resolve many state-owned issues.
- Don Francesco del Balzo was born on April 26th, 1807 son of Raffaele del Balzo, Duke of Caprigliano and Donna Anna Maria Carignani. He married Paolina Capece Minutolo, Marchioness of Sonora (daughter of Don Raimonondo Capece Minutolo and Matilde de Galvez, Marchioness of Sonora) on January 6th, 1841. He died on October 22, 1871.
- Ernesto del Balzo, Duke of Caprigliano was born on the 11th April 1845 in Napoli. He was the son of Don Francesco del Balzo and Paolina Capece Minutolo, Marchesa of Sonora. He married Lady Dorothy Elizabeth Mary Walpole, daughter of Horatio William Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford and Harriet Bettina Frances Pellew, on the 25th February 1868. He was awarded the Grandee of Spain, First Class and died on the 15th July 1930.
- The return of the Borboni generated discontent, for the new taxes; few liberals adhered to the revolts of 1820-21 and many instead to the revolts of 1848-49. Capriglia also suffered the phenomenon of brigandage and the disconnected raids of bandits (also former Borboni soldiers) who lived on robbery and kidnappings.
- After the unification of Italy from 1861, Capriglia found itself cut off from the new main communication routes, preventing its development. Alongside the Italian language, within the municipal territory of Capriglia Irpina there is a variety of the Irpino dialect.
- The end of the IX century was rather tough, given that Luddism, the workers' movement that opposed the introduction of machines in factories, also made itself felt in Capriglia in 1898, the year in which there was also the revolt against the administrators, which saw the intervention of the public force for the administrative elections.
- As in the rest of Campania, emigration also from Capriglia Irpina can be said to have begun with the unification of Italy, when the social and economic rules of a state (the unifying Piemontese one) which could be said to be foreign, starting those problems historically then rendered with the locution of southern question.
- The first wave of migration starting from the 19th century was then arrested by the First World War: the emigrants of these years could not easily maintain relations with their families and roots of origin and, moreover, traces of it have been lost.
- Many from Capriglia Irpina fought in the First World War receiving the commemorative honor of Knight of the Order of Vittorio Veneto, an Italian honorific institution in order to express Italy's gratitude, and to pass on to future generations, the glorious memory fighting with ardor and courage and meeting heroic death for the country.
- Between the two World Wars the main host countries for emigrants from Capriglia Irpina were: France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, United States of America, Canada, Argentina, Venezuela and Australia.
- From Capriglia Irpina many fought the Second World War pushed by the Axis to the extreme sacrifice or in captivity.
- The Italian Resistance has its roots in anti-fascism, which developed progressively in the period from the mid-1920s, when weak forms of opposition to the fascist regime already existed, up to the National Liberation Committees (CLN for short) in order to oppose the German occupation and Nazi-fascism in Italy.
- This was followed by the Italian war of liberation and the complex of military operations and actions conducted during the Italian campaign by the Allies, by the Italian Co-Belligerent Army and by the partisan brigades of the Italian resistance.
- On the 14th September 1943 the territories of the Province of Avellino were heavily bombed by the Allies in an attempt to block the retreat of the Nazi troops.
- In consideration of the fact that there were no legitimate governments in the countries previously occupied by the Axis and that it was necessary, in some way, to administer these territories, the Allies created for this purpose the AMGOT (Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories).
- The liberated south of Italy passed under the Anglo-American administration of the AMGOT, the Allied Military Government of the Occupied Territories and later the Allied Military Government with the acronym AMG (Allied Military Government), a military body responsible for the administration of the territories liberated by the Allies during the Second World War.
- The AMG left the Italian administrative apparatus in operation, however placing it under the control of the Allied military administration. Management was through a Headquarters, local civil affairs officers in collaboration with the civilian and military police, and local combat units. The choice of prefects and mayors was entrusted to the decision of the allied government.
- Once Allied forces had liberated Axis territory, officers were tasked with ensuring the functioning of all aspects of public administration, from transportation to justice and the circulation of money.
- Upon signing the long armistice of the 29th September 1943, the AMG was in charge of the administration of all Italian territory in Allied hands, then returning the territories to the new Italian government with the political and administrative structure of the local representatives of the National Liberation Committee (abbreviated in CLN).
- April 25th, 1945, the anniversary of the Liberation of Italy, is celebrated as Italian Freedom Day.
- The AMG also operated in Capriglia Irpina and continued to operate in Italy until the 31st December 1945.
- Post-war emigration to Capriglia Irpina reached its peak in the decade 1960-1969, mainly the recipient countries were Switzerland, Germany and Belgium in Europe, Australia, the United States, Canada and marginally other South American countries.
- The emigrants of this period are those who, thanks to the ever more accessible means of communication, have remained better in contact with their families of origin, often causing them, after having settled definitively in the country that had welcomed them, to call to themselves the family members (siblings, parents) who remained in Italy.
- Emigration almost stopped starting in the seventies and then resumed after the earthquake of the November 23rd, 1980 when the strong earthquake of high magnitude devastated the territory of Capriglia Irpina causing serious damage to the original structure of the Municipality.
- In the XX and XXI centuries they are young graduates or graduates who, precisely for reasons of their specialization and the training courses followed with their own ambitions or needs, emigrate. In this case the destinations are mostly national, such as the cities of Napoli, Roma and Milano and related urban conurbations. GUERRIEROCASTALDO (talk) 18:26, 30 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]
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Welcome to Wikipedia. We appreciate your contributions, but in one of your recent edits to Capriglia Irpina, it appears that you have added original research, which is against Wikipedia's policies. Original research refers to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and personal experiences—for which no reliable, published sources exist; it also encompasses combining published sources in a way to imply something that none of them explicitly say. Please be prepared to cite a reliable source for all of your contributions. You can have a look at the tutorial on citing sources. Thank you. AntiDionysius (talk) 19:21, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding editing at Caprigia Irpina. Thank you. WikiDan61ChatMe!ReadMe!! 19:28, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
