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Visa policy of the Schengen Area

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The visa policy of the Schengen Area is a component within the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union. It applies to the Schengen Area and to other EU member states except Ireland.[1] The visa policy allows nationals of certain countries to enter the Schengen Area via air, land or sea without a visa for up to 90 days within any 180-day period. Nationals of certain other countries are required to have a visa to enter and, in some cases, transit through the Schengen area.

The Schengen Area consists of 25 EU member states and four non-EU countries that are members of EFTA: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Cyprus, while an EU member state, is not yet part of the Schengen Area but, nonetheless, has a visa policy that is partially based on the Schengen acquis.[2]

Ireland has opted out of the Schengen Agreement and instead operates its own visa policy, as do certain overseas territories of Schengen member states[3].

Nationals of EU single market countries are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. However, their right to freedom of movement in each other's countries can be limited in a reserved number of situations, as prescribed by EU treaties[4].

The Schengen visa is a short-term visa that permits travellers to spend up to 90 days in any of the 27 European nations that comprise the Schengen Area within a 180-day time frame. This visa is suitable for tourist, business, and family trips, but it does not allow holders to work or study for an extended period of time. Because of the Schengen Agreement's open-border policy, travellers can move freely between member nations without having to pass through border inspections. To apply, visitors must provide proof of housing, travel insurance, and financial means. Schengen visas make travel inside Europe easier, boosting tourist and economic engagement[5]

Visa policy map

[edit]
  Schengen Area
  Other EU members and territories of Schengen countries outside the Schengen Area with freedom of movement in the Schengen Area
  Visa not required for short stays in the Schengen Area, usually 90 days within any 180-day period (EU 2018/1806 Annex II)
  Visa required to enter the Schengen Area, and, in some cases, to transit through certain Schengen countries (EU 2018/1806 Annex I)
  Visa required to enter or transit through any Schengen country (EC 810/2009 Annex IV)
Schengen Area entry stamp issued at Oslo international airport
Schengen Area exit stamp issued at the Polish–Ukrainian border

Visa exemptions

[edit]

Freedom of movement

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Main article: Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely
European Political CommunitySchengen AreaCouncil of EuropeEuropean UnionEuropean Economic AreaEurozoneEuropean Union Customs UnionEuropean Free Trade AssociationNordic CouncilVisegrád GroupBaltic AssemblyBeneluxGUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic DevelopmentCentral European Free Trade AgreementOpen BalkanOrganization of the Black Sea Economic CooperationUnion StateCommon Travel AreaInternational status and usage of the euro#Sovereign statesSwitzerlandLiechtensteinIcelandNorwaySwedenDenmarkFinlandPolandCzech RepublicHungarySlovakiaBulgariaRomaniaGreeceEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaBelgiumNetherlandsLuxembourgItalyFranceSpainAustriaGermanyPortugalSloveniaMaltaCroatiaCyprusRepublic of IrelandUnited KingdomTurkeyMonacoAndorraSan MarinoVatican CityGeorgia (country)UkraineAzerbaijanMoldovaBosnia and HerzegovinaArmeniaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaAlbaniaSerbiaKosovoRussiaBelarus
An Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements

Nationals of 'Annex II' countries and territories (visa waiver countries)

[edit]

Since 2001, the European Union has issued a list of countries whose nationals need visas (Annex I) and a list of those who do not (Annex II).[15] The two lists are also adopted by Cyprus, despite not being part of the Schengen Area yet.[16]

Nationals of the following countries and territories holding ordinary passports may enter the Schengen Area and Cyprus without a visa, for short stays (usually 90 days within any 180-day period):[17]

Residents and holders of visas of Schengen states

[edit]

Holders of a long-stay visa or residence permit issued by a Schengen state or Monaco may also travel to other Schengen states, without an additional visa, for a stay of up to 90 days in any 180-day period.[54][55][56] Short-stay visas issued by a Schengen state are also valid for all other Schengen states unless marked otherwise.[54]

Holders of a double or multiple-entry visa or residence permit issued by a Schengen state or Monaco may also travel to Cyprus without an additional visa, for a stay of up to 90 days in any 180-day period, except nationals of Turkey and Azerbaijan, who still need a Cypriot visa.[16] However, visas and residence permits issued by Cyprus are not valid for travel to the Schengen Area.[57]

Family members of EU single market nationals

[edit]

Individuals of any nationality who are family members of EU single market nationals and are in possession of a residence card indicating their status are exempt from the requirement to hold a visa when entering the EU single market when they are accompanying their EU single market family member or are seeking to join them.[58]

School pupils resident in the EU single market or Annex II countries and territories

[edit]

Refugees and stateless people resident in Ireland or Annex II countries and territories

[edit]

Holders of local border traffic permits

[edit]

Currently the local border traffic regulation agreements exist with Belarus (with Latvia since 2011), Moldova (with Romania since 2010), Russia (with Norway since 2012,[65] with Latvia since 2013 and Poland 2012-20161) and Ukraine (with Hungary and Slovakia since 2008, Poland since 2009 and Romania since 2015). Agreement between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is pending ratification but is applied on provisional basis.[66]

  1. ^ Poland has suspended the border traffic agreements with Russia indefinitely from 4 July 2016.[67][68]

Holders of non-ordinary passports

[edit]

There are no common visa lists for holders of diplomatic and official passports. States may still maintain different policies on these.[53]

Holders of a United Nations laissez-passer, regardless of nationality, do not need a valid visa for up to 90 days in the Schengen Area and Cyprus.[53]

Airport transit

[edit]

In general, a passenger who transits through one single airport in the Schengen Area and Cyprus while remaining airside in the international transit area less than one day will not require a visa (transit privilege). This only applies if the transfer is possible without leaving the international transit area, which depends on the connecting flight and airport layout.[76]

However, on 5 April 2010, common visa requirements for airport transit were introduced by the European Union.[77] Nationals of the following 12 countries are required to hold an airport transit visa (ATV) when transiting through any airport in the Schengen Area or Cyprus, even if they remain airside:[78]

However, nationals of the above countries are exempt from airport transit visas if they hold a visa or residence permit issued by an EU single market country, Andorra, Canada, Japan, Monaco, San Marino or the United States, are family members of an EU single market national, hold a diplomatic passport, or are flight crew members.[79]

Additionally, individual Schengen countries can impose airport transit visa requirements for nationals of other countries in urgent cases of mass influx of illegal immigrants.[80] For example, nationals of Syria need ATVs for many but not all Schengen countries.

Visas

[edit]
Schengen visa issued by Germany

Schengen visas can be issued by any member state of the Schengen Area. Travellers must apply to the embassy or consulate of the country which they intend to visit. In cases of travellers visiting multiple countries in the Schengen Area, travellers must apply to their main destination's embassy or consulate.[82] If the main destination cannot be determined, the traveller should apply for the visa at the embassy of the Schengen member state of first entry.[82] Often, external service providers are contracted by certain diplomatic missions to process, collect and return visa applications.

Schengen visa applications may not be submitted more than six months prior to the proposed date of entry into the Schengen Area.[83] All countries' embassies may require applicants to provide biometric identifiers (ten fingerprints and a digital photograph) as part of the visa application process to be stored on the Visa Information System (VIS). Biometric identifiers are not collected from children under the age of 12.[84] Travellers applying for a Schengen visa for the first time must apply in person and are subject to an interview by the consular officers. If biometric identifiers have been provided within the past 59 months, the applicant may not be required to provide biometric identifiers again. Providing that the visa application is admissible and there are no issues with the application, a decision must be given within 15 calendar days of the date on which the application was lodged.[85]

The standard application fee for a Schengen visa is EUR 90. There is a reduced fee of EUR 45 for children aged 6 to 12, and no fee for children under age 6, for applicants intending to undertake study, educational training or scientific research, and for applicants under age 25 representing non-profit organisations. In some cases the visa fee may be waived for children under age 18, for holders of diplomatic and service passports, and for applicants under age 25 participating in events by non-profit organisations, and may be waived or reduced in order to 'promote cultural or sporting interests, interests in the field of foreign policy, development policy and other areas of vital public interest, or for humanitarian reasons or because of international obligations'. If the applicant's country of nationality is considered not to be cooperating on the readmission of irregular migrants, the visa fee may be increased up to EUR 180, except for children under age 12. If a visa application is submitted to an external service provider, an additional service fee up to EUR 120 may be required.[86][87]

Schengen visas are valid for any country in the Schengen Area unless marked otherwise.[54] Cyprus also accepts double and multiple-entry Schengen visas, for stays of up to 90 days in a 180-day period, except for nationals of Turkey and Azerbaijan.[16] However, visas issued by Cyprus are not valid for travel to the Schengen Area.[57]

The Schengen Convention and Schengen Borders Code permit member states to require third-country nationals to report their presence to a police station within 3 working days of crossing an internal border.[88] This requirement varies by country and can usually be performed by hotels instead.

Since the global loosening of COVID-19 lockdown rules and the rebound in travel demand, Schengen nation embassies have come under immense criticism for long visa processing times and unavailability of visa appointments.[89][90] The general lack of competition for visa outsourcing contracts, which are dominated by companies such as VFS Global, BLS International and TLScontact, has also been blamed for the poor service.[91]

This has partly spurred the EU to further digitalise the process. It is planning to introduce a unified online visa application platform at the EU and Schengen level, replacing the separated national platforms. The platform will be built by eu-LISA and is scheduled to be introduced in 2026. A transition period for all member states to migrate to the single platform is scheduled to last until 2031.[92] The European Parliament voted on 18 October 2023 to introduce the digital application system and for cryptographically signed visas. In almost all cases, applications for Schengen visas will be made through a single website.[93]

Visa facilitation agreements

[edit]

The EU has concluded visa facilitation agreements with several countries, which allow facilitated procedures for issuing visas for both EU citizens and nationals of partner countries. The facilitated procedures include faster visa processing times, reduced or no fees, and reduced list of supporting documents.[94] These agreements are also linked to readmission agreements that allow the return of people irregularly residing in the EU.[95]

At the border

[edit]

In exceptional cases, single-entry Schengen visas valid for up to 15 days may be issued on arrival at the border. These visas are reserved for individuals who can prove that they were unable to apply for a visa in advance due to time constraints arising out of 'unforeseeable' and 'imperative' reasons as long as they fulfil the regular criteria for the issuing of a Schengen visa.[96] However, if the individual requesting a Schengen visa at the border falls within a category of people for which it is necessary to consult one or more of the central authorities of other Schengen states, they may only be issued a visa at the border in exceptional cases on humanitarian grounds, on grounds of national interest or on account of international obligations (such as the death or sudden serious illness of a close relative or of another close person).[97] People trying this way to travel to the Schengen Area can be denied boarding by the airline because of the carrier's responsibility, which penalises airlines if they carry passengers who do not have the correct documentation.

Visas with limited territorial validity

[edit]

In exceptional cases, Schengen states may issue visas with limited territorial validity (LTV), either specifically naming the state(s) for which it is valid or, inversely, the state(s) for which it is not valid. According to the Schengen Visa Code, member states may issue LTV visas when a consulate deems it justifiable to overcome the three-month limitation in six months, when a member state considers it necessary due to pressing circumstances to derogate from entry conditions as set by Schengen Borders Code, to overcome objections of other member states, or in cases of urgency.[98]

Unrecognised travel documents

[edit]

Schengen visas are only issued on travel documents of UN member states, Kosovo, Palestine, Taiwan, Vatican City, the Order of Malta, and certain international organisations (Council of Europe, EU, NATO, Red Cross, UN).[99][100][101] Belgium and France also accept the passport of Somaliland.[102] Passports of Abkhazia, Northern Cyprus, South Ossetia, Transnistria and Western Sahara are not accepted.[103]

Statistics

[edit]

Most Schengen visas, including visas with limited territorial validity, were issued at consulates of Schengen states located in the countries listed below.[104] Visas issued in a country were not necessarily for nationals of that country.

Proposed changes

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Visa exemptions

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  •  Armenia – In 2023, EU and Armenian officials discussed plans for visa liberalisation following their Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement.[105] The European Commission officially launched a dialogue on visa liberalisation with Armenia in July 2024.[106]
  •  Bahrain  Kuwait  Oman  Qatar  Saudi Arabia – In 2022, the EU Council proposed a visa exemption for nationals of all countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council that were not yet exempt.[107]
  •  Belize – In 2024, EU and Belizean officials continued meeting to discuss a Schengen visa waiver.[108]
  •  Ecuador – In 2022, the EU Parliament proposed a visa exemption for nationals of Ecuador.[109]
  •  Fiji – In 2023, EU and Fijian officials met to discuss potential visa-free travel for nationals of Fiji to the Schengen Area.[110]
  •  Guyana – In July 2023, Guyanese President Irfaan Ali stated that at least five EU countries had agreed to sponsor a proposal for a visa exemption for nationals of Guyana.[111]
  •  Indonesia – In 2020, Indonesian Minister of Law and Human Rights Yasonna Laoly met with ambassadors from 20 EU member states to discuss a reciprocal visa-free scheme.[112]
  •  Maldives – In December 2022, Maldivian Foreign Minister Abdulla Shahid discussed with EU diplomats the possibility of securing a visa waiver for Maldivian nationals wishing to enter the Schengen Area.[113]
  •  Nauru – In 2014, the EU approved a visa waiver for nationals of several countries, including Nauru, contingent on a reciprocal agreement to be signed with each country.[114] All of these countries, except Nauru, concluded such agreements by 2016.[115]
  •  Russia – In 2014, the EU suspended talks for visa-free travel with Russia as a result of the War in Donbas.[116] In 2019, German officials suggested a visa-free regime for young Russians.[117] In 2022, the EU fully suspended its visa facilitation agreement with Russia as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[118]
  •  Thailand – In 2024, Thai Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin met with French President Emmanuel Macron and gained his support for a visa-free agreement with the EU.[119]
  •  Turkey – In 2023, EU and Turkish officials met to discuss progress in the conditions for visa liberalisation.[120]
  •  Vanuatu – The EU suspended its visa exemption for nationals of Vanuatu from 4 May 2022 until at least 3 February 2025.[45] In May 2024, the EU Commission proposed permanently reintroducing the visa requirement for nationals of Vanuatu.[121]

Entry/Exit System

[edit]
Main article: Entry/Exit System

In 2017, the EU adopted a regulation to establish an Entry/Exit System (EES) to record electronically the entry and exit of third-country nationals to and from the Schengen Area in a central database, replacing the manual stamping of passports. The goals are to increase automation of border control and to identify overstayers.[122][123] As of July 2024, EES is expected to become operational on 10 November 2024.[124]

The EU also plans to establish a Registered Traveller Programme that would allow pre-screened travellers easier access.[125]

ETIAS

[edit]
Main article: European Travel Information and Authorisation System

The European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) is a planned electronic authorisation system for visa-exempt visitors to travel to the Schengen Area and to other EU member states,[126] except Ireland, which remains in the Common Travel Area with the United Kingdom and other British Islands.[127]

The implementation of ETIAS has been postponed several times.[126] As of 2024, it is expected to become operational in 2025,[128] with a 6-month grace period to allow travellers and staff to become familiar with the new system.[129] Prospective visitors will need to complete an online application and a €7 fee must be paid by those aged 18 to 70.[130] ETIAS is expected to process the vast majority of applications automatically by searching in electronic databases and then provide an immediate response but, in some limited cases, it may take up to 30 days.

Single online visa application platform

[edit]

The European Commission is planning to introduce a single online visa application platform at the EU level, replacing the separate national platforms. The platform will be built by eu-LISA, based on a system that was successfully piloted in some embassies in 2020-2022.[131] It is scheduled to be introduced by January 2026, with wide adoption by 2028.[132][133] A transition period for all member states to migrate to the single platform is scheduled to be up to 7 years after the platform starts.[92]

The proposal was approved by the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs in February 2023 by a margin of 34–5.[134] A formal regulation was adopted and published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 7 December 2023.[135][136][137]

Reciprocity

[edit]
Main article: Visa requirements for European Union citizens
Visa requirements for European Union citizens
  European Single Market (freedom of movement)
  Visa-free access for all EU citizens
  Visa-free access for some EU citizens
  Visa on arrival for all EU citizens
  Visa on arrival for some EU citizens
  Electronic visa application

The EU requires that all Annex II countries and territories provide visa-free access for 90 days or longer to nationals of all Schengen states and other EU countries implementing the common visa rules (Cyprus, but not Ireland). If an Annex II country is found to not provide full reciprocity, the EU may decide to suspend the visa exemption for certain categories or later all nationals of that country.[15]

Since the adoption of this policy, full reciprocity has been achieved with all Annex II countries except the United States, which, as of 2023, requires visas from nationals of Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania.[138] In November 2014, the Bulgarian government announced that it would not ratify the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership unless the United States lifted visa requirements for its nationals.[139] Since the United States failed to lift the requirements, on 3 March 2017 the European Parliament approved a non-binding resolution calling on the European Commission to revoke the visa-free travel for US nationals to the Schengen Area.[140]

Some Annex II countries and territories also impose minor restrictions on nationals of certain or all EU/Schengen states that are not considered a breach of reciprocity by the EU. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States require an electronic authorisation before travel, similar to the EU's own planned ETIAS. Canada also requires a visa from nationals of Romania with non-electronic passports.[141] El Salvador requires citizens of Bulgaria and Croatia to buy tourist cards on arrival.[142][143] Israel requires a visa from nationals of Germany born before 1928, which is issued free of charge if they were not involved with the Nazi Party.[144][145][146] Montserrat requires an electronic visa from nationals of Croatia.[147] The United States limits the validity of its electronic authorisation for nationals of Hungary to one year and a single use,[148] and requires a visa for those born outside Hungary.[149][150]

Stays exceeding 90 days

[edit]

In general, third-country nationals staying more than 90 days in the Schengen Area as a whole or in Cyprus require either a long-stay visa for less than a year or a residence permit for longer periods.

Although long-stay visas issued by these countries have a uniform design, the procedures and conditions for issuing them are usually determined by each individual country. For example, some Schengen countries require applications for long-stay visas to be made in the applicant's home country, while other Schengen countries permit them after arrival. Some procedures may vary depending on the applicant's country as well.[151][152][153][154] In some situations, such as for study, the procedures and conditions for long-stay visas have been harmonised among all issuing states.[155][156] Each country is also free to establish its own conditions for residence permits.

Third-country nationals who are long-term residents of an EU or Schengen state (except Ireland and Denmark) may also acquire the right to move to and settle in another of these states without losing their legal status and social benefits.[157] The Van Der Elst visa rule allows third-country nationals employed in the EU single market to work temporarily in another EU single market country for the same employer under certain conditions.

Bilateral visa waivers

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Some third-country nationals are permitted to stay in the Schengen Area for more than 90 days without the need to apply for a long-stay visa. For example, France does not require nationals of the European microstates to apply for a long-stay visa.[158]

Nationals of some 'Annex II' countries (such as Australia, Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and the United States) that had entered into visa waiver agreements with individual Schengen states before they implemented the Schengen agreement are permitted to stay for an additional period of time, above and beyond the typical maximum stay limit of 90 days within 180 days imposed on visa-free 'Annex II' nationals. In such instances, the period of additional stay depends on the specific visa waiver agreement, and only applies if the 'Annex II' national has used up their maximum stay limit as provided for under the Schengen Area.[159]

Means of subsistence

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In addition to general requirements, Schengen states also set entry conditions for foreign nationals of countries outside the EU single market called the "reference amounts required for the crossing of the external border fixed by national authorities" regarding means of subsistence during their stay.[175][176]

Visa policies of Ireland and overseas territories

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Main articles: Visa policy of Ireland, Visa policy of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Visa policies of Overseas France, Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean, Visa policy of the Faroe Islands, Visa policy of Greenland, and Visa policy of Svalbard

Ireland has an independent visa policy. It grants visa-free entry to all Schengen Annex II nationalities, except for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Dominica, East Timor, Georgia, Honduras, Kosovo, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Palau, Peru, Serbia and Venezuela. It also grants visa-free entry to several additional countries – Belize, Eswatini, Fiji, Guyana, Lesotho, Maldives and Nauru. Visas for Ireland and for the Schengen Area are not valid for each other. Ireland is part of the Common Travel Area and maintains freedom of movement with the United Kingdom in addition to with EU and Schengen countries.[191]

The British overseas territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia has open borders with Cyprus and follows the visa policy of the Schengen Area, but requires permits for stays longer than 28 days per 12-month period.[192][193] These rules were not affected by Brexit.[194]

Overseas France and the Caribbean part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands have individual visa policies that are mostly aligned with the Schengen Area, with some exceptions and additions.

The Faroe Islands and Greenland have the same list of nationalities exempt from visas as the Schengen Area, and arrivals from the Schengen Area are not subject to border checks. However, Schengen visas are not valid there, so nationalities that are not exempt need separate visas for these territories. These regulations are due to a special agreement under the Nordic Passport Union.[195][196]

Svalbard is an entirely visa-free zone. Travellers to and from Svalbard must present a passport or national ID card.[197] Travellers who need a visa for the Schengen Area must have such visa if they travel to Svalbard via mainland Norway, and this must be a double-entry visa if they also return from Svalbard via mainland Norway.[198]

Visa policies of candidate and applicant states

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See also: Potential enlargement of the European Union
  EU member states
  EU candidates: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine[199]
  Recognised by the EU as potential candidates which have applied for membership: Kosovo (status disputed).[200]

Countries applying to join the European Union are obliged to adopt the EU's visa policy no later than three months before they formally join the Union.[201] Schengen countries give visa-free access to nationals of all EU candidate and applicant states except Turkey.[202] Candidate states Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro and North Macedonia, and applicant state Kosovo maintain similar visa policies as the Schengen Area, with some notable exceptions regarding countries that were added to the Schengen Annex II more recently and additional nationalities not listed in Annex II. Candidate states Georgia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine require visas from some nationalities that have always been in Annex II and also maintain visa exemptions for some additional nationalities not in Annex II. Turkey also requires electronic visas from nationals of EU member state Cyprus.[203]

Validity for other countries

[edit]

Schengen visas that are valid for further travel are accepted as substitute visas for national visas in several other countries.

See also

[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Europe.

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d For holders of biometric passports.
  2. ^ For holders of a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport.
  3. ^ For holders of a Macao Special Administrative Region passport.
  4. ^ For holders of passports containing an identity card number.
  5. ^ Including all classes of British nationality.
  6. ^ British citizens, British subjects with right of abode in the United Kingdom, and British Overseas Territories citizens of Gibraltar.
  7. ^ Except for holders of passports issued by the Coordination Directorate for Kosovo and Metohija.
  8. ^ British subjects without right of abode in the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories citizens other than of Gibraltar, British Overseas citizens, and British protected persons.
  9. ^ The visa waiver agreement with Vanuatu was suspended from 4 May 2022 for holders of ordinary passports issued from 25 May 2015.[42] Although the visa waiver could still apply to passports issued before that date, such passports had a validity of five years so they had already expired.[43] The suspension was extended to all passports from 4 February 2023.[44][45]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Österreich, Außenministerium der Republik. "Schengen Visa – BMEIA, Außenministerium Österreich". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  2. ^ "Visa policy". European Commission. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  3. ^ "The Schengen Area". Citizens Information.
  4. ^ "EU visa policy". European Council Council of the European Union.
  5. ^ "Applying for a Schengen visa". European Commission. 29 May 2024.
  6. ^ Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States
  7. ^ Summary of the Directive 2004/38/EC "Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States". 2 May 2006. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
  8. ^ Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 158/2007 of 7 December 2007 amending Annex V (Free movement of workers) and Annex VIII (Right of establishment) to the EEA Agreement
  9. ^ "Short Overview of the EFTA Convention". Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  10. ^ Article 6.3.2 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
  11. ^ Judgement of the European Court of Justice of 17 February 2005, Case C 215/03, Salah Oulane vs. Minister voor Vreemdelingenzaken en Integratie, ECLI:EU:C:2005:95
  12. ^ Article 27 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
  13. ^ Article 28 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
  14. ^ Article 29 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
  15. ^ a b Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  16. ^ a b c d "Visas". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus.
  17. ^ "Lists of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders and of those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement". European Commission.
  18. ^ Commission communication in pursuance of Council Regulation (EC) No 2317/95 of 25 September 1995 determining the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of the Member States – Information as at 1 July 1996
  19. ^ Commission communication pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 2317/95 of 25 September 1995 determining the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of the Member States – Information provided by the Member States as at 15 April 1997
  20. ^ Commission communication pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 2317/95 of 25 September 1995 determining the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of the Member States – Information provided by the Member States as at 5 February 1998
  21. ^ Commission communication in pursuance of Council Regulation (EC) No 574/1999 of 12 March 1999 determining the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of the Member States – Information provided by the Member States as at 1 May 1999
  22. ^ Commission communication in pursuance of Council Regulation (EC) No 574/1999 of 12 March 1999 determining the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of the Member States – Information provided by the Member States as of 1 August 2000
  23. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  24. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2414/2001 of 7 December 2001 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of Member States and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  25. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 453/2003 of 6 March 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  26. ^ a b Council Regulation (EC) No 1932/2006 of 21 December 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  27. ^ "Official Journal of the European Union, L 169". EUR-Lex. 30 June 2009.
  28. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 1244/2009 of 30 November 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  29. ^ Regulation (EU) No 1091/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  30. ^ Regulation (EU) No 1211/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  31. ^ Regulation (EU) No 259/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  32. ^ Regulation (EU) No 509/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
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  34. ^ "Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Peru on the short-stay visa waiver". Council of the European Union and European Council.
  35. ^ "Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Kiribati on the short-stay visa waiver". Council of the European Union and European Council.
  36. ^ "Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of the Marshall Islands on the short-stay visa waiver". Council of the European Union and European Council.
  37. ^ "Agreement between the European Union and Tuvalu on the short-stay visa waiver". Council of the European Union and European Council.
  38. ^ "Agreement between the European Union and the Federated States of Micronesia on the short-stay visa waiver". Council of the European Union and European Council.
  39. ^ "Agreement between the European Union and Solomon Islands on the short-stay visa waiver". Council of the European Union and European Council.
  40. ^ Regulation (EU) 2017/372 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 1 March 2017 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (Georgia)
  41. ^ Regulation (EU) 2017/850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2017 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (Ukraine)
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  45. ^ a b Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/2059 of 31 May 2024 amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the extension of the temporary suspension of the visa exemption for nationals of Vanuatu
  46. ^ Regulation (EU) 2023/850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (Kosovo (This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.)), EUR-Lex, 25 April 2023. The regulation specified that the visa exemption would apply from the date when ETIAS started operations or from 1 January 2024, whichever came first. ETIAS did not start operations before that date. "Frequently asked questions about ETIAS". European Union.
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