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Pa (Indic)

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Pa
Pa
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssamesePa
TibetanPa
TamilPa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiPa
DevanagariPa
Cognates
Hebrewפ ,ף
GreekΠ
LatinP
CyrillicП
Properties
Phonemic representation/p/ /ɓ/B
IAST transliterationp P
ISCII code pointC8 (200)

^B both /ɓ/ and /p/ in Khmer

Pa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of प are:[1]

  • [pə] = 21 (२१)
  • पि [pɪ] = 2,100 (२ १००)
  • पु [pʊ] = 210,000 (२ १० ०००)
  • पृ [pri] = 21,000,000 (२ १० ०० ०००)
  • पॢ [plə] = 21×108 (२१×१०)
  • पे [pe] = 21×1010 (२१×१०१०)
  • पै [pɛː] = 21×1012 (२१×१०१२)
  • पो [poː] = 21×1014 (२१×१०१४)
  • पौ [pɔː] = 21×1016 (२१×१०१६)

Historic Pa

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Pa as found in standard Brahmi, Pa was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Pa. The Tocharian Pa Pa had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Pa. The third form of pa, in Kharoshthi (Pa) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Pa

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Pa, Pa, is probably derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to the modern Latin P and Greek Pi.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Pa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Pa historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Pa

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Pa is derived from the Brahmi Pa, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form pä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Pä.

Tocharian Pa with vowel marks
Pa Pi Pu Pr Pr̄ Pe Pai Po Pau Fremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Pa

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to P and Pi, in addition to the Brahmi Pa.[2]

Devanagari Pa

[edit]

Pa () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘢.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, प is pronounced as [pə] or [p] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari प with vowel marks
Pa Pi Pu Pr Pr̄ Pl Pl̄ Pe Pai Po Pau P
पा पि पी पु पू पृ पॄ पॢ पॣ पे पै पो पौ प्

Conjuncts with प

[edit]
Half form of Pa.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of प

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

  • प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • प্ (p) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

  • प্ (p) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature pḍʱa:

  • प্ (p) + त (ta) gives the ligature pta:

  • प্ (p) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

Stacked conjuncts of प

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (ch) + प (pa) gives the ligature chpa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍʱpa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:

  • द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:

  • प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:

  • प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:

  • प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:

  • प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:

  • प্ (p) + ल (la) gives the ligature pla:

  • प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:

  • प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature pṇa:

  • प্ (p) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pña:

  • प্ (p) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

  • प্ (p) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature pṭha:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭhpa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭpa:

Bengali Pa

[edit]

The Bengali script প is derived from the Siddhaṃ , but lacks the horizontal head line, and has a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, प. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter প will sometimes be transliterated as "po" instead of "pa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /po/. Like all Indic consonants, প can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali প with vowel marks
pa pi pu pr pr̄ pe pai po pau p
পা পি পী পু পূ পৃ পৄ পে পৈ পো পৌ প্

প in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

প is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with প

[edit]

Bengali প exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures as an initial head consonant, and linear (horizontal) ligatures as a trailing consonant.[5]

  • ল্ (l) + প (pa) gives the ligature lpa:

  • ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

  • ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature pla:

  • প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • প্ (p) + প (pa) gives the ligature ppa:

  • প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature pra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

  • প্ (p) + স (sa) gives the ligature psa:

  • প্ (p) + ত (ta) gives the ligature pta:

  • প্ (p) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

  • প্ (p) + য (ya) gives the ligature pya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa, with the repha prefix:

  • স্ (s) + প (pa) gives the ligature spa:

  • স্ (s) + প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature spla:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:

Gujarati Pa

[edit]
Gujarati Pa.

Pa () is the twenty-first consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Pa Pa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Pa.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, પ is pronounced as [pə] or [p] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Pa Pi Pu Pr Pl Pr̄ Pl̄ Pe Pai Po Pau P
Gujarati Pa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with પ

[edit]
Half form of Pa.

Gujarati પ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa:

  • પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa:

  • પ્ (p) + ત (ta) gives the ligature PTa:

  • પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:

Javanese Pa

[edit]

Telugu Pa

[edit]
Telugu Pa
Telugu subjoined Pa
Telugu independent and subjoined Pa.

Pa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter P. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Pa

[edit]
Malayalam letter Pa

Pa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter P, via the Grantha letter Pa Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Pa matras: Pa, Pā, Pi, Pī, Pu, Pū, Pr̥, Pr̥̄, Pl̥, Pl̥̄, Pe, Pē, Pai, Po, Pō, Pau, and P.

Conjuncts of പ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • പ് (p) + ത (ta) gives the ligature pta:

  • പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • പ് (p) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ppa:

  • മ് (m) + പ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

  • ല് (l) + പ (pa) gives the ligature lpa:

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

  • സ് (s) + പ (pa) gives the ligature spa:

  • പ് (p) + ഫ (pha) gives the ligature ppha:

  • പ് (p) + സ (sa) gives the ligature psa:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Pe

[edit]

, , and are the base characters "Pe", "Pi", "Po" and "Pa" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant (P) is a small version of the A-series letter ᐸ, although the Western Cree letter ᑊ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for P. The character ᐯ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter प, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by rotation.[6][7][8] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
P + vowel
Pe Pi Po Pa Pay
Small - -
- Ojibway P - P Cree P
P with long vowels -
- Cree Pāi
P + W-vowels -
Pwe Cree Pwe Pwi Cree Pwi Pwo Cree Pwo Pwa Cree Pwa -
P + long W-vowels - -
- Pwī Cree Pwī Pwō Cree Pwō Pwā Cree Pwā -
Other P forms - - - -
- - Poy Pwoy - -

Odia Pa

[edit]
Odia independent letter Pa
Odia subjoined letter Pa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Pa.

Pa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter P, via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Pa with vowel matras
Pa Pi Pu Pr̥ Pr̥̄ Pl̥ Pl̥̄ Pe Pai Po Pau P
ପା ପି ପୀ ପୁ ପୂ ପୃ ପୄ ପୢ ପୣ ପେ ପୈ ପୋ ପୌ ପ୍

Conjuncts of ପ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

Kaithi Pa

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Pa
Kaithi half-form letter Pa
Kaithi consonant and half-form Pa.

Pa (𑂣) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter P, via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Pa with vowel matras
Pa Pi Pu Pe Pai Po Pau P
𑂣 𑂣𑂰 𑂣𑂱 𑂣𑂲 𑂣𑂳 𑂣𑂴 𑂣𑂵 𑂣𑂶 𑂣𑂷 𑂣𑂸 𑂣𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂣

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂣୍ (p) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

Comparison of Pa

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Pa, are related as well.

Comparison of Pa in different scripts
Aramaic
Pa
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨤
Ashoka Brahmi
Pa
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Pa
Tocharian[b]
Pa / Pa
Gupta Brahmi
Pa
Pallava
Pa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰢
Siddhaṃ
Pa
Grantha
𑌪
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Pa
Newa
𑐥
Ahom
𑜆
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Pa
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤠
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩰
Khmer
Tamil
Pa
Chakma
𑄛
Tai Tham
ᨷ / ᨸ
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
บ / ป
Lao
ບ / ປ
Tai Le
Marchen
𑱾
Tirhuta
𑒣
New Tai Lue
ᦢ / ᦔ
Tai Viet
ꪜ / ꪝ
Aksara Kawi
Pa
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆥
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨞
Bengali-Assamese
Pa
Takri
𑚞
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻣
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠞
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘢
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈟
Khudabadi
𑋒
Mahajani
𑅨
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
Pa
Nandinagari
𑧂
Kaithi
Pa
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊛
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
Soyombo[g]
𑩰
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑶅
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴠
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Pa

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Pa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Pa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER PA BENGALI LETTER PA TAMIL LETTER PA TELUGU LETTER PA ORIYA LETTER PA KANNADA LETTER PA MALAYALAM LETTER PA GUJARATI LETTER PA GURMUKHI LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2346 U+092A 2474 U+09AA 2986 U+0BAA 3114 U+0C2A 2858 U+0B2A 3242 U+0CAA 3370 U+0D2A 2730 U+0AAA 2602 U+0A2A
UTF-8 224 164 170 E0 A4 AA 224 166 170 E0 A6 AA 224 174 170 E0 AE AA 224 176 170 E0 B0 AA 224 172 170 E0 AC AA 224 178 170 E0 B2 AA 224 180 170 E0 B4 AA 224 170 170 E0 AA AA 224 168 170 E0 A8 AA
Numeric character reference प प প প ப ப ప ప ପ ପ ಪ ಪ പ പ પ પ ਪ ਪ
ISCII 200 C8 200 C8 200 C8 200 C8 200 C8 200 C8 200 C8 200 C8 200 C8


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨤 𑌪
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER PA KHAROSHTHI LETTER PA SIDDHAM LETTER PA GRANTHA LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69671 U+11027 68132 U+10A24 71074 U+115A2 70442 U+1132A
UTF-8 240 145 128 167 F0 91 80 A7 240 144 168 164 F0 90 A8 A4 240 145 150 162 F0 91 96 A2 240 145 140 170 F0 91 8C AA
UTF-16 55300 56359 D804 DC27 55298 56868 D802 DE24 55301 56738 D805 DDA2 55300 57130 D804 DF2A
Numeric character reference 𑀧 𑀧 𐨤 𐨤 𑖢 𑖢 𑌪 𑌪


Character information
Preview 𑨞 𑐥 𑰢 𑆥
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER PA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER PA PHAGS-PA LETTER PA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PA NEWA LETTER PA BHAIKSUKI LETTER PA SHARADA LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3924 U+0F54 4004 U+0FA4 43084 U+A84C 72222 U+11A1E 70693 U+11425 72738 U+11C22 70053 U+111A5
UTF-8 224 189 148 E0 BD 94 224 190 164 E0 BE A4 234 161 140 EA A1 8C 240 145 168 158 F0 91 A8 9E 240 145 144 165 F0 91 90 A5 240 145 176 162 F0 91 B0 A2 240 145 134 165 F0 91 86 A5
UTF-16 3924 0F54 4004 0FA4 43084 A84C 55302 56862 D806 DE1E 55301 56357 D805 DC25 55303 56354 D807 DC22 55300 56741 D804 DDA5
Numeric character reference པ པ ྤ ྤ ꡌ ꡌ 𑨞 𑨞 𑐥 𑐥 𑰢 𑰢 𑆥 𑆥


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 4117 U+1015
UTF-8 225 128 149 E1 80 95
Numeric character reference ပ ပ
  • See further below for Tai Tham and New Tai Lue codepoints.


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER BA LAO LETTER BO LAO LETTER PO THAI CHARACTER BO BAIMAI THAI CHARACTER PO PLA TAI VIET LETTER LOW PO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6036 U+1794 3738 U+0E9A 3739 U+0E9B 3610 U+0E1A 3611 U+0E1B 43676 U+AA9C 43677 U+AA9D
UTF-8 225 158 148 E1 9E 94 224 186 154 E0 BA 9A 224 186 155 E0 BA 9B 224 184 154 E0 B8 9A 224 184 155 E0 B8 9B 234 170 156 EA AA 9C 234 170 157 EA AA 9D
Numeric character reference ប ប ບ ບ ປ ປ บ บ ป ป ꪜ ꪜ ꪝ ꪝ


Character information
Preview 𑄛 𑜆 𑤠
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA PAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER PA CHAKMA LETTER PAA TAI LE LETTER PA AHOM LETTER PA DIVES AKURU LETTER PA SAURASHTRA LETTER PA CHAM LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3508 U+0DB4 43285 U+A915 69915 U+1111B 6489 U+1959 71430 U+11706 71968 U+11920 43174 U+A8A6 43546 U+AA1A
UTF-8 224 182 180 E0 B6 B4 234 164 149 EA A4 95 240 145 132 155 F0 91 84 9B 225 165 153 E1 A5 99 240 145 156 134 F0 91 9C 86 240 145 164 160 F0 91 A4 A0 234 162 166 EA A2 A6 234 168 154 EA A8 9A
UTF-16 3508 0DB4 43285 A915 55300 56603 D804 DD1B 6489 1959 55301 57094 D805 DF06 55302 56608 D806 DD20 43174 A8A6 43546 AA1A
Numeric character reference ප ප ꤕ ꤕ 𑄛 𑄛 ᥙ ᥙ 𑜆 𑜆 𑤠 𑤠 ꢦ ꢦ ꨚ ꨚ


Character information
Preview 𑘢 𑧂 𑩰 𑶅
Unicode name MODI LETTER PA NANDINAGARI LETTER PA SOYOMBO LETTER PA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER PO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PA KAITHI LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71202 U+11622 72130 U+119C2 72304 U+11A70 43033 U+A819 73093 U+11D85 69795 U+110A3
UTF-8 240 145 152 162 F0 91 98 A2 240 145 167 130 F0 91 A7 82 240 145 169 176 F0 91 A9 B0 234 160 153 EA A0 99 240 145 182 133 F0 91 B6 85 240 145 130 163 F0 91 82 A3
UTF-16 55301 56866 D805 DE22 55302 56770 D806 DDC2 55302 56944 D806 DE70 43033 A819 55303 56709 D807 DD85 55300 56483 D804 DCA3
Numeric character reference 𑘢 𑘢 𑧂 𑧂 𑩰 𑩰 ꠙ ꠙ 𑶅 𑶅 𑂣 𑂣


Character information
Preview 𑒣 𑱾
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER PA LEPCHA LETTER PA LIMBU LETTER PA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER PA MARCHEN LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70819 U+114A3 7182 U+1C0E 6416 U+1910 43972 U+ABC4 72830 U+11C7E
UTF-8 240 145 146 163 F0 91 92 A3 225 176 142 E1 B0 8E 225 164 144 E1 A4 90 234 175 132 EA AF 84 240 145 177 190 F0 91 B1 BE
UTF-16 55301 56483 D805 DCA3 7182 1C0E 6416 1910 43972 ABC4 55303 56446 D807 DC7E
Numeric character reference 𑒣 𑒣 ᰎ ᰎ ᤐ ᤐ ꯄ ꯄ 𑱾 𑱾


Character information
Preview 𑚞 𑠞 𑈟 𑋒 𑅨 𑊛
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER PA DOGRA LETTER PA KHOJKI LETTER PA KHUDAWADI LETTER PA MAHAJANI LETTER PA MULTANI LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71326 U+1169E 71710 U+1181E 70175 U+1121F 70354 U+112D2 69992 U+11168 70299 U+1129B
UTF-8 240 145 154 158 F0 91 9A 9E 240 145 160 158 F0 91 A0 9E 240 145 136 159 F0 91 88 9F 240 145 139 146 F0 91 8B 92 240 145 133 168 F0 91 85 A8 240 145 138 155 F0 91 8A 9B
UTF-16 55301 56990 D805 DE9E 55302 56350 D806 DC1E 55300 56863 D804 DE1F 55300 57042 D804 DED2 55300 56680 D804 DD68 55300 56987 D804 DE9B
Numeric character reference 𑚞 𑚞 𑠞 𑠞 𑈟 𑈟 𑋒 𑋒 𑅨 𑅨 𑊛 𑊛


Character information
Preview 𑻣
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER PA BATAK LETTER PA BUGINESE LETTER PA JAVANESE LETTER PA MAKASAR LETTER PA REJANG LETTER PA SUNDANESE LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6951 U+1B27 7111 U+1BC7 6660 U+1A04 43429 U+A9A5 73443 U+11EE3 43318 U+A936 7061 U+1B95
UTF-8 225 172 167 E1 AC A7 225 175 135 E1 AF 87 225 168 132 E1 A8 84 234 166 165 EA A6 A5 240 145 187 163 F0 91 BB A3 234 164 182 EA A4 B6 225 174 149 E1 AE 95
UTF-16 6951 1B27 7111 1BC7 6660 1A04 43429 A9A5 55303 57059 D807 DEE3 43318 A936 7061 1B95
Numeric character reference ᬧ ᬧ ᯇ ᯇ ᨄ ᨄ ꦥ ꦥ 𑻣 𑻣 ꤶ ꤶ ᮕ ᮕ


Character information
Preview 𑴠
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER PA TAGBANWA LETTER PA BUHID LETTER PA HANUNOO LETTER PA MASARAM GONDI LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5897 U+1709 5993 U+1769 5961 U+1749 5929 U+1729 72992 U+11D20
UTF-8 225 156 137 E1 9C 89 225 157 169 E1 9D A9 225 157 137 E1 9D 89 225 156 169 E1 9C A9 240 145 180 160 F0 91 B4 A0
UTF-16 5897 1709 5993 1769 5961 1749 5929 1729 55303 56608 D807 DD20
Numeric character reference ᜉ ᜉ ᝩ ᝩ ᝉ ᝉ ᜩ ᜩ 𑴠 𑴠
Character information
Preview
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS PE CANADIAN SYLLABICS PI CANADIAN SYLLABICS PO CANADIAN SYLLABICS PA CANADIAN SYLLABICS P
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5167 U+142F 5169 U+1431 5171 U+1433 5176 U+1438 5193 U+1449
UTF-8 225 144 175 E1 90 AF 225 144 177 E1 90 B1 225 144 179 E1 90 B3 225 144 184 E1 90 B8 225 145 137 E1 91 89
Numeric character reference ᐯ ᐯ ᐱ ᐱ ᐳ ᐳ ᐸ ᐸ ᑉ ᑉ
  • The full range of pE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 142F-1449, 150C, 18B4-18B6, 14D4, & 18DC-18DD.


Character information
Preview
Unicode name TAI THAM LETTER BA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH BA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW BA NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL B NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6711 U+1A37 6749 U+1A5D 6712 U+1A38 6562 U+19A2 6565 U+19A5 6599 U+19C7 6548 U+1994
UTF-8 225 168 183 E1 A8 B7 225 169 157 E1 A9 9D 225 168 184 E1 A8 B8 225 166 162 E1 A6 A2 225 166 165 E1 A6 A5 225 167 135 E1 A7 87 225 166 148 E1 A6 94
Numeric character reference ᨷ ᨷ ᩝ ᩝ ᨸ ᨸ ᦢ ᦢ ᦥ ᦥ ᧇ ᧇ ᦔ ᦔ

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
  7. ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
  8. ^ Zui. "Writing in North America — Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics". The Language Closet. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".