User:1a16/ Policy of tobacco legalization

In U.S. national polls (circa 2014), of the total number asked in polls the proportion of 70% of the total number of people asked would like to quit smoking tobacco but cannot (D. Hales 2014). ^[1]

Legality of tobacco compared to legality of restricted drugs[edit]

The nature of the nationalistic tendencies is that tobacco is perceived as acceptable, while other drugs are restricted and perceived as evils, except tobacco is obviously and absolutely proven to be a highly dangerous and harmful, plus addictive drug, causing over 7 million deaths per year, while the nature of evil, both in considerations of evil is defined as harm done to humans, including death, but (to be verified) especially if the humans belong to the United States (or allies).

During 2004 about 5 million people aged thirty years and more than thirty years of age died as direct cause from tobacco (World Health organization). ^[2]

Tobacco "kills" more than 7 million people each year. (updated values of May 2017 World Health organization) ^[3]

Posit: Other restricted drugs were restricted for public safety, to preserve order in society by limiting the effects of use on the consciousness of the majority of the population,

to protect citizens of countries, ^[4]

is indicated by the need for restriction and (to be verified) the lower number of deaths from other psychoactive drugs compared to tobacco.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country

Tobacco#Global_production - tobacco Kills about 5.4 million people a year ^[5] that these deaths are not significant, important, is the nature of evil, that harm is done to people, to others, and this isn't a problem, is the nature of evil. Good as opposite to evil, is for a thing which is a good - for the benefit of any one person is the same value for all people, to know the nature of evil, is to know it is the opposite of a benefit to any one.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#/media/File:HeroinWorld-en.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine

Crack_cocaine#Legal_status

Evidence of nationalism as an evil within the United States governmental policy on tobacco as a legal drug[edit]

User:1a16/_Nationalist tendencies within the United States government and Constitution of the United States#70.25 of people in U.S. polls would stop smoking tobacco .28D. Hales 2014.29

tobacco is addictive:

Addiction is a brain disorder - Nestler EJ (December 2013), Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016), Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K (October 2008), Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF (February 2013)[edit]

Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. ^[6]^[7]^[8] ^[9]^[10]^[11]

compared to definitions of ill-health shown as the words mental disorder - especially with regards brain chemistry in schizophrenia

Addiction is a brain disorder, "kills" 7 million people a year (W.H.O. May 2017)

- life as opposite to death - death is not preferred, death is perceived as an evil, to cause death - for instance in terrorism is perceived as evil - to take a life against a persons will - 70% would stop smoking tobacco if possible - tobacco is legal.

Economics arguments - for the continued legal status of tobacco is the same as organized crime and nationalism

Comparing definitions of the word mental to definitions of the word mind[edit]

=the word mental=[edit]

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/mental - of or relating to the mind

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mental - of or relating to the mind

=of the word mind=[edit]

the element or complex (see 1complex 1) of elements in an individual that feels, perceives, thinks, wills, and especially reasons •Keep your mind active as you grow older.

the conscious mental events and capabilities in an organism

the organized conscious and unconscious adaptive mental activity of an organism

defined as Criminal negligence "wanton disregard for human life" with regards to number of deaths by tobacco use[edit]

Criminal negligence defined as "wanton disregard for human life"

Economics arguments - for the continued legal status of tobacco is the same as organized crime

Addictiveness as an indicative of need for restriction in other drugs; as an indicative of likelihood of abuse[edit]

Tobacco fulfills all criteria (depending on comparitive similarity of the definition of high potential) for List of Schedule I drugs (US)^[12] The following findings are required for drugs to be placed in this schedule:^[13]

The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.

Drugs listed in this control schedule include: Heroin, MDMA , GHB, BZP, Etorphine, αMT

In the United States, cocaine is a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Substances Act, indicating that it has a high abuse potential but also carries a medicinal purpose.^[14]^[15]

tobacco fulfills Schedule II (US): Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.^[16]

Harmful use http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/definition2/en/

Dinesh Bhugra, Kamaldeep Bhui - Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry p. 244 Cambridge University Press, 17 February 2011 ISBN 1139467727

Use of the word "kills" by the World Health Organisation (W.H.O.) as an indicative of homicidal ideation at unknown source[edit]

source entitled: Tobacco, the Problem, Tobacco of source: World Health Organisation - Fact sheet June 2009 Accessed June 7^th, 2017

Number of deaths per year U.S. from tobacco - Accessed June 12^th, 2017

Number of deaths per year U.S. from tobacco[edit]

Cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths per year in the United States, including more than 41,000 deaths resulting from secondhand smoke exposure. ^[17]

Disease amongst the population of the Units States caused by tobacco use, consumption, mis-use, or otherwise[edit]

More than 16 million Americans are living with a disease caused by smoking. ^[18]

Sources[edit]

^ D. Hales - An Invitation to Health p.452 Cengage Learning, 1 January 2014 ISBN 1285783115 - Accessed June 9th, 2017
^ http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/fact_sheet_mortality_report.pdf?ua=1 - Accessed June 9th, 2017
^ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ - Accessed June 9th, 2017
^ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230618404_2 Accessed June 7th, 2017
^ http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/fact_sheet_tobacco_en.pdf - Accessed June 7th, 2017
^ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681 Freely accessible. PMID 24459410. "Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict."
^ Glossary of Terms Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015. re-Accessed June 11th, 2017
^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (4): 363–371. PMID 26816013. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. "Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder."
^ Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K (October 2008). "The disease of addiction: origins, treatment, and recovery". Dis Mon. 54 (10): 696–721. PMID 18790142. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.07.002.
^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–365, 375. ISBN 9780071481274. "The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ... compulsive eating, shopping, gambling, and sex–so-called "natural addictions"– Indeed, addiction to both drugs and behavioral rewards may arise from similar dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system."
^ Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF (February 2013). "The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans". Subst. Abuse Rehabil. 4: 29–43. PMC 3931688 Freely accessible. PMID 24648786. doi:10.2147/SAR.S39684. "Initial drug use can be attributed to the ability of the drug to act as a reward (ie, a pleasurable emotional state or positive reinforcer), which can lead to repeated drug use and dependence.8,9 A great deal of research has focused on the molecular and neuroanatomical mechanisms of the initial rewarding or reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse. ... At present, no pharmacological therapy has been approved by the FDA to treat psychostimulant addiction. Many drugs have been tested, but none have shown conclusive efficacy with tolerable side effects in humans.172 ... A new emphasis on larger-scale biomarker, genetic, and epigenetic research focused on the molecular targets of mental disorders has been recently advocated.212 In addition, the integration of cognitive and behavioral modification of circuit-wide neuroplasticity (ie, computer-based training to enhance executive function) may prove to be an effective adjunct-treatment approach for addiction, particularly when combined with cognitive enhancers.198,213–216 Furthermore, in order to be effective, all pharmacological or biologically based treatments for addiction need to be integrated into other established forms of addiction rehabilitation, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, individual and group psychotherapy, behavior-modification strategies, twelve-step programs, and residential treatment facilities
^ 21 CFR 1308.11 (CSA Sched I) with changes through 77 FR 64032 (Oct 18, 2012). Retrieved September 6, 2013.
^ 21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(1) United States Code via Cornell University's Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
^ "DEA, Title 21, Section 812". Usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ 21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(2) Retrieved 2008-05-01.
^ Cite error: The named reference cornell1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm - Accessed June 12^th, 2017
^ https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm - Accessed June 12^th, 2017

[1] D. Hales - An Invitation to Health p.452 Cengage Learning, 1 January 2014 ISBN 1285783115 - Accessed June 9th, 2017

[2] ttp://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/fact_sheet_mortality_report.pdf?ua=1 - Accessed June 9th, 2017

[3] ttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ - Accessed June 9th, 2017

[4] ttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230618404_2 Accessed June 7th, 2017

[5] ttp://www.who.int/nmh/publications/fact_sheet_tobacco_en.pdf - Accessed June 7th, 2017

[6] Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681 Freely accessible. PMID 24459410. "Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict."

[7] Glossary of Terms Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015. re-Accessed June 11th, 2017

[8] Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (4): 363–371. PMID 26816013. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. "Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder."

[9] Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K (October 2008). "The disease of addiction: origins, treatment, and recovery". Dis Mon. 54 (10): 696–721. PMID 18790142. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.07.002.

[10] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–365, 375. ISBN 9780071481274. "The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ... compulsive eating, shopping, gambling, and sex–so-called "natural addictions"– Indeed, addiction to both drugs and behavioral rewards may arise from similar dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system."

[11] Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF (February 2013). "The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans". Subst. Abuse Rehabil. 4: 29–43. PMC 3931688 Freely accessible. PMID 24648786. doi:10.2147/SAR.S39684. "Initial drug use can be attributed to the ability of the drug to act as a reward (ie, a pleasurable emotional state or positive reinforcer), which can lead to repeated drug use and dependence.8,9 A great deal of research has focused on the molecular and neuroanatomical mechanisms of the initial rewarding or reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse. ... At present, no pharmacological therapy has been approved by the FDA to treat psychostimulant addiction. Many drugs have been tested, but none have shown conclusive efficacy with tolerable side effects in humans.172 ... A new emphasis on larger-scale biomarker, genetic, and epigenetic research focused on the molecular targets of mental disorders has been recently advocated.212 In addition, the integration of cognitive and behavioral modification of circuit-wide neuroplasticity (ie, computer-based training to enhance executive function) may prove to be an effective adjunct-treatment approach for addiction, particularly when combined with cognitive enhancers.198,213–216 Furthermore, in order to be effective, all pharmacological or biologically based treatments for addiction need to be integrated into other established forms of addiction rehabilitation, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, individual and group psychotherapy, behavior-modification strategies, twelve-step programs, and residential treatment facilities

[DOJ_1308.11-12] 21 CFR 1308.11 (CSA Sched I) with changes through 77 FR 64032 (Oct 18, 2012). Retrieved September 6, 2013.

[13] 21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(1) United States Code via Cornell University's Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.

[DEA-14] "DEA, Title 21, Section 812". Usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

[15] 21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(2) Retrieved 2008-05-01.

[cornell1-16] Cite error: The named reference cornell1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[17] ttps://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm - Accessed June 12^th, 2017

[18] ttps://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm - Accessed June 12^th, 2017

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