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Na (Indic)

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Na
Na
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseNa
TibetanNa
TamilNa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiNa
DevanagariNa
Cognates
Hebrewנ ,ן
GreekΝ
LatinN
CyrillicН
Properties
Phonemic representation/n/
IAST transliterationn N
ISCII code pointC6 (198)

Na is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Na is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of न are:[1]

  • [nə] = 20 (२०)
  • नि [nɪ] = 2,000 (२ ०००)
  • नु [nʊ] = 200,000 (२ ०० ०००)
  • नृ [nri] = 20,000,000 (२ ०० ०० ०००)
  • नॢ [nlə] = 2×109 (२ ×१०)
  • ने [ne] = 2×1011 (×१०११)
  • नै [nɛː] = 2×1013 (×१०१३)
  • नो [noː] = 2×1015 (×१०१५)
  • नौ [nɔː] = 2×1017 (×१०१७)

Historic Na

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Na as found in standard Brahmi, Na was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Na. The Tocharian Na Na had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Na. The third form of na, in Kharoshthi (Na) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Na

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Na, Na, is probably derived from the Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to the modern Latin N and Greek Nu.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Na can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Na historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Na

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Na is derived from the Brahmi Na, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form nä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Nä.

Tocharian Na with vowel marks
Na Ni Nu Nr Nr̄ Ne Nai No Nau Fremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Na

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Na is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to N and Nu, in addition to the Brahmi Na.[2]

Devanagari Na

[edit]

Na () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘡.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, न is pronounced as [nə] or [n] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari न with vowel marks
Na Ni Nu Nr Nr̄ Nl Nl̄ Ne Nai No Nau N
ना नि नी नु नू नृ नॄ नॢ नॣ ने नै नो नौ न्

Conjuncts with न

[edit]
Half form of Na.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of न

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • न্ (n) + न (na) gives the ligature nna: note

  • Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

  • न্ (n) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature nra:

Stacked conjuncts of न

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. As the trailing letter in many conjuncts, Na will show a reduced form, angling down and to the right in order to stack under the preceding consonant.

  • भ্ (bh) + न (na) gives the ligature bhna:

  • ब্ (b) + न (na) gives the ligature bna:

  • छ্ (ch) + न (na) gives the ligature chna:

  • च্ (c) + न (na) gives the ligature cna:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍʱna:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍna:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

  • द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature dna:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

  • ग্ (g) + न (na) gives the ligature gna:

  • ग্ (g) + न্ (n) + य (ya) gives the ligature gnya:

  • ह্ (h) + न (na) gives the ligature hna:

  • झ্ (jh) + न (na) gives the ligature jhna:

  • ज্ (j) + न (na) gives the ligature jna:

  • ख্ (kh) + न (na) gives the ligature khna:

  • क্ (k) + न (na) gives the ligature kna:

  • ल্ (l) + न (na) gives the ligature lna:

  • म্ (m) + न (na) gives the ligature mna:

  • न্ (n) + च (ca) gives the ligature nca:

  • न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + न (na) gives the ligature ŋna:

  • न্ (n) + ज (ja) gives the ligature nja:

  • न্ (n) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature njña:

  • न্ (n) + ल (la) gives the ligature nla:

  • ण্ (ṇ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṇna:

  • न্ (n) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature nña:

  • ञ্ (ñ) + न (na) gives the ligature ñna:

  • फ্ (ph) + न (na) gives the ligature phna:

  • प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • श্ (ʃ) + न (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • स্ (s) + न (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṣna:

  • थ্ (th) + न (na) gives the ligature thna:

  • त্ (t) + न (na) gives the ligature tna:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭhna:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭna:

  • त্ (t) + त্ (t) + न (na) gives the ligature ttna:

  • व্ (v) + न (na) gives the ligature vna:

  • य্ (y) + न (na) gives the ligature yna:

Bengali Na

[edit]

The Bengali script ন is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, न. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ন will sometimes be transliterated as "no" instead of "na". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /n̪o/. Like all Indic consonants, ন can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ন with vowel marks
na ni nu nr nr̄ ne nai no nau n
না নি নী নু নূ নৃ নৄ নে নৈ নো নৌ ন্

ন in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ন is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ন

[edit]

Bengali ন exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards a trailing ন realized as a reduced form in stacked ligatures, similar to Va-phala, and initial ন appending a reduced form onto the vertical stemline of the following consonant, or as a fully stacked ligature.[5]

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

  • ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

  • গ্ (g) + ন (na) gives the ligature gna:

  • গ্ (g) + ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature gnya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ক্ (k) + ষ্ (ṣ) + ন (na) gives the ligature kṣna:

  • ম্ (m) + ন (na) gives the ligature mna:

  • ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ন্ (n) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature nḍa:

  • ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ম (ma) gives the ligature nma:

  • ন্ (n) + ন (na) gives the ligature nna:

  • ন্ (n) + ত (ta) gives the ligature nta:

  • ন্ (n) + থ (tha) gives the ligature ntha:

  • ন্ (n) + থ্ (th) + র (ra) gives the ligature nthra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ntra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

  • ন্ (n) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature nṭa:

  • ন্ (n) + ঠ (ṭha) gives the ligature nṭha:

  • ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature ntva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ব (va) gives the ligature nva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature nya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna, with the repha prefix:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • স্ (s) + ন (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • ত্ (t) + ন (na) gives the ligature tna:

Gujarati Na

[edit]
Gujarati Na.

Na () is the twentieth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Na Na with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Na.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ન is pronounced as [nə] or [n] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Na Ni Nu Nr Nl Nr̄ Nl̄ Ne Nai No Nau N
Gujarati Na syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ન

[edit]
Half form of Na.

Gujarati ન exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. One of the most common variants includes a form of Na that angles downward. Other non-half form variants include the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ન (na) gives the ligature RNa:

  • ન્ (n) + ર (ra) gives the ligature NRa:

  • ન્ (n) + ન (na) gives the ligature NNa:

  • ડ્ (ɖ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌNa:

  • ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌhNa:

  • ખ્ (kh) + ન (na) gives the ligature KhNa:

  • ગ્ (g) + ન (na) gives the ligature GNa:

  • ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature GhNa:

  • ચ્ (c) + ન (na) gives the ligature CNa:

  • ઞ્ (ɲ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ÑNa:

  • ત્ (t) + ન (na) gives the ligature TNa:

  • થ્ (th) + ન (na) gives the ligature ThNa:

  • દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:

  • ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:

  • પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:

  • બ્ (b) + ન (na) gives the ligature BNa:

  • ભ્ (bh) + ન (na) gives the ligature BhNa:

  • મ્ (m) + ન (na) gives the ligature MNa:

  • ય્ (y) + ન (na) gives the ligature YNa:

  • લ્ (l) + ન (na) gives the ligature LNa:

  • ળ્ (ɭ̆) + ન (na) gives the ligature LlNa:

  • વ્ (v) + ન (na) gives the ligature VNa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ŚNa:

  • હ્ (h) + ન (na) gives the ligature HNa:

Javanese Na

[edit]

Telugu Na

[edit]
Telugu Na
Telugu subjoined Na
Telugu independent and subjoined Na.

Na () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter N. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Na

[edit]
Malayalam letter Na

Na () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter N, via the Grantha letter Na Na. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Na matras: Na, Nā, Ni, Nī, Nu, Nū, Nr̥, Nr̥̄, Nl̥, Nl̥̄, Ne, Nē, Nai, No, Nō, Nau, and N.

Conjuncts of ന

[edit]
Malayalam letter Chillu N

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ന് (n) + ത (ta) gives the ligature nta:

  • ന് (n) + ഥ (tha) gives the ligature ntha:

  • ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ന് (n) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

  • ക് (k) + ന (na) gives the ligature kna:

  • ഗ് (g) + ന (na) gives the ligature gna:

  • ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

  • ത് (t) + ന (na) gives the ligature tna:

  • ന് (n) + ന (na) gives the ligature nna:

  • പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • ശ് (ʃ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • സ് (s) + ന (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • ഹ് (h) + ന (na) gives the ligature hna:

  • ന് (n) + മ (ma) gives the ligature nma:

  • ന് (n) + റ (rra) gives the ligature nrra:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ne

[edit]

, , and are the base characters "Ne", "Ni", "No" and "Na" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant (N) is a small version of the A-series letter ᓇ, although the Western Cree letter ᐣ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for N. The character ᓀ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter न, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[6][7]

Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
N + vowel
Ne Ni No Na Nay
Small -
- Ojibway N Nh N Cree N
N with long vowels -
- Cree Nāi
N + W-vowels -
Nwe Cree Nwe Nwi Ojibway Nwi Now Ojibway Now Nwa Cree Nwa -
N + long W-vowels - -
- Nwī Ojibway Nwī Nwō Ojibway Nwō Nwā Naskapi Nwā Cree Nwā -
Woods-Cree Th
The Thi Tho Tha Th

Odia Na

[edit]
Odia independent letter Na
Odia subjoined letter Na
Odia independent and subjoined letter Na.

Na () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter N, via the Siddhaṃ letter Na Na. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Na with vowel matras
Na Ni Nu Nr̥ Nr̥̄ Nl̥ Nl̥̄ Ne Nai No Nau N
ନା ନି ନୀ ନୁ ନୂ ନୃ ନୄ ନୢ ନୣ ନେ ନୈ ନୋ ନୌ ନ୍

Conjuncts of ନ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Na is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Na Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

Kaithi Na

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Na
Kaithi half-form letter Na
Kaithi consonant and half-form Na.

Na (𑂢) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter N, via the Siddhaṃ letter Na Na. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Na with vowel matras
Na Ni Nu Ne Nai No Nau N
𑂢 𑂢𑂰 𑂢𑂱 𑂢𑂲 𑂢𑂳 𑂢𑂴 𑂢𑂵 𑂢𑂶 𑂢𑂷 𑂢𑂸 𑂢𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂢

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂢 (na) gives the ligature rna:

Comparison of Na

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Na, are related as well.

Comparison of Na in different scripts
Aramaic
Na
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨣
Ashoka Brahmi
Na
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Na
Tocharian[b]
Na / Na
Gupta Brahmi
Na
Pallava
Na
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰡
Siddhaṃ
Na
Grantha
𑌨
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Na
Newa
𑐣
Ahom
𑜃
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Na
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤟
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩯
Khmer
Tamil
Na
Chakma
𑄚
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
ນ / ໜ
Tai Le
Marchen
𑱽
Tirhuta
𑒢
New Tai Lue
ᦓ / ᦐ
Tai Viet
ꪙ / ꪘ
Aksara Kawi
Na
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆤
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨝
Bengali-Assamese
Na
Takri
𑚝
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻨
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠝
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘡
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈞
Khudabadi
𑋑
Mahajani
𑅧
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
Na
Nandinagari
𑧁
Kaithi
Na
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊚
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
Soyombo[g]
𑩯
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵺
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴟
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Na

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Na in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Na from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER NA BENGALI LETTER NA TAMIL LETTER NA TELUGU LETTER NA ORIYA LETTER NA KANNADA LETTER NA MALAYALAM LETTER NA GUJARATI LETTER NA GURMUKHI LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2344 U+0928 2472 U+09A8 2984 U+0BA8 3112 U+0C28 2856 U+0B28 3240 U+0CA8 3368 U+0D28 2728 U+0AA8 2600 U+0A28
UTF-8 224 164 168 E0 A4 A8 224 166 168 E0 A6 A8 224 174 168 E0 AE A8 224 176 168 E0 B0 A8 224 172 168 E0 AC A8 224 178 168 E0 B2 A8 224 180 168 E0 B4 A8 224 170 168 E0 AA A8 224 168 168 E0 A8 A8
Numeric character reference न न ন ন ந ந న న ନ ନ ನ ನ ന ന ન ન ਨ ਨ
ISCII 198 C6 198 C6 198 C6 198 C6 198 C6 198 C6 198 C6 198 C6 198 C6


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨣 𑌨
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER NA KHAROSHTHI LETTER NA SIDDHAM LETTER NA GRANTHA LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69670 U+11026 68131 U+10A23 71073 U+115A1 70440 U+11328
UTF-8 240 145 128 166 F0 91 80 A6 240 144 168 163 F0 90 A8 A3 240 145 150 161 F0 91 96 A1 240 145 140 168 F0 91 8C A8
UTF-16 55300 56358 D804 DC26 55298 56867 D802 DE23 55301 56737 D805 DDA1 55300 57128 D804 DF28
Numeric character reference 𑀦 𑀦 𐨣 𐨣 𑖡 𑖡 𑌨 𑌨


Character information
Preview 𑨝 𑐣 𑰡 𑆤
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER NA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER NA PHAGS-PA LETTER NA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NA NEWA LETTER NA BHAIKSUKI LETTER NA SHARADA LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3923 U+0F53 4003 U+0FA3 43083 U+A84B 72221 U+11A1D 70691 U+11423 72737 U+11C21 70052 U+111A4
UTF-8 224 189 147 E0 BD 93 224 190 163 E0 BE A3 234 161 139 EA A1 8B 240 145 168 157 F0 91 A8 9D 240 145 144 163 F0 91 90 A3 240 145 176 161 F0 91 B0 A1 240 145 134 164 F0 91 86 A4
UTF-16 3923 0F53 4003 0FA3 43083 A84B 55302 56861 D806 DE1D 55301 56355 D805 DC23 55303 56353 D807 DC21 55300 56740 D804 DDA4
Numeric character reference ན ན ྣ ྣ ꡋ ꡋ 𑨝 𑨝 𑐣 𑐣 𑰡 𑰡 𑆤 𑆤


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER NA TAI THAM LETTER NA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW NA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH NA NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL N
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4116 U+1014 6710 U+1A36 6547 U+1993 6544 U+1990 6595 U+19C3
UTF-8 225 128 148 E1 80 94 225 168 182 E1 A8 B6 225 166 147 E1 A6 93 225 166 144 E1 A6 90 225 167 131 E1 A7 83
Numeric character reference န န ᨶ ᨶ ᦓ ᦓ ᦐ ᦐ ᧃ ᧃ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER NO LAO LETTER NO LAO HO NO THAI CHARACTER NO NU TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NO TAI VIET LETTER LOW NO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6035 U+1793 3737 U+0E99 3804 U+0EDC 3609 U+0E19 43673 U+AA99 43672 U+AA98
UTF-8 225 158 147 E1 9E 93 224 186 153 E0 BA 99 224 187 156 E0 BB 9C 224 184 153 E0 B8 99 234 170 153 EA AA 99 234 170 152 EA AA 98
Numeric character reference ន ន ນ ນ ໜ ໜ น น ꪙ ꪙ ꪘ ꪘ


Character information
Preview 𑄚 𑜃 𑤟
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER DANTAJA NAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER NA CHAKMA LETTER NAA TAI LE LETTER NA AHOM LETTER NA DIVES AKURU LETTER NA SAURASHTRA LETTER NA CHAM LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3505 U+0DB1 43284 U+A914 69914 U+1111A 6498 U+1962 71427 U+11703 71967 U+1191F 43173 U+A8A5 43544 U+AA18
UTF-8 224 182 177 E0 B6 B1 234 164 148 EA A4 94 240 145 132 154 F0 91 84 9A 225 165 162 E1 A5 A2 240 145 156 131 F0 91 9C 83 240 145 164 159 F0 91 A4 9F 234 162 165 EA A2 A5 234 168 152 EA A8 98
UTF-16 3505 0DB1 43284 A914 55300 56602 D804 DD1A 6498 1962 55301 57091 D805 DF03 55302 56607 D806 DD1F 43173 A8A5 43544 AA18
Numeric character reference න න ꤔ ꤔ 𑄚 𑄚 ᥢ ᥢ 𑜃 𑜃 𑤟 𑤟 ꢥ ꢥ ꨘ ꨘ


Character information
Preview 𑘡 𑧁 𑩯 𑵺
Unicode name MODI LETTER NA NANDINAGARI LETTER NA SOYOMBO LETTER NA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER NO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER NA KAITHI LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71201 U+11621 72129 U+119C1 72303 U+11A6F 43032 U+A818 73082 U+11D7A 69794 U+110A2
UTF-8 240 145 152 161 F0 91 98 A1 240 145 167 129 F0 91 A7 81 240 145 169 175 F0 91 A9 AF 234 160 152 EA A0 98 240 145 181 186 F0 91 B5 BA 240 145 130 162 F0 91 82 A2
UTF-16 55301 56865 D805 DE21 55302 56769 D806 DDC1 55302 56943 D806 DE6F 43032 A818 55303 56698 D807 DD7A 55300 56482 D804 DCA2
Numeric character reference 𑘡 𑘡 𑧁 𑧁 𑩯 𑩯 ꠘ ꠘ 𑵺 𑵺 𑂢 𑂢


Character information
Preview 𑒢 𑱽
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER NA LEPCHA LETTER NA LIMBU LETTER NA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NA MARCHEN LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70818 U+114A2 7181 U+1C0D 6415 U+190F 43973 U+ABC5 72829 U+11C7D
UTF-8 240 145 146 162 F0 91 92 A2 225 176 141 E1 B0 8D 225 164 143 E1 A4 8F 234 175 133 EA AF 85 240 145 177 189 F0 91 B1 BD
UTF-16 55301 56482 D805 DCA2 7181 1C0D 6415 190F 43973 ABC5 55303 56445 D807 DC7D
Numeric character reference 𑒢 𑒢 ᰍ ᰍ ᤏ ᤏ ꯅ ꯅ 𑱽 𑱽


Character information
Preview 𑚝 𑠝 𑈞 𑋑 𑅧 𑊚
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER NA DOGRA LETTER NA KHOJKI LETTER NA KHUDAWADI LETTER NA MAHAJANI LETTER NA MULTANI LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71325 U+1169D 71709 U+1181D 70174 U+1121E 70353 U+112D1 69991 U+11167 70298 U+1129A
UTF-8 240 145 154 157 F0 91 9A 9D 240 145 160 157 F0 91 A0 9D 240 145 136 158 F0 91 88 9E 240 145 139 145 F0 91 8B 91 240 145 133 167 F0 91 85 A7 240 145 138 154 F0 91 8A 9A
UTF-16 55301 56989 D805 DE9D 55302 56349 D806 DC1D 55300 56862 D804 DE1E 55300 57041 D804 DED1 55300 56679 D804 DD67 55300 56986 D804 DE9A
Numeric character reference 𑚝 𑚝 𑠝 𑠝 𑈞 𑈞 𑋑 𑋑 𑅧 𑅧 𑊚 𑊚


Character information
Preview 𑻨
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER NA BATAK LETTER NA BUGINESE LETTER NA JAVANESE LETTER NA MAKASAR LETTER NA REJANG LETTER NA SUNDANESE LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6950 U+1B26 7113 U+1BC9 6666 U+1A0A 43428 U+A9A4 73448 U+11EE8 43317 U+A935 7060 U+1B94
UTF-8 225 172 166 E1 AC A6 225 175 137 E1 AF 89 225 168 138 E1 A8 8A 234 166 164 EA A6 A4 240 145 187 168 F0 91 BB A8 234 164 181 EA A4 B5 225 174 148 E1 AE 94
UTF-16 6950 1B26 7113 1BC9 6666 1A0A 43428 A9A4 55303 57064 D807 DEE8 43317 A935 7060 1B94
Numeric character reference ᬦ ᬦ ᯉ ᯉ ᨊ ᨊ ꦤ ꦤ 𑻨 𑻨 ꤵ ꤵ ᮔ ᮔ


Character information
Preview 𑴟
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER NA TAGBANWA LETTER NA BUHID LETTER NA HANUNOO LETTER NA MASARAM GONDI LETTER NA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5896 U+1708 5992 U+1768 5960 U+1748 5928 U+1728 72991 U+11D1F
UTF-8 225 156 136 E1 9C 88 225 157 168 E1 9D A8 225 157 136 E1 9D 88 225 156 168 E1 9C A8 240 145 180 159 F0 91 B4 9F
UTF-16 5896 1708 5992 1768 5960 1748 5928 1728 55303 56607 D807 DD1F
Numeric character reference ᜈ ᜈ ᝨ ᝨ ᝈ ᝈ ᜨ ᜨ 𑴟 𑴟
Character information
Preview
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS NE CANADIAN SYLLABICS NI CANADIAN SYLLABICS NO CANADIAN SYLLABICS NA CANADIAN SYLLABICS N
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5312 U+14C0 5314 U+14C2 5316 U+14C4 5319 U+14C7 5328 U+14D0
UTF-8 225 147 128 E1 93 80 225 147 130 E1 93 82 225 147 132 E1 93 84 225 147 135 E1 93 87 225 147 144 E1 93 90
Numeric character reference ᓀ ᓀ ᓂ ᓂ ᓄ ᓄ ᓇ ᓇ ᓐ ᓐ
  • The full range of NE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 14C0-14D0, 14D2, 158E-1596, 159B-159F, 1602-1607, 1670-1676, 18BB-18BC, 18C6-18CD, & 18D9.


References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ^ Zui. "Writing in North America — Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics". The Language Closet. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  7. ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".