X Cygni
| Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Cygnus |
| Right ascension | 20h 43m 24.192s[2] |
| Declination | 35° 35′ 16.08″[2] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 5.85 to 6.91[3] |
| Characteristics | |
| Spectral type | F7 Ib to G8 Ib[4] |
| Variable type | δ Cep[3] |
| Astrometry | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | 8.1±0.2[5] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) | RA: −6.673 mas/yr[2] Dec.: −5.108 mas/yr[2] |
| Parallax (π) | 0.8842 ± 0.0199 mas[2] |
| Distance | 3,690 ± 80 ly (1,130 ± 30 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | −4.53[6] |
| Details | |
| Mass | 7.9–8.9[7] M☉ |
| Radius | 95.9±1.6[8] R☉ |
| Luminosity | 5,202[9] L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 1.601[10] cgs |
| Temperature | 5,315±80[8] K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.10±0.08[8] dex |
| Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 8[7] km/s |
| Age | 31[6] Myr |
| Other designations | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | data |
X Cygni is a variable star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, abbreviated X Cyg. This is a Delta Cephei variable that ranges in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude of 5.85 down to 6.91 with a period of 16.386332 days.[3] At it brightest, this star is dimly visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star is approximately 628 light years based on parallax measurements.[2] It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 8.1 km/s.[5] This star is a likely member of the open cluster Ruprecht 173.[12]
The variable luminosity of this star was discovered by S. C. Chandler, Jr. in 1886.[13] In 1907, E. B. Frost showed that X Cyg is an F-type star with a varying radial velocity, behaving analogous to a Delta Cephei variable.[14] M. Luizet in 1912 found a cyclical pulsation period of 16.38543 days for the variation.[15] In 1919, F. C. Jordan determined that the color index of the star changed over the course of each cycle, becoming redder as the star grew fainter.[16] It came to be identified as a member of the benchmark class of stars termed Classical Cepheid variables that satisfy a simple period-luminosity relation.[17]
In 1954, R. P. Kraft found a stellar classification of F7 Ib at peak brightness,[18] matching the spectrum of an F-type supergiant star. The class of the star varies over the course of a pulsation cycle, ranging down to G8 Ib at minimum brightness.[4] R. P. Kraft in 1956 identified a doubling of certain spectral lines, which he explained as the result of a falling shell of matter from a prior pulsation cycle that is colliding with the photosphere.[19] Unlike most cepheid variables that undergo a single shock per cycle, X Cyg has been found to undergo a double shock.[20]
No orbiting companion has been identified with a period of ten years or less.[21] The star shows cirrus with tentative evidence for extended emission of infrared.[22]
References[edit]
- ^ MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes, Space Telescope Science Institute, retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e). Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b c Samus, N. N.; et al. (2017), "General Catalogue of Variable Stars", Astronomy Reports, 5.1, 61 (1): 80–88, Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S, doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085, S2CID 125853869.
- ^ a b Kovtyukh, V. V.; et al. (January 2005), "Phase-dependent Variation of the Fundamental Parameters of Cepheids. II. Periods Longer than 10 Days", The Astronomical Journal, 129 (1): 433–453, Bibcode:2005AJ....129..433K, doi:10.1086/426339, S2CID 120666782.
- ^ a b Gontcharov, G. A. (November 2006), "Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35495 Hipparcos stars in a common system", Astronomy Letters, 32 (11): 759–771, arXiv:1606.08053, Bibcode:2006AstL...32..759G, doi:10.1134/S1063773706110065, S2CID 119231169.
- ^ a b Acharova, I. A.; et al. (2012), "Galactic restrictions on iron production by various types of supernovae", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 420 (2): 1590, arXiv:1111.2152, Bibcode:2012MNRAS.420.1590A, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20161.x, S2CID 118404944.
- ^ a b Breitfellner, M. G.; Gillet, D. (October 1993), "Atmospheric motions in classical cepheid stars. III. A very large amplitude star : X Cygni", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 277: 553, Bibcode:1993A&A...277..553B.
- ^ a b c Trahin, B.; et al. (December 2021), "Inspecting the Cepheid parallax of pulsation using Gaia EDR3 parallaxes. Projection factor and period-luminosity and period-radius relations", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 656, arXiv:2111.09125, Bibcode:2021A&A...656A.102T, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141680, S2CID 244173657, A102.
- ^ Groenewegen, M. A. T. (2020), "The flux-weighted gravity-luminosity relation of Galactic classical Cepheids", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 640: A113, arXiv:2007.02148, Bibcode:2020A&A...640A.113G, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038292, S2CID 220364506.
- ^ Sprague, Dani; et al. (March 8, 2022), "APOGEE Net: An Expanded Spectral Model of Both Low-mass and High-mass Stars", The Astronomical Journal, 163 (4): 152, arXiv:2201.03661, Bibcode:2022AJ....163..152S, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac4de7, eISSN 1538-3881, ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ "X Cyg". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
- ^ Anderson, Richard I.; et al. (September 2013), "Cepheids in open clusters: an 8D all-sky census", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 434 (3): 2238–2261, arXiv:1212.5119, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.434.2238A, doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1160.
- ^ Chandler, S. C. (December 1886), "On a new short-period variable in Cygnus", Astronomical Journal, 7 (148): 32, Bibcode:1886AJ......7...32C, doi:10.1086/100855.
- ^ Frost, E. B. (1907), "Nine stars having variable radial velocities", Astrophysical Journal, 25: 59–65, Bibcode:1907ApJ....25R..59F, doi:10.1086/141465.
- ^ Luizet, Michel (November 1912), "Nouveaux éléments et courbes de lumière des étoiles X Cygni et RU Camelopardalis", Astronomische Nachrichten (in French), 193 (6): 83, Bibcode:1912AN....193...83L, doi:10.1002/asna.19121930603.
- ^ Jordan, F. C. (October 1919), "The color changes of certain variable stars of short period", Astrophysical Journal, 50: 174–205, Bibcode:1919ApJ....50..174J, doi:10.1086/142495, hdl:2027/mdp.39015086631564.
- ^ Eggen, Olin J. (March 1951), "Photoelectric Studies. V. Magnitudes and Colors of Classical Cepheid Variable Stars", Astrophysical Journal, 113: 367, Bibcode:1951ApJ...113..367E, doi:10.1086/145405.
- ^ Kraft, Robert P. (June 1954), "Changes in the Spectrum of X Cygni", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 66 (390): 136, Bibcode:1954PASP...66..136K, doi:10.1086/126679, S2CID 123620740.
- ^ Kraft, Robert P. (April 1956), "Double Lines in the Spectrum of the Classical Cepheid X Cygni", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 68 (401): 137, Bibcode:1956PASP...68..137K, doi:10.1086/126897, S2CID 122849355.
- ^ Gillet, D. (August 2014), "Atmospheric dynamics in long-period Cepheids. Hα profile variations", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 568, Bibcode:2014A&A...568A..72G, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423486, A72.
- ^ Hintz, Eric G.; et al. (October 2021), "An Examination of Pulsational Changes in the Classical Cepheid X Cygni", The Astronomical Journal, 162 (4): 149, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..149H, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac167f, S2CID 237553133, 149.
- ^ Barmby, P.; et al. (February 2011), "Galactic Cepheids with Spitzer. II. Search for Extended Infrared Emission", The Astronomical Journal, 141 (2): 42, arXiv:1011.3386, Bibcode:2011AJ....141...42B, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/2/42, S2CID 118581168, 42.
Further reading[edit]
- Wallerstein, G.; et al. (September 2019), "The Behavior of the Paschen and Calcium Triplet Lines in Cepheid Variables II: The 16-day Variable X Cygni", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 131 (1003): 094203, Bibcode:2019PASP..131i4203W, doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab1ec2, S2CID 201259492.
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Meyer, Ralf (December 2005), "X Cyg: observations from 1886 until today", Open European Journal on Variable Stars, 13: 1, Bibcode:2005OEJV...13....1M.
- Turner, David G. (July 1998), "A Search for Stars Physically Associated with the 16 Day Cepheid X Cygni. II. Clusters in the Field", The Astronomical Journal, 116 (1): 274–283, Bibcode:1998AJ....116..274T, doi:10.1086/300438, S2CID 123331380.
- Wallerstein, G.; et al. (August 1984), "A search for evidence of the neon-sodium cycle in the Cepheid X Cygni", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 96: 613–617, Bibcode:1984PASP...96..613W, doi:10.1086/131392, S2CID 120641485.
- Evans, N. R. (June 1984), "X Cygni: duplicity, period stability and atmospheric velocity structure", Astrophysical Journal, 281: 760–765, Bibcode:1984ApJ...281..760E, doi:10.1086/162154.
- Wallerstein, G. (July 1983), "The behavior of H alpha in the 16-day cepheid X Cygni", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 95: 422–426, Bibcode:1983PASP...95..422W, doi:10.1086/131187, S2CID 122893194.
- Turner, D. G. (May 1983), "A search for stars physically associated with the 16-day Cepheid X Cygni. I. Luminous Stars in the field", Astronomical Journal, 88: 650–654, Bibcode:1983AJ.....88..650T, doi:10.1086/113353.
- Benz, W.; Mayor, M. (July 1982), "Turbulence variations for the three cepheids SV Vul, X CYG and del Cep", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 111: 224–228, Bibcode:1982A&A...111..224B.
- Davis, C. G.; et al. (June 1981), "On the mass of the cepheid X Cyg", Astrophysical Journal, 246: 914–918, Bibcode:1981ApJ...246..914D, doi:10.1086/158984.
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Abt, H. A. (June 1978), "Radial velocities of the cepheid X Cygni", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 90: 309–311, Bibcode:1978PASP...90..309A, doi:10.1086/130332, S2CID 120199788.
- Masani, A.; et al. (February 1968), "The Masses of BM Cas, X Cyg, RT Aur, RR Lyr", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 258: 1, Bibcode:1968IBVS..258....1M.
- Masani, A.; et al. (October 1966), "Determination of the Mass and the Model of the Variables: RT Aurigae, Eta Aquilae, X Cygni, Mira Ceti and BM Cassiopeiae of Pop.I, and RR Lyrae and Two Typical Variables of Pop. II", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 162: 1, Bibcode:1966IBVS..162....1M.
- Duncan, J. C. (January 1921), "The spectroscopic orbit of the cepheid variable X Cygni", Astrophysical Journal, 53: 95–98, Bibcode:1921ApJ....53...95D, doi:10.1086/142585.